Showing 18 results for kazemi
Masoud Ezzat-Ahmadi, Hamdollah Kazemi, Mohammad Reza Shakiba, Mostafa Valizadeh,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (summer 1998)
Abstract
Effect of different times and levels of nitrogen fertilizer application on growth and grain yield of spring wheat cultivar “Ghods” was studied during 1993-1994 growing season at Karkadj, Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, using a split plot design with three replications. Main plots were assigned to five levels of N fertilizers (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg/ha) and subplots to five times of applications [all of N fertilizer at planting (T0) 1/2 at planting + 1/2 during tillering stage (T1), 1/2 at planting + 1/2 during heading stage (T2), 1/3 at planting + 1/3 during tillering and 1/3 at heading stages (T3) and 1/4 at planting + 1/4 at tillering + 1/4 at stem elongation and 1/4 at heading (T4)]. Results showed that different levels of N applications affected grain yield and biological yield significantly, while the effect of split application and also N levels × times of application interaction on these two traits were non-significant. Growth stages of wheat were not significantly affected by different N Levels and times of application. Dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, and crop growth rate, in response to growing degree days during growing season, increased when higher levels of N fertilizer were applied. Leaf area index and crop growth rate initially increased up to anthesis and then decreased. Crop growth rate decreased to zero level at soft dough stage and then became negative. Variations in relative growth rate and net assimilation rate, in relation to growing degree days, decreased when different levels of N fertilizer were applied at early part of growing season it was maximum while at later growth stages decreased and finally became negative, Times of N application and level × time interaction during growing season did not affect the growth indices significantly.
M. J. Arvin, N. Kazemi-Pour,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (winter 2002)
Abstract
A glasshouse study was conducted to measure the effects of salinity and drought stresses on growth and chemical and biochemical composition of 4 onion cultivars. The cultivars were Dessex, Texas Early Grano (Texas), Dehydrator, and PX492. Salinity treatments included control, 45mM NaCl, 45mM NaCl + 5mM CaCl2 and drought treatments were control (maintaining soil moisture at field capacity) and irrigation when 50% of available water was used. Four weeks after the treatments, the plants were harvested and root and shoot dry weights (RDW, SDW), Na+, K+, Ca2+, total protein, reduced sugars, as well as free proline contents were measured in both roots and shoots.
Results showed that NaCl and drought treatments significantly reduced SDW and RDW. The Texas cultivar and the Dessex cultivar produced the highest and the lowest amounts of SDW, respectively. NaCl significantly increased Na+ uptake but reduced K+ uptake in shoots and roots and also reduced Ca2+ uptake in roots. NaCl+CaCl2 significantly alleviated the deleterious effects of NaCl such that SDW significantly increased in two cultivars and increased RDW and the K+ contents while causing decreased Na+ and sugar contents in shoots and roots of all cultivars. All stresses increased total protein contents of shoots in Texas only but decreased or had no effect on others. Root total protein increased under salinity stress, while drought had no effect. Changes in proline and sugars in both shoots and roots did not follow any particular pattern. Out of the biochemical compositions measured, shoot total protein in plants under the stresses showed a positive significant correlation with SDW, which may be used to screen onion cultivars for drought and salinity stresses.
J. Jafarzadeh, A. Babai-Ahari, M. Moghaddam Vahed, M. Valizadeh, H. Kazemi, H. Ghazvini,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (spring 2005)
Abstract
The reaction of forty two barely landraces, mostly from Azarbijan Province and a susceptible cultivar, Zarjo, was studied under greenhouse conditions in the presence of four highly virulent isolates of Pyrenophora graminea, i.e. Marand 3, Ajabshir 2, Khasseban-Tireh, and Bostanabad. The experimental design was a split-plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Landraces were considered as sub-plots and the isolates as whole plots. The seeds were inoculated by the sandwich method and responses of the landraces were evaluated by the method of Mathur and Bhatnagar. The resistance of landrace #1 to the isolates of Marand 3 and Ajabshir 2 and that of landrace # 27 to the isolate of Ajabshir 2 was observed. These landraces could be used as a source of vertical resistance in barley. Landraces 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37 and 41 were classified within the range of partial resistance to partial susceptibility, which may be utilized as the sources of horizontal resistance.
