JWSS - Journal of Water and Soil Science

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Fecundity of Shah-Koolee in the Sefidrood river, which is one of the economic and popular fishes in northern part of Iran, was studied. From April to August 2000, 539 Shah-Koolee fishes were caught at the specific station in the Sefidrood river from the sea shore to Kisum. Seventy one samples of unspawned fishes were taken, the primary biometry was performed, specimens of the different parts of the ovary were prepared and absolute fecundity was determined through gravimetry. Maximum and minimum fecundity rates were 18860 and 2929 eggs, respectively, that related to eight- and three- years old fishes. Relative fecundity was 132±37 and 72 eggs per gram of weight. The relationship between absolute fecundity and length and weight was linear, correlation and numerical quantities of a, b and r were calculated and regression graph was drawn. Gonado Somatic Index (G.S.I.) was used to determine the natural spawning region and calssification was done on the basis of two factors, age and station. It was found that three- years old fishes with a regeneration power of 17.05 in comparison with other age groups had higher potential. This index also showed that Astaneh and Kisum stations were favorable places for natural spawning of these fishes.

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Planting pattern through changing vegetative growth and utilization of environmental resourses affects yield components and seed yield. These effects were studied in the spring of 2000 at the Agricultural Research Station, Isfahan University of Technology, using a randomized complete block design with a split plot layout and three replications. Main plots consisted of three row distances (30 cm flat, and 45 and 60 cm on bed), and sub-plots included three planting densities (30, 40, and 50 plants m^-2). The experiment was planted on March 13 using local safflower variety of Isfahan, named Koseh. Increase in row distance and plant density enhanced most developmental stages of safflower. Leaf area index was not significantly affected by row distance but increased as planting density increased. Up to the 50% flowering stage, 30 cm row distance produced highest plant dry weight, but had the least dry weight at the end of the growing season, probably due to the strong shedding of leaves. Up to the end of flowering stage, 50 plants m^-2 treatment produced the highest plant dry weight, but ranked lower as compared to 30 plants m^-2 treatment at the physiological maturity, probably due to the shedding of leaves. Row distance had no significant effect on number of branches per plant and per square meter, number of heads per branch, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and harvest index. But number of heads per plant and per square meter as well as seed yield per plant and per square meter significantly decreased as planting distance increased. Plant density had no significant effect on number of branches per plant, number of heads per square meter, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and seed yield. Increase in planting density increased number of branches per square meter, but reduced number of heads per branch and per plant, seed yield per plant and harvest index. The highest seed yield (4769 kg ha^-1) was obtained with 30 cm row distance and 40 plants m^-2 treatment. On average, 397 kg ha^-1 petal was harvested, which has a large economic value. However, petal clipping, over all treatments, reduced seed yield by about 7.4%. Considering the advantages of uniform distribution of plants and adaptation of safflower to flat planting, 30 cm row distance with 40 plants m^-2 might be appropriate for planting safflower under conditions similar to this experiment.

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The appropriate planting pattern of safflower in summer planting might be different from the planting pattern suitable for spring planting, and this has not been determined under Isfahan environmental conditions. A field experiment was conducted in the summer of 2000 at the Agricultural Research Station, Isfahan University of Technology, using a randomized complete block design with a split plot layout and three replications. Main plots consisted of three row distances (30 cm flat and 45 and 60 cm on bed), and sub-plots included three planting densities (30, 40, and 50 plant m^-2). The experiment was planted in June 13 using local safflower variety of Isfahan, named Koseh. Leaf area index, number of heads per branch, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight, seed yield per plant and harvest index were not significantly effected by row distance. Increase row distance significantly enhanced most developmental stages and increased number of branches per plant and per square meter, but significantly decreased number of heads per plant and per square meter and seed and petal yields. The highest seed and petal yields (3841 and 373 kg per ha, respectively) were obtained with 30 cm row distance. Plant density had no significant effect on number of branches per plant, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and seed yield per plant and per unit area. Plant density significantly enhanced most developmental stages and increased leaf area index, number of branches and number of heads per square meter, but significantly decreased number of heads per branch and per plant, petal yield and harvest index. The highest seed yield without petal clipping (4341 kg per ha) was obtained with 30 cm row distance and 50 plants m^-2 treatment. The results obtained in this experiment indicate that this planting pattern might be appropriate for summer planting of safflower under conditions similar to this experiment.

