Showing 54 results for Microstructure
P. Shayanfar, H. Daneshmanesh, K. Janghorban,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (8-2020)
Abstract
In this study, the effect of overlapping percentage on microstructure and mechanical properties of a single-pass coating by Inconel 625 powder laser has been investigated for quench-tempered ASTM A592 steel. In order to have a structural analysis, the inter dendritic distance was evaluated. For this purpose, scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Digimizer software were adopted. In order to investigate mechanical properties, elastic modulus, toughness, and micro hardness were evaluated. For the evaluation of elastic modulus, Noop indentation method was used, and for toughness studies, Evans method was applied. After the investigation, it was found that in the overlapping of single-pass 50% coatings, the heat input value is lower than overlapping in single-pass 75% coatings. It also contains a finer structure with much higher mechanical properties. This is in such a way that the inter dendritic distance in single-pass 50% coatings is about 0.91 µm. The average diameter of the dendritic columns is about 0.32 µm, hardness value is about 10%, Knoop hardness is about 9 units, elastic modulus is about 37 GPa, and toughness is about 9 MPa m1/2 higher in comparison with the 75% overlapping case.
S. A. Beheshti Bafqi, M. Mosallaee,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (12-2020)
Abstract
In the present study, the transient liquid phase bonding of AISI 2205 dual phase stainless steel with amorphous BNi-3 interlayer was carried out. Based on the initial experimental and analytical studies, the parameters of temperature and bonding time were determined. In order to investigate the effect of bonding temperature on the microstructural changes of the joint, bonding was performed in the temperature range of 1050-1200℃ for 20 min. The microstructural and phase analyses indicated the completion of isothermal solidification and the formation of a uniform Ni-solid solution in the bonding zone centerline. The interdiffusion between the bonding zone and the adjacent base metal resulted in the formation of boride and nitride intermetallic compounds in the base metal adjacent to the bonding zone, which the area fraction of this intermetallics significantly decreased with increasing bonding temperature from 1050℃ to 1200℃ (reduction of the intermetallic area fraction from 85% to 40%). Evaluation of shear strength of samples showed that despite the completion of isothermal solidification in all samples and shear strength of bonded samples significantly depends of amount and morphology of intermetallic compounds on the transient liquid phase bonding shear strength. By increasing the bonding temperature to 1200℃ and reducing the area fraction of intermetallic compounds up to 40% of the shear strength of the samples increased from 450 MPa of TLP bonded specimen of 1050℃ to about 85% of base metal shear strength.
Mojtaba Vakili-Azghandi, Ali Shirazi,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (8-2021)
Abstract
The results showed that the microhardness and tensile strength of the heat-affected zone as the weakest welding zone in some samples reduced up to 30% compared to the base metal. On the other hand, a decrease in rotational speed, an increase in tool movement speed, and the number of welding passes cause grain refinement and improve mechanical properties. However, the effect of decreasing the rotation speed and increasing the tool movement speed were shown to be more favorable due to less heat production. Accordingly, the hardness in the welded zone with a rotational speed of 600 rpm and a movement of 80 mm/min increased from 90 to 125 HV compared to the base metal, and the hardness reduction in the zones around the welded zone was only 5 Vickers. It was also found that reducing the grain size of the stir zone, while improving the mechanical properties leads to increasing the density of the surface pasive layer, preventing the attack of aggressive chlorine ions and thus reducing the corrosion intensity by 50 times in saline seawater.
H. Tazikeh, S. E. Mirsalehi, A. Shamsipoor,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (8-2021)
Abstract
In this research, the effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 939 super alloy by transient liquid phase bonding method. For this purpose, the middle layer of MBF20 with a thickness of 50 microns and three temperatures of 1060 °C, 1120 °C, 1180 °C and a time of 45 minutes have been used. In order to evaluate the microstructure, a scanning electron microscope equipped with an elemental analysis system has been used. Vickers hardness test and shear strength test have been used to evaluate the mechanical properties. The research findings showed that with increasing temperature from 1060 °C to 1120 °C, the width of the athermal solidification zonedecreased from 38µm to 35µm and with increasing temperature at 1180 °C, the athermal solidification zone was completely removed and isothermal solidification zone was replaced. In addition, with increasing temperature, the hardness in the joint center decreases and the shear strength increases.