Gh. Khajouei Nejad, H. Kazemi, H. Alyari, A. Javanshir, M. J. Arvin,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (winter 2006)
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of four levels of irrigation (irrigation of plants after I1 = 40, I2 =60, I3 = 80 , and I4 = 100mm of evaporation from class A pan) and four plant densities(D1 = 30, D2 = 40, D3 = 50 and D4 = 60 plants/m2) on the seed yield and seed quality in three soybean cultivars(V1=Hobit, V2=Williams and V3=Hill) in a split factorial design, based on the completely randomized blocks, with three replication for two years(2001 and 2002). The Irrigation treatments were assigned to the main plots, and the plant densities and cultivars to the sub plots. Results indicated that soybean seed yield was influenced by the different irrigation and plant density levels in the both years. Irrigation levels I2 produced the highest and I4 the lowest seed yield. It was also revealed that the plant density D3 produced the highest and D1 the lowest seed yields. Among the cultivars under investigation, V2 produced the highest and V3 the lowest seed yield . Seed oil and its protein contents both were affected significantly by the irrigation levels, plant densities and cultivars in both years. The plants receiving I1 treatment had the highest and those having I4, the lowest percentages of seed oil. Changes in the plant densities also affected seed oil and protein content. The plant density of D1 caused the seeds to have the highest oil and lowest protein percentages. However, D4 decreased oil and increased protein percentages. The highest water use efficiency was obtained from I3 and that of the lowest value from I1. The results also indicated that D4 had the highest and D1 the lowest water use efficiencies. Therefore, it could be concluded that the water use efficiency can be increased by increasing the plant density per unit area. The highest efficiency for biological and grain yield belonged to V2 and V1 respectively where as the lowest efficiency for those two mentioned characters belonged to V1 and V3, respectively. However, the treatment I2V2D2 is recommended for higer the seed yield production per unit area.
L. Khodaei, H. Rahimian, R. Amiri, M. Mesbah, A. Mirzaei Asl, S. K. Kazemitabar,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (spring 2007)
Abstract
Genetic male sterility is controlled by one pair of ressesive allele (aa) in sugar beet. This trait is used in most breeding programes. The exsistance of the character in a line or population facilitates transfer of important trait to the breeding material (for example resistance to plant disease). Also, it is possible to increase genetic diversity of monogerm populations by using genetic male sterility. The time and cost of transferring of this gene will be decreased, if the character is tagged with a molecular marker. Bulked segregant analysis using 302 RAPD primers in two F2 populations (231 and 261 population) was performed for the the identification of RAPD markers linked to the genetic male sterility gene. DNA preparation from 8 male fertile and male sterile plants were separately mixed. At first, the primers were tested on bulks. The primers with polymorphic bands were tested on individual plants of the bulks. Only if the polymorphism of the primers was confirmed, they were tested on the other individual plants. Finally, 10 and 6 markers were identified in 231 and 261 populations, respectively, which their distances to male sterility gene were lower than 50 cM. AB-8-18-600r marker was the nearest marker to male sterility gene. This marker showed only 3 and 1 recombination in 231 and 261 populations, respectively. The distance of this marker and genetic male sterility locus was estimated as 5.3 cM in combined F2 populations.