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The masculinization effects of 17α-methyltestosterone were investigated on the two developmental stages of guppy (Poecilia reticulate), namely, newly born fry and gravid females. The first group was treated with two doses of androgen, (30 and 60 mg/kg food), each for a period of 15 and 30 days and the second group (gravid females) was treated with the food doses of 400, 450 & 500 mg/kg in a 10 day duration prior to parturition. After three months, the first group masculinization ratio of 62.14% was attained only in 60 mg/kg at three-day long treatment and other treatments had no significant effect on masculinization. In this group all the treated fish developed male secondary sexual characteristics after 3 or 4 weeks. However, the above-mentioned characteristics disappeared gradually when hormone therapy was stopped. In the second group, all the treatments were significantly different from control group. 450 and 500 mg/kg treatments had the highest masculinization percentage (90.82 and 97.07, respectively) but the differences were not significant. Also there were 9.18% females in 450 mg/kg treatment and 2.93% intersex in 500 mg/kg treatment. But the so-called group mortality was higher and fecundity lower than those in the control group. Finally, it should be noted that hormonal treatment had not any significant effect on masculinization of newly born fry and with the regard to the effect of 450 mg/kg treatment on masculinization and mortality percentage, it can be introduced as the best treatment.

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Sewage sludge and effluents, as cheap sources of irrigation water and fertilizer, can supply plants with water and nutrients however, contamination of these sources with heavy metals and the possibility of human food chain contamination using these sources should be considered. In this research, the effects of industrial sewage sludge and effluents on concentration of some nurtients, heavy metals and sodium and dry matter yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and corn (Zea mays) were investigated. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a complete randomized design with four replication. The treatments comprised well water, well water + sewage sludge(50 tons/ha), and three industrial effluents from Iran Polyacryl factory including the cooling tower, the over flow and the factory outlet effluents. Chemical analysis showed the following results: The concentration of the elements in the sludge and the effluents were below the critical contaminating levels. The application of the treatments did not supply enough nitrogen for corn the cooling tower effluent could not supply enough nitrogen for wheat and barley all the treatments supplied enough P for wheat. None of the treatments could supply enough P for corn. The cooling tower, over flow and the factory outlet effluents could not supply enough P for barley, the micronutrient and heavy metal concentrations in the plant tissues using the effluents and the sewage sludge were higher than those for well water the dry matter yield of plants’roots and shoots was highest using well water + sludge and in comparison with the well water, effluents could increase the shoot dry matter yield.

