Journal of Advanced Materials in Engineering (Esteghlal)

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Nickel ferrite based cermets and their relevant composites have been widely used as inert anodes for aluminum electrolysis due to their good combination of chemical resistance, thermal stability and mechanical properties. In this study, various NiO/NiFe2O4 composites consisting of 5, 10 and 15% NiO in conjunction with Cu/NiFe2O4 cermets containing 0.5, 10 and 15% Cu were prepared by powder metallurgy method. The degradation resistance of the developed inert composites was examined under hot corrosion condition by plunging samples in to the molten electrolyte at 1000ºC. The strength, toughness, hardness, relative density, microstructural observation, phase analysis and electrical resistivity were evaluated by 3-points bending tests, Vickers method, Archimedes method, scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction and conventional direct current four-probe techniques, respectively. The experimental results for NiO/NiFe2O4 composites showed that a significant improvement of toughness and degradation resistance continuously occurred with a moderate decrease in strength by increasing NiO content, while the relative density was increased only up to 5%NiO content. By increasing the Cu content in the cermet samples, all the properties such as strength, toughness and electrical conductivity were improved considerably but the degradation resistance decreased.

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In the present investigation, spherical nanoparticles of nickel ferrite with uniform structure were successfully produced by hydrothermal method in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a polymeric surfactant at 180°C for 12 hour aging time and the effects of the synthesis time, temperature and surfactant were investigated. According to the X-ray analysis, conversion of nickel oxide and hematite to nickel ferrite was a way to produce NiFe2O4. At 140‌°C, agglomerated particles without specific shape were formed, but at 180°C particles were homogenous with spherical shape. Saturation magnetization increased by increasing the hydrothermal process aging time.

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In this investigation, the effect of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) additive on microstructure, morphology and magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles prepared by hydrothermal method was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies in different synthesis conditions showed the formation of cobalt ferrite and cobalt oxide. Comparing IR spectrum of PVP additive, sol prepared before hydrothermal process and C-0.1PVP3, 190 obtained by FTIR spectroscopy indicated the formation of bond between PVP and surface of metallic hydroxide and cobalt ferrite particles, which prevented them from growing and coarsening. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the morphology of samples. According to vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) results, as PVP amount increases from 0.1 to 0.3 volume percent, coercive field increases from 298 to 684 Oe and saturation magnetization decreases from 58 to 51 emu/g.

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In this investigation, the effect of heat treatment on magnetic properties of glass and nano-structured cobalt-ferrite glass-ceramic was studied. The glass was synthesized in the system of Na2O-Fe2O3-CoO-B2O3-SiO2. Based on DTA results, heat treatment was done at different times and temperatures. X-ray diffraction pattern of glass-ceramic showed the crystallization of CoFe2O4 and some nonmagnetic phases. The highest magnetization of 11.8 emu/g was obtained for the sample heat-treated for 2 hr at 670C in graphite bed. Average crystallite size of CoFe2O4 in this sample was 50 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in the glass matrix.

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Nanoparticles of Mg–Co–Ti substituted strontium hexaferrite with nominal composition of SrFe_12-2x(Mg,Co)_0.5x Ti_xO₁₉ (x=0-2.5) were synthesized by a co-precipitation method. The structural, magnetic and electromagnetic properties of samples were studied as a function of x by thermal gravimetric (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and vector network analysis. It was found that the synthesis temperature increases with an increase in Mg–Co–Ti substitution and hence the particle size decreases. The XRD results showed that whole samples had good crystallinity and with an increase incations, the impurity phase of Fe₂O₃ appears. The results of hysteresis loops indicated that the saturation of magnetization of ferrite decreases from 40 emu/g to 19 emu/g with an increase in x. The Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that the cations are substituted in the 12k site of magnetoplumbite structure. Vector network measurements showed that the doped samples had much more effective reflection loss values than those of undoped ferrites. As a result, Mg–Co–Ti doped Sr-hexaferrites with x=2 can be proposed as suitable absorbers for applications in microwave technology with a good deal of consistency.

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In this research, investigation of the microstructure and magnetic properties of doped barium hexaferrite with cobalt, chromium and tin with BaCo_xCr_xSn_xFe_12-3xO₁₉ (x=0.3,0.5) formula, was performed using solid state method. Phase and structural investigation by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy respectively, confirmed the formation of barium hexaferrites single phase without the presence of non-magnetic secondary phase after heat treatment for 5 h at temperature of 1000 °C. Also, according to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, morphology of particles was perfectly hexagonal with average particle size 200-250 nm. Based on magnetic parameters measured by Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), both samples were soft magnetic and the highest saturation magnetization was obtained for the sample with composition of BaCo_0.3Cr_0.3Sn_0.3Fe_11.1O₁₉. The values of saturation magnetization (M_s) and the coercivity (H_c) were 42.21 emu/g and 656 Oe respectively for this compound.

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Magnesium-manganese ferrite nanopowders (Mg_xMn_1-xFe₂O₄, x=0.0 up to 1 with step 0.2) were prepared by coprecipitation method. The as-prepared samples were pressed with hydrolic press to form a pellet and were sintered in 900, 1050 and 1250˚C. Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) images showed the particle size of powders about 17 nm. The X-ray patterns confirmed the formation of cubic single phase spinel structure in samples sintered at 1250˚C. Substituting Mg²⁺ with Mn²⁺ in these samples, the lattice parameter decreased from 8.49 to 8.35Å and magnetization saturation decreased from 74.7 to 21.2emu/g. Also, coercity (H_C ) increased from 5 to 23Oe and Curie temperature (T_C ) increased from 269 to 392˚C. Samples with x= 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 sintered at 1250 ˚C, because of their magnetic properties, can be recommended for hyperthermia applications and for phase shifters.