M.h. Zakeri, A.r. Nasresfahani, S.m. Barekat,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (1-2022)
Abstract
In this research, the microstructure of Inconel 625 cladded layer on ASTM A575 steel has been investigated. By examining different parameters, the optimal single-pass sample with the least amount of dilution, porosity and fusion and suitable wetting angle was determined. Then cladding process with the optimal parameter was performed. The microstructure of the cladding layer was evaluated from the base metal to the top. Due to different cooling rates, dendritic morphologies were observed at different distances. Also, the cladding layer was free of any cavities, porosity and cracks and its thickness was 0.9 mm (900 micrometers). The results of (XRD) and (EDS) analyzes indicate thatthe γphase is formed and there is a relatively uniform distribution of elements in the cladding layer. These results also indicate that no change in the chemical composition of the substrate surface was achieved near the interface.The hardness test results also show that the hardness starts from 450 VHN at the top surface and reaches to 135 VHN in the base metal with a gentle slope. This slope of hardness can be attributed to the cooling or heating rates of the substrate.
Mr. N. Taheri Moghaddam, Dr. A. Rabiezadeh, Dr. A. Khosravifard, Dr. L. Ghalandari,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (1-2022)
Abstract
Conventional fusion welding of aluminum alloys results in coarse-grained structure, inevitable defects, and significant softening in the welding region. Friction stir welding with bobbin tool is a technique of friction stir welding method that has a great potential for developing applications of friction stir welding method in marine, aerospace, and automotive industries due to having an extra shoulder. Sheets of 5083 aluminum alloy with a thickness of 3 mm were welded using the bobbin tool friction stir welding method to assess the feasibility of similar joining. The effect of different process variables such as shoulder pinching gap, transverse speed and tool rotation speed was investigated. The results showed that a sound joint is achieved at a transverse speed of 13 mm / min and a tool rotation speed of 1350 rpm. The results of tensile test showed that the obtained joint efficiency is 94.5%, which is higher than the joint efficiency of fusion methods and comparable to the joint efficiency of conventional friction stir welding. Microscopic evaluation of the fracture surface of welded specimens showed that for similar joints, the dominant fracture mechanism is ductile fracture.
Dr Behzad Binesh, Dr Sima Mirzaei, Mr Amin Taghi-Ahari,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (1-2022)
Abstract
Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding of AISI 304L stainless steel was carried out using BNi-2 amorphous interlayer. The microstructure of the joint area was studied by using optical and scanning electron microscopes and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The effect of bonding temperature (1030-1110 °C) was studied on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of the TLP bonded samples. Electrochemical corrosion resistance of the bonded samples was evaluated in 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature. The mechanism of the microstructure formation and the solidification sequence at the joint area were discussed. Ni- and Cr-rich borides, Ni-Si-B compound and fine Ni3Si particles were identified in the γ-Ni matrix at the joint centerline. The microstructural investigations revealed that the solidification sequence of these phases is: L→ γ + L → γ + Ni boride + Cr boride + L → γ + Ni boride + Cr boride + Ni-Si-B Compound. The highest corrosion resistance was observed in the sample bonded at 1070 °C for 30 min, which is comparable to that of the as-received AISI 304L stainless steel. It was attributed to the bond region microstructure with a negligible amount of eutectic constituents formed in the athermally solidified zone.
Dr Homam Naffakh-Moosavy, Eng. Ali Rasouli,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (1-2022)
Abstract
In this research similar joining of NiTi shape memory alloy was studied. For this purpose, NiTi alloy in the form of wires with circular cross section possessing martensitic phase structure at room temperature was used. By utilizing Nd:YAG pulsed laser welding method followed by optimizing its technical parameters, a defectless joint in terms of appearance and metallurgical properties was obtained. In the next step, the effect of various pulsed laser duration time on properties of the obtained similar joint of NiTi was investigated. Moreover, the resultant microstructures were studied using optical microscope (OP) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with chemical analysis of EDS. Furthermore, the samples prepared under different pulsed laser duration time conditions were characterized by using tensile and micro-hardness tests. Investigating the results of the performed evaluations revealed that higher levels of heat input has resulted in grain growth, dissolution of precipitations as well as reduction in hardness and ultimate tensile strength of the samples in the joint zone.
