Showing 27 results for Microstructure
M.r. Dehnavi, B. Niroumand, F. Ashrafizadeh,
Volume 34, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
Effects of discontinuous ultrasonic treatment on the microstructure, nanoparticle distribution, and mechanical properties of cast Al413-SiCnp nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that discontinuous ultrasonic treatment was more effective in improving the mechanical properties of the cast nanocomposites than the equally timed continuous treatment. The yield and ultimate tensile strengths of Al413-2%SiCnp nanocomposites discontinuously treated for two 20 minute periods increased by about 126% and 100% compared to those of the monolithic sample, respectively. These improvements were about 107% and 94% for the nanocomposites continuously treated for a single 40 minute period. The improvement in the mechanical properties was associated with severe refinement of the microstructure, removal of the remaining gas layers on the particles surfaces, more effective fragmentation of the remaining agglomerates as well as improved wettability and distribution of the reinforcing particles during the first stage of solidification.
A. Samadi, M. Ghayebloo ,
Volume 34, Issue 2 (7-2015)
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of inoculant addition on functionally graded microstructure of centrifugally cast Al-Mg2Si composites, two cylinders of Al-13.8 wt.% Mg2Si with and without the addition of 1 wt.% Al-5Ti-B inoculant were cast in a vertical centrifugal casting machine. The chemical composition, microstructures and microstructural phases of the different radial sections of the cast cylinders were studied using induction coupled plasma (ICP) method, optical/scanning electron microscopes, and X-ray diffractometry, respectively. The results showed that in the inoculant content cylinder, owing to the prevailing thermal regime as well as the specific mode of eutectic solidification in this composite, the titanium and boron compounds were segregated towards the middle layer of the cylinder and caused the formation of primary Mg2Si particles and non-eutectic Al () in this layer. In addition, due to the effect of centrifugal force during solidification, a higher volume fraction of the light primary Mg2Si particles, according to Stocks law, was segregated towards the inner layer of the cast cylinders.
A. Shirali, A. Honarbakhsh Raouf , S. Bazzaz Bonabi,
Volume 34, Issue 2 (7-2015)
Abstract
Certain amount of retained austenite can increase ductility of steels because of the TRIP phenomenon during plastic deformation. One method for achieving this is partitioning of carbon into austenite to stabilize it at room temperature. The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment leads to a microstructure consisting of martensite and stabilized retained austenite between martensite plates, which provides a better combination of strength and ductility. In this study, the effect of parameters of Q&P process (quenching temperature, partitioning temperature and partitioning time) on the microstructure and retained austenite volume fraction of a low alloy medium carbon steel was investigated. The results showed that the high increase in partitioning time causes the disappearance of martensite blades and reduction of austenite volume fraction. However, increasing
of partitioning temperature made the retained austenite films become thicker and its volume fraction increase. On the other hand, by increasing the quenching temperature, carbon content of retained austenite increased sharply.
M. Jafarian, M. Paidar, M. Jafarian,
Volume 35, Issue 1 (6-2016)
Abstract
In this study, microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion joints between 5754, 6061 and 7039 aluminum alloys and AZ31 magnesium alloy were investigated. Diffusion joints were done between the alloys at 440 °C, for duration of 60minutes, at 29 MPa pressure and under 1×10-4 torr vacuum. The interface of joints was studied using optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDS analysis and the line scan. According to the results of EDS analysis, the presence of intermetallic compounds including Al12Mg17, Al3Mg2 and their mixture was observed at the diffusion zone. Also, according to the results of the line scan, the hardness value of aluminum alloys has a considerable effect on diffusion of the magnesium atoms toward aluminum alloy and the greatest diffusion of magnesium was observed when 6061 aluminum alloy was used. More diffusion resulted in a stronger bond between atoms of magnesium and aluminum, and maximum strength of approximately 42 MPa was obtained when 6061 aluminum alloy was used.