M. H. Raoufat, M. Kazemi Najaf Abadi,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (fall 2007)
Abstract
The present research was intended to alleviate the problems and costs of deep tilling in sugarcane production in Mian-Ab sugarcane farms located in Khuzestan province, Iran. The main objective was to investigate the feasibility of subsoiling operations with bentleg subsoiler (BLS) equipped with shallow tines, a combination expected to increase the critical depth resulting in less power consumption and improved soil physical conditions. Six treatments arranged in a completely randomized block design were used to measure the draft force (except for the bulldozer mounted rippers), disturbed soil cross-sectional area and penetration resistance. The treatments included (1) subsoiling with rippers mounted on bulldozer, (2) BLS without attachment, (3), and (4) BLS equipped with single tine at working depths of ½ and ⅓ of target depth, (5) and (6) BLS equipped with two tines at ½ and ⅓ target depth. The experiment was replicated three times. The results indicated that BLS without attachment had the highest draft requirement as compared with other BLS treatments with shallow tines. In general, tine attachment resulted in less draft mainly due to displacement of critical depth to lower soil zones. Increasing the number and depth of shallow tines resulted in less draft force. The BLS equipped with two tines working at ½ target depth exhibited minimum drawbar power. The inclusion of shallow tines resulted in 21% reduction in drawbar power requirement as compared to BLS without tine attachment. The cross-sectional area of the soil tilled by ripper was minimum. Furthermore, the tilled area was not uniform and subsequent subsoiling operations were needed. The average soil cross-sectional area per unit width was improved by BLS treatments by a factor of 2.3 as compared with that of ripper. The highest cone index was obtained in plots tilled by ripper the BLS reduced this index in a significant manner. The soil worked with subsoiler equipped with tines exhibited the least resistance. The range of wheel slippage for BLS treatments was 12-16% which lies in the upper end of the recommended range for optimum traction efficiency. The proposed idea proved prominent in subsoiling fine textured compact soils.
M. Valizadeh, A. Safarnejad, G.h. Nematzadeh, S.k. Kazemitabar,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (winter 2008)
Abstract
Parsi Zira, Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch., which is called Mountainous or Black Zira, is one of the most important medicinal plants with high economic importance. Generally, there is a little information about in vitro culture of Bunium persicum. Fragmented embryo was used as an explant in Bunium persicum regeneration. In this method, a great callus induction and regeneration only on the same medium without any subculture occurred because of being young and having better interaction with medium, leading to reduction of tissue culture time, infection and chemical consumption. In this research, B5 media containing different concentrations of plant growth regulators, NAA and 2,4-D only or together with Kin, were used. The experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with 30 treatments and 10 replications per treatment. The highest callus number was obtained from the treatment containing 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D and 2 mg/l Kin or 1 mg/l NAA and 2 mg/l Kin. Regeneration occurred in some treatments without Kinetin, showing that Kinetin is not essential for Bunium persicum regeneration. The treatment containing 0.1 mg/l NAA and 4 mg/l Kin was the best one for regeneration. The best treatment for somatic embryogenesis was 2 mg/l 2,4-D.
S.a.a. Hedayati, V. Yavari, M. Bahmani, M. Alizadeh, R. Kazemi, A. Hallajian,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (winter 2008)
Abstract
Great sturgeon is one of the most economically important species. However, in recent years overfishing, illegal fishing, etc., have resulted in severe declines in the stocks of this species. For conservation, stock of this species, determination of gonadal situation and its gonadal growth exchanges is very important. This paper is a histological approach to gonadal staging in 74 Huso huso in the 4 – and - 5 - year old classes. The fishes were reared in brackish water concert tanks under controlled conditions. A small section of the gonads of each fish was removed by biopsy. The gonadal tissue was fixed in buoin solution. They were dehydrated in different diluted solutions of alcohol and chloroform until they were clear. Then they were embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 7 µm and stained by hematoxylin and eosin method. Of the four-year old fish, %56 and %44 were males and females, respectively. %6 of males were at stage I %11 stage I-II %61 stage II %13 stage II-III %11 stage III-IV and %8 were at stage IV-V. %3 of the females were at unknown stage %3 stage I %11 stage I-II %60 stage II %14 stage II-III and 9% stage III. Of the 5 year old fish, %12.5 of males were at stage II % 25 stages II-III %50 stages III and %12.5 were at stage IV. %62.5 of females were at stage II and %37.5 were at stage II-III. Results of this study Compared with those obtained from fishes of the same age class studied in natural habitats as well as the results obtained for the farmed sturgeons from freshwater medium indicate that there is no similarly in the stage of gonadal development in different conditions. Longest stage in tow sexes was stage II that is longer in females, and passing of stage II in males is faster. Males showed more sexual maturity than females. Gonadic growth in culture medium is faster than wild condition, and it is faster in brackish water than fresh water. So, we can state that brackish water is a suitable medium for gonadic growth of Great sturgeon.