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Stress tests are commonly applied in shrimp hatcheries to estimate the quality of postlarvae to be used during growout. The highest larval survival rate during culture and in shrimp stress tests has been reported when specimens are offered a diet containing high levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids ( HUFA ) . Also vitamin C has positive effect to resistance and survival of larvae . In this study in postlarvae stage 1 in the salinity stress tests (10 and 20 ppt ) the highest survival rate was observed in treatment 3 ( 56.667 % and 90.00 % ) which was enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C . As for the second, treatment 2 ( 43.333 % and 76.667 % ) which was solely enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids showed significant differences at a level of ( P < 0.05 ) with treatment 3 . The difference between these two treatments and treatment 1( larvae fed rotifers cultured on Chlorella sp. ) and control ( larvae fed newly hatched Artemia nauplii ) was also significant . No significant difference was observed in formalin stress test ( 100 ppm ) in this stage between treatments 3 ( 86.667 % ) and 2 ( 80.00 % ) which shows the highest survival rate . But difference between them with treatment 1( 60.00 % ) which was unenriched and control ( 53.333 % ) was significant . Also, in postlarvae stage 5 in the salinity stress tests (10and20 ppt) the highest survival rate was observed in treatment 3 ( 56.667 % and 83.333 % ) and later treatment 2 ( 40.00 % and 70.00 % ) which showed significant difference . In this stage , the survival rate the treatment control ( 60.00 % and 86.667 % ) and treatment 3 showed no significant difference but they showed significant differences with treatment 1 and 2 .The lowest survival rate was observed in treatment 1( 26.667 % and 56.667 % ) . And the highest survival rate was observed in formalin stress test ( 100 ppm ) in this stage in treatments control , 3 and 2 ( 76.667 % , 73.333 % and 70.00 % ) among which there were no significant differences . However, the difference between these three treatments with treatment 1 ( 53.333 % ) was significant .

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In order to evaluate relationship between Different traits in lentils (lens culinaris Medik), a field study was conducted as an RCBD based design with 3 replications on Zanjan University Research Farm during spring of the year 2004. ANOVA analysis revealed significant differences for all characters except for the number of primery branches. Correlation analysis indicated positive and significant correlation between seed yield and harvest index, number of primery branches, pods/plant and biological yield, and grian yield. The result of the factor analysis also showed that the second factor including number of primery branches, pods/plant, grian yield, canopy width and seeds/plant was an important trait involved in the grian yield in lentil. In addition, cluster analysis helped divide the genotypes into four distance groups of large, medium, semi medium and low yields.

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  Air temperature prediction models using satellite data are based on two variables of land surface temperature and vegetation cover index. These variables are obtained by atmospheric corrections in the values for the above data. Water vapor, ozone, and atmospheric aerosol optical depth are required for the atmospheric correction of visible bands. However, no measurements are available for these parameters in most locations of Iran. Using the common methods, land surface temperature can be measured accurately at 2 ° C. Given these limitations, efforts are made in this study to evaluate the accuracy of predicting maximum air temperature when uncorrected atmospheric data from the NOAA Satellite are used by a neural network. For this purpose, various neural network models were constructed from different combinations of data from 4 bands of NOAA satellite and 3 different geographical variables as inputs to the model in order to select the best model. The results showed that the best neural network was the one consisting of 6 neurons as the input layer (including 4 bands of NOAA satellite, day of the year, and altitude) and 19 neurons in the hidden layer. In this structure, about 91.4% of the results were found to be accurate at 3 ° C and the statistical criteria of R², RMSE, and MBE were found to be 0.62, 1.7 ° C, and -0.01 ° C, respectively.

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The species diversity of bumblebees was investigated in two provinces, Tehran (Fasham, Zayegan) and Qazvin (Alamut, Wikan) in central Alborz during 2005-2006. Three casts of queen, worker and male bumblebees were collected during spring and summer in six dates in the two mentioned regions. Sampling of adult bees in Wikan was done from 26 July 2006 until 19 September 2006, and in Zayegan from 24 May 2006 to 17 September 2006. In sum, eleven species were collected of which eight species were common in the two regions. Data of different species casts at two regions were analyzed by Excel ver. 6 and Ecological Methodology ver. 6. 1. 2 soft wares. Species diversity of two regions was determined and compared with three indices of Simpson, Shannon-Weiner and Brillion, and evenness was calculated with indices of Simpson, Camargo and Esmit-Willson. Species richness of two regions was compared in research. The obtained results showed species diversity, evenness and species richness were more observable in Wikan compared with Zayegan. Consequently, Wikan in comparison with Zayegan was more sustainable. Similarity of two regions was 0/46, showing many differences in terms of the kinds. Also, there were 8 similar species in the two areas.