S. Riahi, B. Niroumand,
Volume 35, Issue 2 (9-2016)
Abstract
Preliminary results of a research on the effects of microstructure and surface roughness of a hypoeutectic cast iron on its wetting angle are presented in this article. For this purpose, molten cast iron was solidified at different cooling rates to produce two samples of the same composition, i.e. a gray cast iron with A type flake graphite and a white cast iron. Two samples were then prepared in polished, electroetched (four different stages) and mechanically abraded (four different stages) conditions and their wetting angles were measured after evaluating their roughness profile. Maximum and minimum wetting angles were observed on white cast iron surfaces roughened with 80 and 800 sand papers which were equal to 42 and 13 degrees, respectively.Wetting angles of electroetched white cast iron surfaces varied between 25 and 31 degrees by varying surface roughness. Maximum and minimum wetting angles on the surface of gray cast iron were obtained in stage one (40 degree) and stage three (25 degree) of electroetching, respectively. Wetting angles on mechanically abraded surfaces of this sample varied between 27 and 31 degrees. Then, the surface roughness factor and the solid fraction in contact with water were calculated using Wenzel equation and Cassie Baxter equation, respectively, and Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter wetting angles of the surfaces were calculated and were compared with their corresponding measured wetting angles. The results indicated that the surface microstructure and the type of constituents present at the surface, surface-roughening method and surface-roughness value influence the cast iron surface wettability, and it is possible to modify metal wetting angle by modification of its structure, surface-roughness method and surface-roughness value. It was also shown that in gray cast iron, the wetting behavior of the electroetched surfaces followed Cassie-Baxter equation in the first and second stages of electroetching and followed Wenzel equation at higher surface roughness (third and fourth stages of electroetching). In all stages of mechanically abrading, the surface of this sample followed Wenzel equation. The wetting behavior of the white cast iron followed Wenzel equation in all electroetching stages. In mechanically abraded conditions, the white cast iron wettability was variable and depended on the surface roughness.
S. S. Seyyed Afghahi, M. Jafarian, M. Salehi,
Volume 35, Issue 3 (12-2016)
Abstract
In this research, investigation of the microstructure and magnetic properties of doped barium hexaferrite with cobalt, chromium and tin with BaCoxCrxSnxFe12-3xO19 (x=0.3,0.5) formula, was performed using solid state method. Phase and structural investigation by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy respectively, confirmed the formation of barium hexaferrites single phase without the presence of non-magnetic secondary phase after heat treatment for 5 h at temperature of 1000 °C. Also, according to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, morphology of particles was perfectly hexagonal with average particle size 200-250 nm. Based on magnetic parameters measured by Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), both samples were soft magnetic and the highest saturation magnetization was obtained for the sample with composition of BaCo0.3Cr0.3Sn0.3Fe11.1O19. The values of saturation magnetization (Ms) and the coercivity (Hc) were 42.21 emu/g and 656 Oe respectively for this compound.
Seyed M. Ahl Sarmadi, M. Shamanian, H. Edris, M. Atapoor, A. Behjat, M. Mohtadi Bonab, J. Szpunar,
Volume 36, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Abstract
Super duplex stainless steel is a kind of duplex stainless steel that has pitting resistant equivalent number over than 40. Unified Numbering System (UNS) S32750 is a common super duplex stainless stee, that is mostly applied in oil and gas refinery industries, because of its proper corrosion-resistant properties . Therefore, joining of these steels by welding is very important, but the greatest problem in this regard is the corrosion and decrease in mechanical properties after welding.. In this research, UNS S32750has been joined by friction stir welding method. The tool being used in this research was a WC with 16mm shoulder diameter, 5 mm pin diameter, and 1.9 mm height. X-ray diffraction showed that harmful phases, such as sigma or chi have not been formed. Microstructure study indicated that grain size in the stir zone has decreased. Vickers Hardness Test Method has been applied on welded samples. Moderate microhardness of base metal was 285 Vickers but, the microhardness increased in the stir zone to 360 Vickers, because of decreasing the grain size. The cyclic polarization determined that potential and corrosion current of joint metal by friction stir welding method was similar to base metal. Also, it was revealed that ferrite percentage in the stir zone doesn't decrease very much because the friction stir welding heat input is very low and the colding rate is very high.