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In this work, cobalt ferrite nanocrystallites were synthesized by air annealing of milled Co-Fe compound. Effect of annealing temperature on phase formation of cobalt ferrite and structural and magnetic properties of the product was studied. Analysis of annealed sample in 450 ^oC showed that around 46 weight percent of the specimen was changed to Co₂FeO₄. This value increased to 95 and 90% for 800 ^oC and 900 ^oC annealed samples respectively. Reduction of saturation magnetization under annealing was related to transformation of Co-Fe to cobalt ferrite. Increasing the value of saturation magnetization in 900 ^oC annealed sample compared to 800 ^oC one was attributed to decreased surface to volume ratio and crystallite size. The main reason of occurrence of maximum coercivity in 800  ^oC annealed sample was its low crystallite size.

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In this study, the effect of Fe/Ba molar ratio was investigated on the phase composition, synthesis temperature, microstructure and magnetic properties of barium hexaferrite prepared via mechanical activation. In order to synthesize this compound, Fe/Ba molar ratios of 12 and 6 were used. The effect of Fe/Ba molar ratio, milling time and heat treatment temperature for achieving the optimal conditions in producing this compound was studied. In order to study the phase, morphology and magnetic properties of the final product, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) were used respectively. According to the results, Fe/Ba molar ratio of 6, 10 h milling time and temperature of 800 °C were found to be the optimal conditions for producing this compound in a single phase. Scanning electron microscopy images show the hexagonal morphology and almost spherical particles respectively for samples prepared with Fe/Ba molar ratio equal to 12 and 6. Moreover, according to the magnetic studies, the maximum amount of saturation magnetization (56.48 emu/g) and the coercivity force (5247.2 Oe) were obtained for the sample synthesized with Fe/Ba molar ratio of 6.
 

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In this research, nickel ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel auto-combustion route, and the effect of calcination temperature on phase constituents, magnetic properties and microstructure of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). XRD results were submitted to quantitative analysis. Microstructural studies and crystallite size calculations showed formation of nanoparticles. XRD results showed that the combustion product consisted of NiFe₂O₄, α-Fe₂O₃, NiO, and FeNi₃ phases. FeNi₃ was eliminated by calcination, and the amounts of NiO and α-Fe₂O₃ were modvlated by changing in calcination temperature. Saturation magnetization changed from 37emu/g in combustion product to 30emu/g by calcination at 600°C, due to decomposition of FeNi₃ magnetic phase and formation of higher amount of antiferromagnetic hematite phase. Also, the coercivity values increased, that could be due to increasing the amount of nickel ferrite phase and eliminating FeNi₃ phase. Saturation magnetization reached to 43emu/g in calcinated sample at 1000°C due to the reaction between hematite and NiO phases that led to formation of higher amount of nickel ferrite to 43emu/g. Coercivity value dropped out to 127Oe by calcination at 1000°C, the reason of which could be incresing of particle size and formation of multi domain magnetic particles.
 

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In this paper, Ni-doped lead hexaferrites (PbFe12-xNixO19) nanoparticles with x = 0.2 were prepared by sol- gel method. Then, the effect of annealing temperature on its structural, magnetic and dielectric properties was studied. First, the dryed gel was evaluated by Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) and then, the structural morphology, magnetic and dielectric properties of samples have been characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and LCR meter. The results of x-ray diffraction patterns show that by increasing annealing temperature up to 800 °C, PbFe11.8Ni0.2O19 phase percentage in the samples increases. Also, by increasing annealing temperature, the magnetization increases because the unwanted phases disappear and pure and single-phase lead hexaferrite are formed. By increasing frequency, first the AC electrical conductivity of the samples decreases and then increases. These variations have been explained by Maxwell- Wanger model. The result measurements show that the best sample is PbFe11.8Ni0.2O19 with annealing temperature of 800 °C for 3 h.
 

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In this research, ordered porous anodic templates with 30 nm diameter and 15 µm thickness were prepared by using double anodization process. Dip coating method was employed to synthesize strontium ferrite in the form of nanowires in sol dilution. Ferrite nanopowders were also synthesized using sol gel method. The characterization of the nanostructures were examined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Hysteresis loops of nanopowders and nanowires, parallel and perpendicular to the wires axes, were measured by Superconducting Quantom Interference Device (SQUID). The results showed that double anodization in 0.3 M  oxalic acid at 4 oC with a single anodization for 12 hours could produce ordered template. Dip coating in 80 oC  for two hours could form fine and uniform strontium ferrite nanowires. The produced material showed parallel anisotropy.
 

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In this research, cobalt ferrite powders (CoFe₂O₄) and cobalt ferrite/reduced graphene oxide composite (CoFe₂O₄/RGO) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The phase structure, morphology, magnetic properties, and microwave absorption properties of the produced samples were investigated through various techniques. X-ray diffraction test indicated the successful formation of pure CoFe₂O₄  and its composites with RGO. According to the Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, most pure and composite samples’ particles were formed in a semi-spherical shape. The VNA test results showed the saturation magnetization of CoFe₂O₄ and the composite containing 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% of RGO, 71.6, 56, and 37 emu/g, respectively. Also, the network analyzer results demonstrated the maximum reflective losses in the X-band range due to the impact of microwaves on CoFe₂O₄ te was -5.5 db. This amount reached 21.5 dB with the addition of 10 wt.% RGO. Also, the wave input increased from 41% for the pure CoFe₂O₄ to 99.5% for the sample containing 10 wt.% RGO.

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