A. Anbarzadeh, H. Sabet, A.r. Geranmayeh,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (8-2022)
Abstract
In this study, to bond AA2024 and AA6061 alloys to each other, three elements (Sn, Zn and Ga) were considered as interlayer elements in terms of atomic diffusion depth in the base metal and storage at 453°C for 2 days, 10 hours, 210 minutes, and 30 seconds that they were examined for atomic diffusion modeling. Finally, the two alloys were connected at a temperature of 453°C in a furnace environment under a vacuum of 7.5×10-13 Torr under a transient liquid phase process. The effect of changing the thickness of the interlayer on the connection of the two alloys are examined with practical tests such as metallography, SEM, the distribution map of the elements, hardness test, the linear scan of the elements at the joint, and tensile strength test in two modes, 1: investigating the effect of changing the thickness of the interlayer on strength, and 2: investigating the change in joint strength by increasing sample retention time in the furnace. As the thickness of the interlayer increases (from 20 to 70 μm), the bond strength decreases. The maximum tensile strength of joint with the 20 μm thickness Sn-5.3Ag-4.6Bi interlayer is 52 MPa.
M. Vatandoost, E. Mohammadi Zahrani, B. Beidokhti, A. Davoodi,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (8-2022)
Abstract
The welding joints were investigated due to the significance of similar welding of Corten A weathering steel and its dissimilar welding with St12 plain carbon steel in industrial applications. The gas metal arc welding (GMAW) technique with carbon dioxide shielding gas was utilized in the present work. The welding process comprised current and voltage control, welding wire injection rate, shielding gas rate, welding speed, connection configuration, and microstructure evolution. Mechanical properties and microstructure evolution in similar and dissimilar joints and weld defects were evaluated by tensile, bending, hardness, metallographic, and radiographic tests. The weld microstructure in similar and dissimilar joints included grain boundary ferrite, acicular ferrite, and WidmanStatten ferrite. The tensile strengths of the similar and dissimilar joints were respectively 497 and 303 MPa. The weld zone hardness was 210 and 180 Vickers for similar and dissimilar joints, respectively. In conclusion, similar welding outperformed dissimilar welding considering weld joint defects, mechanical properties, and microstructure.
H. Gorji, Dr. S. M. Barakat, S. R. Shoja Razavi, S. S. Babaie Sangetabi, M. Erfanmanesh,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (8-2022)
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the mechanical and microstructural properties of 1.7225 steel in laser welding process using Nd:YAG pulsed laser device and then to determine the optimal focal length relative to the part in the welding area. After welding, microstructural characterization, microhardness and tensile tests were performed. Evaluations showed that the optimal focal length for welding of steel sheet 1.7225 with a thickness of 1 mm, it was about 9 mm and the focus was 1 mm below the surface of the part. Due to the high thermal concentration and cooling rate in laser welding, a completely martensitic microstructure has been observed in the molten and heat-affected regions of all specimens. In this alloy, the hardness of the base metal is 310±10 HV. After welding, the hardness of the sample with the optimal focal length has reached 625±10 HV in the heat affected zone and 730±10 HV in the melting zone. Also, the results of tensile test showed that the tensile properties of the sample with the optimal focal length were almost similar to the base steel and fracture was observed in the base steel region.
S. Golestanehzadeh, Dr. S.h. Mousavi Anijdan, Dr. H.r. Najafi Dezdeh Monfared,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (8-2022)
Abstract
In this investigation the effect of oxides powders of SiO2, MoO3 and CuO on the depth of penetration, microstructure and hardness profile of GTAWeld precipitation hardening martensitic 17-4PH was assessed. Samples were taken from 17-4PH steel sheet with the dimensions of 150*50 mm and with the thickness of 5 mm, and were welded by oxide powder of SiO2, MoO3 and CuO. Results showed that using oxide powder increased the penetration depth of the welded joints by about 150 percent compared to the normal condition. Also, it was shown that although using SiO2 powder increased the penetration depth to about 7.49 mm, it provides inferior weld bead appearance. The use of MoO3 and CuO powder increased the penetration depth of the weld to about 5.3 mm. Although inclusions were found throughout the side of the weld bead when MoO3 powder was employed for welding. The microstructure of the weld in different samples did not vary and included dendritic structure with delta ferrite located between the dendrites. The hardness profile of the welded joints showed the closeness of the hardness of the welded joints using different oxide powder with the base metal.