M. Khoobroo, A. Maleki, B. Niroumand,
Volume 36, Issue 3 (11-2017)
Abstract
Conventionally, alloying elements are being added to the whole melt; however, in this research in-situ surface alloying of gray cast iron was employed to improve surface properties of the castings. Wires of pure copper with diameters of 0.4 and 0.8 mm were inserted and fixed at bottom of sand molds before melting. Chemical composition analysis revealed the presence of copper from surface to a depth of 1 cm. Microstructural investigations indicated that graphite type changed from A to D and E. Moreover, the content of graphite phase decreased while that of pearlite increased at the surface. Hardness was higher at surface of copper added samples. Wear resistant of the in-situ surface alloyed samples was better than the no-copper added ones.
S. E. Mousavi, M. Meratian, A. Rezaeian,
Volume 36, Issue 4 (3-2018)
Abstract
Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is currently one of the most popular methods for fabricating Ultra-Fine Grained (UFG) materials. In this study, mechanical properties of the 60-40 two phase brass processed were evaluated by ECAP. The samples were repeatedly ECAP-ed to strains as high as 2 at a temperature of 350 ◦C using route C. The microstructure of the samples showed that small grains were formed in the boundaries which indicates the occurrence of recrystallization in different passes. Observation of slip trace in the microstructure of the samples showed that even in such alloy with a low-stacking fault energy, dislocations slip trigger the deformation. Investigation of mechanical properties showed that with increasing the number of passes, tensile strength, microhardness and ducility improved at the same time.
M. Rajabi, M. Shahmiri, M. Ghanbari,
Volume 37, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
In this study, the effects of boron (B) and zirconium (Zr) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe3Al-based alloys were investigated. Cylindrical samples were produced using a vacuum induction melting furnace (VIM); consequently, the melt was cast into a metallic mold. The microstructure, phase identification, tensile and compressive mechanical properties and fractography of the samples were investigated. Upon microstructural observation, it was found that the alloys microstucture was denderitic and the precipitated phases were mostly present between interdendritic regions. Addition of B and Zr to the alloys resulted in the formation of boride precipitates and Laves phases. The results, therefore, showed that Zr had the most pronounced effect on the mechanical properties because of the formation of Laves phases. Fractographic studies of alloys also revealed that the brittle fracture was dominant between the samples.
B. Pourbahari, H. Mirzadeh, M. Emamy,
Volume 37, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Microstructural evolutions during the high-temperature annealing of Mg alloys containing Al and Gd and after the extrusion process were evaluated and compared to those of the AZ61 alloy. It was revealed that during exposure at the elevated temperatures, the presence of (Mg,Al)3Gd phase, in the form of fine and dispersed particles in the matrix after the extrusion process, could be favorable for the inhibition of grain growth. It was also found that the Al2Gd particles could not effectively retard the coarsening of grains. On the other hand, the grain growth of AZ61 alloy was found to be problematic, which was related to the dissolution of the Mg17Al12 intermetallic phase at temperatures higher than 300°C. In the Mg alloys containing both Al and Gd elements, the increased thermal stability was observed, which was ascribed to the rise of the melting temperature. Finally, some abnormal grain growth was observed in the presence of Al2Gd phase, which was attributed to the nonuniform pinning of grain boundaries by this intermetallic compound.
M. Barjesteh, K. Zangeneh Madar, S. M. Abbasi, K. Shirvani,
Volume 38, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
In this study, the effect of platinum-aluminide coating parameters on surface roughness of nickel-based superalloy Rene®80 was evaluated. For this purpose, different thicknesses of Pt-layer (2, 4, 6 and 8µm) were plated on the Samples. Then diffusion aluminide coating in two types, high tempeature-low activity and low temperature-high activity was performed. The results of structural investigations by scanning electron microscope and X-Ray diffraction indicated a three-zone structure of coating in all thicknesses of platinum layer, as well as in the two methods of aluminizing. Surface roughness of coatings was measured in three steps: 1-after Pt plating, 2-after Pt diffusion, and 3-after aluminizing and final aging. The results showed that the thickness of Pt and the final thickness of the coating directly affected the surface roughness. The minimum surface roughness was created by high temperature low activity with 2µ of Pt-layer (2.6μm) and the maximum of surface roughness was obtained in low-temperature high activity with 8µ of the Pt-layer (8.8 μm).