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Immunostimulants are one of the important ways to prevent diseases. The vaccination and immune system stimulator and their combination can increase the ability of vaccines in prevention of diseases and improved indexes of growth and survival rates in shrimps. In this research, the separate and simultaneous effects of Ergosan and Vibromax vaccine on the growth factors such as total length and increasing of dry weight and survival rates in three stages of post larvae PL1,PL5 and PL15 in Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus ) were studied. The feeding of vaccine to shrimps was done through Artemia nauplii ( Artemia franciscana) enrichment. The effects of Ergosan (T1) and effect of Vibromax (T2) separately and in combination (T3) along with a control treatment for comparison were studied. Taking into consideration of 4 treatments and 3 replications for each of them, 12 similar vessels were used, which were refilled with 10 liters of water and reserved with 100 larvae in liters in zoa stages and were fed in a completely randomized design. Duration of experiment was from zoa stage to PL15 and in the end of 12, 16 and 25 days they were analyzed for the biometry and determination of survival rates. Results showed that the highest amount of total length (mm) was observed in PL1,PL5 and PL15 stages in T3 (5.26, 6.45 and 18.41) and was a little different from that in T1 (5.28, 6.32 and 17.94) which was significantly different from the control treatment ( 4.91 , 6.09 and 17.36 ) at P<0.05 level. Furthermore, T2 (5.11, 6.07 and 17.44) and control treatment were not significantly different (P>0.05). The highest amount of dry weight (mg) was observed in PL1, PL5 and PL15 stages in T3 (0.296, 0.890 and 2.940). In contrast to the control (0.216, 0.640 and 2.875) it was significantly different (P<0.05).The highest amount of survival rates (%) was observed in T3 (77.33, 76.33 and 80.67) which unlike control treatment (57, 57.33 and 59.67) was significantly different (P<0.05). The use of these two products in a desired feeding program from zoa stage to PL12 could increase the resistance and immunity in post larvae and survival rates and growth factors in shrimps leading to produce suitable post larvae for introducing into the training ponds.

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Deficit irrigation is one of the strategies used to obtain products with maximum profits in recent years. In this context, research on determining appropriate levels of deficit irrigation is essential. Since determining the different levels of performance through field experiments is difficult, the use of simulation models is a strategy through which we can examine the water balance data, simulate the growth process, and to study different managerial scenarios. The purpose of this study was validation and evaluation of CropSyst, a plant growth model, to determine suitable cropping patterns in deficit irrigation conditions. Applying three deficit irrigation scenarios in model, with values of 10%, 20% and 30% on six crops, fava bean, bean, wheat, potato, sunflower and rice, we concluded that the applied deficit irrigation of 10% to bean, potato and beans, 20% to sunflower and 30% to wheat had been suitable, and it is better not to apply deficit irrigation in rice. Also, since in final selection, the rate of water productivity is one of the basic criteria in each crop mentioned above, determining net benefit based on drop index (NBPD) per cubic meter showed that the most NBPD is related to bean with 6853 Rials per cubic meters and the lowest amount is related to sunflower with a value equal to 2809 Rials per cubic meters.

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In this study, the remote sensing statistical approach was used to determine the global solar radiation from NOAA-AVHRR satellite data in southeast of Tehran. This approach is based on the linear correlation between a satellite derived cloud index and the atmospheric transmission measured by the clearness index on the ground. A multiple linear regression model was also used to convert the five AVHRR data channels and extraterrestrial radiation to global solar radiation. The results of this study showed that multiple linear regression model estimated the solar radiation with an R2 of 0.93 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 5.8 percent, which was better than the statistical approach.