M. J. Bagban, M. Mosallaee Pour, H. Hajisafari, A. Babnejad, A. Saboori,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (8-2022)
Abstract
In the present study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar joint of Inconel 625 (IN-625) superalloy to austenitic stainless steel AISI316L (SS-316L) via AWS-BNi3 interface layer and transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding process were evaluated and necessary conditions for creating an efficient joint were determined. TLP bonding was performed in temperature and time range of 1050-1150ºC and 5-20min, respectively, under the protection of argon shielding gas with a purity of 99.9995%. Microstructural (OM and SEM) and phase (XRD) studies revealed that bonding at 1150 ° C for 20 min results in completion of isothermal solidification and develops a uniform gamma (γ) phase at the bonding zone. Cooling the samples before completion of isothermal solidification results in the formation of chromium and molybdenum-rich eutectic compounds at the bonding centerline. The continuous morphology of the eutectic compounds caused a sharp drop in the shear strength of the specimens (~50% reduction of shear strength). The inter-diffusion of alloying elements between the bonding area and the surrounding base metal results in the formation of chromium carbide in the IN-625 and chromium- boron compounds in the SS-316L, which increased the microhardness of these areas compared to the base metals and the bonding zone.
S. Varmaziar, M. Atapour, Y. Hedberg,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (8-2022)
Abstract
The influence of filler metals on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of AISI 316L welds was investigated. Gas Tungsten Arc welding (GTAW) process was applied to join the AISI 316L plates using ER 316L and ER 312 filler metals. The obtained microstructures were characterized by optical metallography and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Corrosion assessments were conducted in 3.5% NaCl using a three electrode cell. Open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization examinations were conducted on the welds and base metal. Microstructural evaluations indicated that a combination of austenite and ferrite phases was formed in the welds fabricated by both filler metals. Based on the micro hardness tests, the weld fabricated by ER 312 filler exhibited superior harness compared to the ER 316L weld. Corrosion evaluations also show that the weld metal obtained from two filler metals has a lower corrosion rate due to the higher amount of chromium and higher ferrite compared to the base metal. Also, the lower corrosion current of ER 312 weld metal compared to ER 316L weld metal is for this reason. In contrast to the base metal compared to the two welding metals, the result of the two filler metals has shown better pitting corrosion results according to the electrochemical tests and also the examination of the surfaces using an optical microscope after these tests, that these results are due to The presence of two phases of austenite and ferrite in the vicinity of each other in weld metals and the intensification of galvanic corrosion is due to the discharge of the austenite phase from chromium and molybdenum.
M. M. Taghvaei, M. Shamanian, Behzad Niroumand, H. Mostaan,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (1-2023)
Abstract
Joining of Hastelloy C276 nickel-base superalloy to AISI316 Stainless Steel using BNi-2 interlayer performed by transient liquid phase process (TLP) at 1150°C for 5 and 30 minutes. Bonding microstructure was studied using an Optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Vickers hardness test and shear strength test have been used to evaluate the mechanical properties. Microstructural studies showed that at 5 and 30 minutes of bonding time, isothermal solidification is completely formed, and the Center of the joint is free of any eutectic intermetallic compounds. Also, Findings showed that the DAZ of Hastelloy C276 nickel-base superalloy contains rich borides of Ni, Cr, Mo, and W, and the DAZ of 316 austenitic stainless steel contains borides rich in Fe, Cr, and Ni.
N. Taheri Moghaddam, A. Rabiezadeh, A. Khosravifad, L. Ghalandari,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (1-2023)
Abstract
Despite the increased use of aluminium alloys in several industries, their common concern is the difficulty of joining dissimilar alloys using welding techniques. Based on this, the primary purpose of this research is to assess the mechanical characteristics of dissimilar joining of heat-treatable 6061 and non-heat-treatable 5083 aluminium alloys by gas tungsten arc welding and to discover the link between microstructure and mechanical properties. Similar welds were also implemented and evaluated in order to more properly analyze and compare the outcomes. The quality of the weld generated after establishing the health of the joint using non-destructive testing was evaluated by destructive bending, tensile, metallographic, and hardness tests to check the mechanical and microstructural qualities. The intended dissimilar weld was produced under the parameters of pulse current 120-80 amps, voltage 20 volts, welding speed 15 cm/min, and filler 5356. It should be highlighted that the dissimilar weld had the maximum joint efficiency, and with perfect control of welding settings and the absence of flaws, only 36% loss of strength was recorded when compared to the base metal. Metallographic images revealed that the formation of hot cracks in the dendritic structure of the weld metal is the major cause of strength loss for 5083 similar weld and the production of numerous porosities in the weld metal for 6061 similar welds.