G. R. Faghani, A. R. Khajeh-Amiri,
Volume 38, Issue 4 (1-2020)
Abstract
Due to special properties such as low density, high strength and high corrosion resistance Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been used extensively in various industries, especially in the aerospace aspects. However the major problem of this alloy is its poor tribological properties under relatively high loads. In the present study, in order to improve the tribological properties of mentioned alloy, chromium particles were added to Ti-6Al-4V layers in the nitrogen-containing atmosphere during the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process. Microstructural investigations using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy, proved the formation of TiN, TiCr2 and Cr2N particles in the matrix of hard titanium phase. The hardness of TIG alloyed layer increased to 1000 HV0.3 which was 4 times higher than that of the base alloy. Moreover, the wear rate of TIG alloyed samples with chromium and nitrogen under 30N load and distance of 1000 m was 5.9 times lower than that of the bare Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
F. Shahriari Nogorani, M. Afari, M. A. Taghipoor, A. Atefi,
Volume 39, Issue 1 (5-2020)
Abstract
Practical applications of thermal barrier coatings with aluminide bond-coats are limited due to oxide scale spallation of the aluminide coating under applied thermal stresses. Considering the positive effects of oxygen-active elements or their oxides on the high temperature oxidation behavior, in this research zirconia was introduced into an aluminide coating. For this purpose, a Watts type bath was used to electroplate a layer of Ni-ZrO2 composite on a Ni-based substrate. Aluminizing was performed using the conventional two-step process at 760 and 1080 °C. Microstructural characterization of coatings in the as-coated conditions and after cyclic oxidation via 5-hour cycles at 1050 °C was performed using electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The results showed that the general three-zone microstructure of the simple high activity aluminide coatings develops below the pre-deposited nickel-zirconia layer and latter converts to a nearly un-alloyed porous NiAl. In spite of its porous surface layer, the zirconia modified coating has a higher oxidation resistance than the unmodified aluminide coating.
M. Etminan, M. Morakabati, S. M. Qazi Mir Saeid,
Volume 39, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature and time of homogenization treatment on the microstructure, distribution of alloying elements and hardness of the novel Co-based superalloy Co-7Al-7W-4Ti-2Ta. For this purpose, the specimens were first homogenized at 1250 and 1300 °C for 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours and then water-cooled. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to hardness testing and microstructural examinations by optical and electron microscopy. The results showed that by increasing the homogenization temperature to 1300 °C, the porosity created by Ti oxidation and local melting of the Co-Al-Ti eutectic compounds led to a decrease in hardness to 90 Vickers. This phenomenon was due to high segregation of alloying elements in the cast structure. The intensity and destructive effects of this segregation were reduced by remelting of alloy. However, by homogenization at 1250 °C, no local melting of eutectic zones or porosity were observed in the specimens and a more uniform structure was obtained with increasing time. Minimum and maximum hardness values after homogenization at 1250°C were 348 and 406 Vickers, respectively. Moreover, the microstructure became more homogenous by increasing the homogenization treatment time at this temperature.
H. Hadian, M. Haddad Sabzevar , M. Mazinani,
Volume 39, Issue 4 (2-2021)
Abstract
In this research, effect of swarf addition on the microstructure of die cast aluminum A380 alloy and the possibility of altering the alloy structure in the metallic die has been studied. The microstructure mainly consists of the α-phase, eutectic, intermetallic compounds and porosity. Since the alloy solidifies under non-equilibrium conditions, the Scheil equation with exact amount of equilibrium distribution, analyzed by SEM-Line scan around an intermetallic phase at different mixing times as well as governing equations of thermal analysis, was used to calculate the solid weight fraction. Finally, using the thermal flux analysis in the crucible, a scientific prediction on the optimal amount of swarf addition, mixing time and temperature, was made. The shape factor at an optimum temperature of 590 °C was measured as 0.643. According to the optical microscope images of the die cast samples, the addition method (adding it to the floor or to the surface) and increasing the injection temperature have a significant effect on the solid weight fraction, morphology of the α-phases and final microstructure of the alloy.