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This study was conducted on subsurface drainage network under operation in Behshahr. DRAINMOD model was used to simulate drainage system using measured data in 2006. The model was evaluated to estimate soil hydraulic conductivity by comparing the measured and predicted values of water table depth and drain discharge for different values of hydraulic conductivity. The results of this method were compared with the results of output drainage water method (as a baseline method). Use of water table depth simulation results in estimating hydraulic conductivity model resulted in considerable error, while the simulation results of drain discharge rate could be used with good accuracy for estimating it. There was a small difference between the output drainage water method and the inverse solution of DRAINMOD model to estimate soil hydraulic conductivity (2.3 and 2.5 cm/h, respectively). Thus, the comparison between the measured and predicted values of drain discharge could be a good criterion to estimate soil hydraulic conductivity using the inverse solution of the DRAINMOD model

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Transporting borrow materials for proper infrastructure of water channels to bear the load of such structures is important in the development plans. Therefore, in this research clay nanocomposite material with a weight ratio of %1 was added to the soil. Soil sample was taken from the bed of the C25 canal (distributary of GanjAfrooz diversion dam within Alborz project area) at various intervals and the depth of 1 meter. Unconfined compression strength and consolidation tests were performed on the selected soil. The results showed that the addition of nanoclay to the soil increased the rate of shear resistance, cohesion property and compressibility of soil, respectively, equal to 14.13, 14.13and 82.76 percent. Also, angle of failure and ultimate void ratio decreased. As a result, the addition of nanoclay to the soil makes soil strength and stability greater and there are no problems caused by bed erosion and transporting of borrow material for infrastructure of channel.

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Drought is a climatic anomaly that associates with a significant decrease (lack) of precipitation and water resources availability, which spreads on vast temporal and spatial scales, and significantly affects various aspects of life and environment. One of the most common methods of drought assessing and monitoring is calculating drought indices (DIs). Drought areal and temporal extent and its severity are determined by these indices. In this study, an aggregate drought index (Hydro-Meteorological) has been developed for the assessment of hydrological and meteorological droughts in Sarbaz river basin located in southeastern of Iran. The Aggregate Drought Index (ADI) comprehensively considers all physical forms of drought (meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural) through selection of variables that are related to each drought type. In this case, monthly values of Stream flow Drought Index (SDI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) indicators were used for four similar reference periods with principle component analysis and aggregate hydro-meteorological index was defined based on its first component. The study time span was set between 1981-82 to 2010-11, which begins of October in Iran. Results based on the aggregate drought index (ADI) revealed that a long period of hydro-meteorological drought occurred from 1999-2000 to 2005/06 in southeast of Iran, in which, 2003/04 water year has been extremely a drought year. The ADI methodology provides a clear, objective approach for describing the intensity of drought. This index is appropriately able to represent the behavior of Hydro-Meteorological droughts and recommended as an integrated index for assessing and monitoring of regional droughts. Finally, different states of hydro-meteorological drought have been extracted based on conventional regional thresholds, and have been modeled by Markov chain. This made the estimation of drought state transition frequency possible, and made the prediction of next drought state time more real. State transition frequency matrices, are the main instruments for predicting drought states in real time. Results of validation tests and conforming the predicted results with real data indicate that predicting hydrological drought state transitions in the study area using Markov chain method is valid.

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This research is aimed to determine the contribution of sub-basins flow to total watershed flood in Khersan river basin located in Kohkilooyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. To do this, the rainfall-runoff model HEC-HMS was used to simulate peak runoff values for 11 sub-basins. HEC-HMS input was constructed using GIS. The results suggest that the change in different return periods is accompanied by small change in prioritization of flood-potential of the sub-basins; so that for return periods of 2, 50 and 100 years, the most contributions came from sub-basins 1 through 11, respectively. With respect to area and flow rate, contribution of sub-basins to watershed total flow was different. The effect of area was between 0.31 to 1.03 percent; namely, sub-basin 6 showed the highest rank and basin 7 showed the lowest one. With respect to peak flow rate, the effect of individual exclusion of sub-basins, resulted in contribution between 51.2 to 1004.2 m³/s, that is, sub-basin 6 showed the lowest effect and the sub basin 11 showed the highest contribution.

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