Journal of Advanced Materials in Engineering (Esteghlal)

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The present work introduces a modified scheme for the solution of compressible 2-D full Navier-Stokes equations, using Flux Vector Splitting method. As a result of this modification, numerical diffusion is reduced. The computer code which is developed based on this algorithm can be used easily and accurately to analyze complex flow fields with discontinuity in properties, in cases such as shock wave boundary layer interactions. This scheme combines advantages of both Advective Upstream Splitting (AUSM) and Low Diffusion Flux Vector Splitting (LDFVS) Methods. To increase accuracy and monotonicity, the conservative variables are extrapolated at the cell interfaces by using the MUSCL approach with limiter. This algorithm has been used to solve four sample problems. It has been shown that the numerical diffusion has been reduced and the results are in good agreement with published numerical and/or experimental data. Keywords: Compressible Navier Stokes Equations, Flux Vector splitting, Advective upwind, Numerical diffusion

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Fabrication of an integrated circuit with smaller area, besides reducing the cost of manufacturing, usually causes a reduction in the power dissipation and propagation delay. Using the static CMOS technology to fabricate a circuit that realizes a specific logic function and occupies a minimum space, it must be implemented with continuous diffusion runs. Therefore, at the design stage, an Eulerian path should be found for the logic function. Every discontinuity causes an increase in the area as well as a reduction in the clock rate and performance. The realization of a logic function using the static CMOS technology is done through different methods, most of which are based on the Uehara's method. In this paper, an algorithm is suggested that finds the Eulerian path and allows the implementation of the circuit with continuity in the diffusion region that results in minimum area. In a case where there is no Eulerian path, the possible sub-paths are found. In addition, the algorithm gives information that helps the layout generation. Keywords: VLSI, Uehara's method, Static CMOS, Continous diffusion, Standard cell.

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This paper presents a numerical solution for a changing combustor geometry. The effects of the geometric change on the main parameters of the chamber are considered. For this purpose the original geometry and the new one are simulated numerically by a 3-D CFD code and the results are compared. Finally, comments are presented regarding this change. A model is used for turbulence modeling and an eddy dissipation model for reaction. Effect of thermal radiation is considered through solving an extra transport equation. The DO model is used to obtain radiation intensity.

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In the present stady, thermochemical treatment in H2/NH3 atmosphere was used as a post-treatment for electroless Ni-P coatings on the AISI 4140 steel substrates. High phosphorus (9%) coatings with thicknesses of 2, 24 and 48 m were applied and the effects of the thermochemical treatment on the morphology, structural changes, roughness, hardness and wear resistance of coatings were studied by SEM, EDS, XRD, profilometry, and microhardness tester. Wear test was used to evaluate wear characteristics of coatings. The wear behaviour of the thermochemical treated/Ni-P coated samples was assessed by comparison with thermochemical treated/uncoated (nitrided) samples. The results showed that effect of thermochemical treatment varies with the coating thickness. In addition, it was shown that a multicomponent coating containing phosphide, nitride and intermetallic phases as well as diffusion region can be developed in the thin (2 m) electroless Ni-P coated steel by thermochemical treatment. This sample showed better wear resistance than 24 m Ni-P coated steel under higher load. This behavior was ascribedto nitride phases formed at the surface as well as a nitrogen diffusion zone at the subsurface of thin Ni-P coated steel

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Contaminant transport analysis was performed for four selected solid waste landfill designs using the computer code POLLUTE. The diffusion coefficients were determined for the natural soils (aquitard) and compacted soils from the Urumia landfill site, using the diffusion tests. These coefficients along with the geometrical, physical, and chemical parameters of the natural soil and engineered layers, as well as the dominant boundary conditions were used in the analysis of the four selected designs for the landfill. These designs were evaluated for the contamination of the underlying aquifer in a specified period, using the drinking water standard for chloride ion. The comparisons showed that the fourth design which includes the engineered elements of a blanket type leachate collection layer and a compacted clayey liner underneath the landfill base, has more certainty in controlling the contaminant transport from the landfill base to the underlying aquifer. This type of landfill could be introduced as an optimum and semi-engineered design to be used for solid waste landfills in Iran.

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Due to improvements in computational resources, interest has recently increased in using implicit scheme for solving flow equations on 3D unstructured grids. However, most of the implicit schemes produce greater numerical diffusion error than their corresponding explicit schemes. This stems from the fact that in linearizing implicit fluxes, it is conventional to replace the Jacobian matrix in the dissipation term by its constant spectral radius. The objective of the present study is to develop a modified implicit solver based on Roe scheme so that its numerical dissipation is as much as the explicit one. In the proposed scheme, the Krylov subspace method with a LU decomposition preconditioner (GMRES+LU-SGS) is used to solve the linear systems. The efficiency of this method is shown by presenting some examples at the end.

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In recent years, many different plans have been considered to use the nuclear energy gained from inertial confinement fusion (ICF) as attempts to obtain high energy efficiencies. In conventional ICF methods, a small amount (about mg) of the deuterium–tritium compound is confined in a small spherical chamber of a few millimeters in radius and compressed by laser or heavy ion beams with powers in the order of W. The consequent plasma froming at the center of the chamber is an essential issue for fusion. The hydrodynamical instabilities during the fuel compression process arising in the conventional ICF technique leads to a decline in energy efficiency. The new plans for reducing instabilities involve compression of the fuel chamber in two stages using laser or ion beams. In the first stage, fuel is preheated by laser or ion and in the second phase, relativistic electrons are constructed by -W laser phases in the fuel. This heating method has come to be known as a fast “ignition method”. More recently, cylindrical rather than spherical fuel chambers with magnetic control in the plasma domain have been also considered. In this work, fast ignition method in cylindrical fuel chambers will be investigated and transportation of the relativistic electrons will be calculated using MCNP code and the Fokker–Planck program. Furthermore, the transfer rate of relativistic electron energy to the fuel will be calculated. Our calculations show that the fast ignition method and cylindrical chambers guarantee a higher energy efficiency than the one-step ignition and that it can be considered an appropriate substitute for the current ICF techniques.