M. Judaki, M. Seifollahi, S. M. Abbasi, S. M. Ghazi Mir Saeed,
Volume 40, Issue 1 (5-2021)
Abstract
In this article, the effects of Pr and Nd were investigated on the microstructure and absorption/desorption characteristics of MmNi5 hydrogen storage alloy. The alloys were prepared in Vacuum induction furnace and the microstructures and phases were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hydrogen absorption/desorption characteristics was performed on Sievert apparatus. The results showed that the microstructure of the alloys consist of matrix, second phase as a result of Al segregation, porosities and cracks. The amount of second phases and Al in this phase in Mm(Pr,Nd)Ni4.7Al0.3 is less than MmNi4.7Al0.3. Al in Mm(Pr,Nd)Ni4.7Al0.3 were more homogenized. Pressure-Composition Isotherms of hydrogen absorption/desorption at 25˚C showed that for MmNi4.7Al0.3 and Mm(Nd,Pr)Ni4.7Al0.3, absorption pressures were 14.52 and 9.90 bar, desorption pressures were 5.53 and 5.49 bar, hydrogen storage capacities were 1.37 and 1.33 wt. % and hysteresis were 0.73 and 0.58, respectively. These results are useful in industrial applications, because of inconsiderable decrease in hydrogen storage capacity and the other positive variation in absorption/desorption characteristics, especially the hysteresis and absorption pressure.
M. Khosravi , M. Mansouri, A. Gholami, Y. Yaghoubinezhad,
Volume 40, Issue 1 (5-2021)
Abstract
In this research, the effect of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets on the mechanical and microstructural properties of AISI 304 stainless steel welded joints produced by the flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) method was investigated. Light microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and tensile strength test were used to characterize the samples. GO was synthesized by modified Hummers’ method and reduced by hydrazine. Accordingly, the pastes of GO and RGO in different concentrations of 1, 3, and 10 mg/ml were applied in the groove. The results demonstrated that increasing the RGO concentration up to 10 mg/ml improves the tensile strength and hardness values of welded joints up to 23% and 43%, respectively. It seems that RGO nanosheets have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the welded joints by pinning of dislocations.
M. Salehi, M. Eskandari, M. Yeganeh,
Volume 40, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
In this study, microstructural changes in the thermomechanical processing and its effect on the corrosion behavior of 321 austenitic stainless steel were investigated. EDS analysis and optical microscopy were used to identify precipitates and microstructure, respectively. To evaluate the corrosion properties, potentiodynamic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed. First, the as-received sample was subjected to cold rolling with a 90% thickness reduction at liquid nitrogen temperature, and then annealing was performed at temperatures of 750, 850, and 1050 °C for 10 min. The results showed that severe cold rolling slightly improved the corrosion properties and in annealed samples, the corrosion resistance increased with more uniform microstructure, more reversion of martensite phase to austenite, and reduction of grain size. Annealed samples at 850 °C and 1050 °C with polarization resistance values of 8.200 kΩ.cm2 and 3.800 kΩ.cm2 depicted the highest and lowest corrosion resistance compared to other samples, respectively.
A. Mohammadi, B. Niroumand, A. Saboori,
Volume 40, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Abstract
Electron beam melting (EBM) is among the modern additive manufacturing processes whereby metal powders are selectively melted to produce very complicated components with superior mechanical properties. In this study, microstructure, hardness, and surface roughness of EBM fabricated Ti6Al4V samples were characterized. The results showed that the microstructure consisted of epitaxially-grown primary columnar β phase transformed to basketweave and Widmanstatten-type α phase during the subsequent rapid cooling. Martensitic needle-type α phase was also observed on the surfaces of the specimens. It was shown that higher parts of the sample had finer microstructures than the lower parts reaching to less than 340 nm in average thickness of the α layers due to distancing from the hot build platform rendering less opportunity for diffusional β → α+β transformation. The porosity content of the samples was lower than that of some other additive manufacturing processes. Vickers micro-hardness of the samples was measured to be around 337 HV which was higher than those reported for other additive manufacturing processes of the alloy.