M.r. Borhani, S.r. Shoja Razavi, F. Kermani, M. Erfan Manesh, S.m. Barekat, H. Naderi Samani, M. Shahsavari,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (1-2023)
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to laser cladding of stellite6 and stainless steel 17-4PH powders on the substrate of stainless steel 17-4PH, and investigate its solidification microstructure. The results showed that the microstructure of the stellite6 cladding has a cobalt solid solution ground phase with an FCC structure and Cr7C3 and Cr23C6 carbides. Also, the values of the primary dendrite distance and the distance of the secondary dendrite arm have decreased by moving away from the interface; The reason for this is related to the difference in the cooling rate in different parts of the coating. The microstructure of 17-4PH stainless steel coating includes martensitic, ferritic, and austenitic phases; Due to the same chemical composition of the substrate and the cladding, the weight percentage of elements such as iron, nickel, chromium, and copper did not change from the cladding to the interface. It indicates the uniformity of the chemical composition of the cladding and the substrate. The calculated microhardness for the cladding of stellite6, the substrate and the cladding of stainless steel 7-4PH is about 480, 350, and 350 respectively. The reason for the higher microhardness of the cladding is the presence of chromium carbides (Cr7C3 and Cr23C6) formed in the cobalt field and the cobalt solid solution field of the cladding.
F. Harati, M.a. Jabbareh, S.m. Mousavizadeh,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (1-2023)
Abstract
The present research aims to study the liquation and re-solidification of liquid during friction stir spot welding of AZ91 alloy. Although friction stir spot welding is a solid-state process, the presence of Mg17Al12 intermetallic compounds results in liquation during the welding process. In this study, friction stir spot welding was performed with a tool rotational speed of 2500 rev/min and a tool dwell time of 5 seconds. The microstructural assessment was carried out by optical and scanning electron microscopes. The results showed that initiation of liquation from the inner and outer edge of the eutectic precipitates occurred based on the melting of residual eutectic. Moving toward stirred zone, a liquid film formed along the grain boundaries. The liquid re-solidified as a composite structure of α-Mg/, which α-Mg phase dispersed in γ-Mg17Al12 matrix. Also, the results showed that eutectic morphology resulting from re-solidification is related to the cooling rate. Eutectic morphology changed from granular to fibrous by increasing the cooling rate. Also, the liquid film along the grain boundaries re-solidified as a divorced eutectic.
A. Mahdavi Shaker, H. Momeni, A. Khorram, A. Yazdipour,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (1-2023)
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of electron beam welding parameters on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of the dissimilar joint between 17-4PH precipitation hardening stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy. For this purpose, the welding of these two alloys was done without an interlayer and with an interlayer of copper with a thickness of 0.8 mm. Two different welding speeds of 0.7 and 0.9 m/min with four levels of beam offset (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mm) from the center of the interlayer towards the steel were used to perform experiments. The results show that in the direct welding of titanium and steel, the joint structure consists of TiFe and TiFe2+TiCr2 intermetallic compounds with high hardness (about 900 Vickers). In the welding of titanium and steel by using the copper interlayer, the structure in the weld pool and the interface between the weld pool and steel includes a solid solution of copper and TiFe2 intermetallic compounds, and at the interface between the weld pool and titanium includes Ti+Ti2Cu and TiFe. The hardness of the welding zone in the samples welded with copper interlayer is about 400 Vickers. The highest value of hardness is observed at the interface between the weld pool and titanium alloy, as well as at the interface between the weld pool and steel, which is due to the presence of intermetallic compounds with high hardness. By increasing the welding speed and beam offset, the hardness decreases, which is due to the reduction of brittle intermetallic compounds in the joint structure. The welded sample with a welding speed of 0.9 m/min and beam offset of 0.6 mm has the highest shear strength equal to 160 MPa.
R. Hedayatnejad, H. Sabet, S. Rahmati, A. Salemi Golezani,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (1-2023)
Abstract
This research examines the microstructure and microhardness in the additive manufacturing process using the laser metal deposition method with the deposition of Inconel 718 powder on the Inconel 738 substrate. For this purpose, deposition with different laser power was performed on different substrates, and the microstructure and hardness of the layers were studied. Three layers of Inconel 718 powder were deposited on the substrates. The results show that the laser power parameter in the deposition process significantly affects the microstructure of the samples. By increasing the laser power by 100 W, the distance between the phases γ' in the substrate and γ'' in the layers decreased significantly. With increasing laser power, an increase in the geometric dimensions and volume percentage of the γ'' phase was also observed. In addition, increasing the laser power decreased the volume percentage of the Laves phase. By measuring the microhardness of the deposition layers, it was found that the hardness of the third layer decreases with increasing laser power.