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Although titanium has been recognized for its excellent bio-compatibility with human tissues and good corrosion resistance in some specific environments, little attention has been paid to the surface enrichment of the components by titanium. In this paper, titanium diffusion coating was formed on the surface of Ni-based alloy B-1900 via pack cementation technique and the microstructure of the coatings obtained was studied. Diffusion titanizing was carried out via pack cementation technique at 850 and 950 C for 3 hours in a mixture of commercially pure titanium, Al2O3 and NH4Cl powder. Microstructure, phase composition and concentration profile of the coatings were examined using optical and electron metallography, X-ray diffraction, and glow discharge optical spectroscopy. The results showed that Ti2Ni and AlNi2Ti were the main constituents of the coating. The formation mechanism of the coatings was also evaluated.

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Due to their superior properties such as high specific strength, high creep resistance and high strength at elevated temperatures, aluminum composites reinforced with alumina nano particles are widely used for advanced purposes such as aerospace and auto industries. Lack of an appropriate welding process limits their applications. Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding is one of the state-of-the-art joining processes. It is used for welding composites and advanced materials. Microstructure and mechanical properties of TLP bonding depend on the bonding time and temperature. In the current study, the effect of bonding time on the microstructure and bonding strength of the TLP diffusion bonded of Al2O3p/Al nanocomposite was investigated. A thin layer of copper deposited by electroplating was used as an interlayer. The bonding times of 20 and 40 min were not sufficient for completing the isothermal solidification, and the bonding strengths were not satisfactory. By increasing the bonding time to 60 min at constant bonding temperature of 580 ºC, the isothermal solidification was completed and the final joint microstructure consisted of soft α-Al phase with dispersed CuAl2 precipitated particles. Decreasing the amount of brittle eutectic structures in the joint seam by increasing the bonding time was the main reason for improvement of the joint shear strength. The maximum joint shear strength was achieved at 580 ºC for 60 min which was about 85% of the shear strength of the base material.

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In this study, microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion joints between 5754, 6061 and 7039 aluminum alloys and AZ31 magnesium alloy were investigated. Diffusion joints were done between the alloys at 440 °C, for duration of 60minutes, at 29 MPa pressure and under 1×10^-4 torr vacuum. The interface of joints was studied using optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDS analysis and the line scan. According to the results of EDS analysis, the presence of intermetallic compounds including Al₁₂Mg₁₇, Al₃Mg₂ and their mixture was observed at the diffusion zone. Also, according to the results of the line scan, the hardness value of aluminum alloys has a considerable effect on diffusion of the magnesium atoms toward aluminum alloy and the greatest diffusion of magnesium was observed when 6061 aluminum alloy was used. More diffusion resulted in a stronger bond between atoms of magnesium and aluminum, and maximum strength of approximately 42 MPa was obtained when 6061 aluminum alloy was used.

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In this study, creation of a silicon aluminide coating on IN738LC nickel-based superalloy has been investigated, using co-deposition process. Thermochemical calculations indicated the possibility of obtaining a silicon aluminide with NH₄Cl activated pack powder at 900°C, in order to achieve coating with desirable structures. Two powder mixtures with nominal compositions of 7Si-14Al-(1-3) NH₄Cl-Al₂O₃ (wt. %) and 16Si-4Al-(1-3) NH₄Cl-Al₂O₃ (4 and 0.5 Si/Al ratios, respectively) were used. According to the results, both coatings showed multi-layered structures containing AlNi₂Si as dominant phase. In coating created by pack powder with Si/Al ratio of 0.5, a porous and brittle layer of NiSi was formed on the surface which deteriorated the mechanical properties of coating to some extent. It was found that inward diffusion of Al was dominant at the first stage, while afterward, inward diffusion of Si led to conversion of NiAl phase to AlNi₂Si and, finally, to NiSi phase. Eventually, the sample coated by Si/Al=4, showed superior microstructural characteristics, containing desirable AlNi₂Si phase without undesirable brittle NiSi phase.

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In this study, the formation of the Al₃Ti intermetallic compound at the junction interface of aluminum-titanium was investigated during deposition and annealing. The results illustrated that during the deposition process, one thin layer of Ti₃Al₂ intermetallic compound was created at the junction interface. During the annealing at 550 °C, this layer was transformed to the  Al₃Ti intermetallic phase and the layer growth occurred. By performing annealing at higher temperatures, the growth rate of Al₃Ti intermetallic layer was increased; at the same time, the formation of Kirkendall cavities and  coupling in the cavities and fragmentation of diffusional coupling from the junction with aluminum were observed

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Carbide coatings, due to their excellent anti-wear properties, are used to extend the life of molds exposed to abrasion forces. Various processes have been applied to produce carbide coatings. Thermo-reaction diffusion (TRD) using a molten salt bath could be considered as an economical method compared to other coating processes. In this study carbide-composite coatings using molten salt baths composed of oxides of carbide forming elements (chromium and vanadium) on SKD-11 and T10 tool steels at 1000 ℃ were formed. The results showed that the coatings included chromium carbide phases: CrC, Cr₇C₃, and Cr₂₃C₆ as well as vanadium carbide: VC, VC_0.88, V₆C₅, V₈C₇, and a triple phase with the composition of Cr₂C₂V. The highest hardness (1890-2020 HV) and the lowest coefficient of friction (0.14) were achieved by the carbide coating of T10 steel with the second bath of vanadium oxide.