F. Kazemi, A. A. Talebi, Y. Fathipour,
Volume 12, Issue 45 (fall 2008)
Abstract
The biological and behavioural parameters of Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hym.: Pteromalidae), a parasitoid of Callosobruchus maculatus (Col.: Bruchidae) on Chickpea were studied in laboratory conditions at temperature of 25±1ºC, photoperiod 16:8 (L:D) and 20±5 % RH. The pre-adult period of the wasp was 19.82 ± 0.038 days and pre-ovipositional period in this wasp was so short that female laid eggs immediately after emergence. Reproductive and post reproductive periods were 25.12 ± 1.98 and 1.75 ± 0.28 days, respectively. Adult life span was 26.69 ± 1.98 days. Total number of progeny produced by a female was 240 ± 28.51. The sex ratio (% females) of the resulting adults on hosts was 0.49. The functional response of A. calandrae was type II. The host stage preference by the parasitoid was investigated in two methods, choice and non-choice experiments. In the first condition, the parasitoid preferred the 4th larval instar to others, but in the second, it preferred both 4th larval instar and pupae. Adult longevity for both female and male parasitoids provided with honey solution (% 50), host larvae, host larvae and honey solution (%50), and finally without host larvae and honey solution was 49.00 ± 4.32 , 26.69 ± 1.98, 38.90 ± 3.52 and 5.66 ± 0.37 days for females and 10.64 ± 1.5, 6.85 ± 0.34, 8.41 ± 0.52 and 5.59 ± 0.28 days for males, respectively.
Sh Kiani, N Babaeeian Jelodar, Gh Ranjbar, S.k Kazemi Tabar, M Norouzi,
Volume 13, Issue 47 (4-2009)
Abstract
In order to study gene action in rice for traits related to quality (gelatinization temperature, gel consistency and amylose content), four varieties of rice (Sang-e-Tarrom, Gerdeh, IRRI2 and IR229) were investigated. Ten different generations including P1, P2, F1, RF1, BC1, RBC1, BC2, RBC2, F2 and RF2 were evaluated using generation mean analysis. In generation mean analysis, one of non-allelic interaction components, [i], [j]1, [j]2, [l]1, [l]2, [l] was significant indicating the genetic model of these characters were described by additive-dominance model with non-allelic gene interaction (except for gelatinization temperature trait in Sang-Tarrom × Gerdeh cross). The cross IRRI2×IR229 showed duplicate epistasis for gel consistency trait. Cytoplasmic effects and interactions between cytoplasmic and nuclear effects in two crosses were significant for amylose content and gel consistency traits. The estimation of narrow and broad-sense heritability for two crosses were 0.77 to 0.99 and 0.05 to 0.93, respectively. The predominantly additive nature of the genetic variability was further revealed by the variance components. Component D was detected significant in all the crosses. The covariance component and , however, showed indirectly that dominance contributed significantly to variability at the variance level. Therefore, according to the obtained results, selection can be effectively done in later segregation generations for gel consistency and amylose content and in early generation for traits.
A. R. Masjedi, H. Kazemi, A. Moradi ,
Volume 15, Issue 57 (fall 2011)
Abstract
In this research, the effect of installing position of bridge pier on scouring depth was studied in a bend laboratory flume, which is made of Plexiglas with 180 bend and a relative radius of Rc/B=4.7. Tests were conducted using one pier 6 cm in diameter under four discharge conditions with constant depth of 12 cm and clear-water conditions. Flume bed was fully paved by uniform sand. It was found that maximum scouring depth occurred in bend when bridge pier was installed in the position of 60 degrees. Also, in all situations increased scouring depth occurred by increasing discharge.
M. Teimouri, M.r. Ghanbarpour, M. Bashirgonbad, M. Zolfaghari, S. Kazemikia,
Volume 15, Issue 57 (fall 2011)
Abstract
Baseflow separation has long been an important topic in hydrology and has a crucial role in water resources management in arid and semi arid regions like Iran. In this paper, a comparison among commonly used automated techniques for hydrograph separation including theoretical method of local minimum and digital filter of one parameter with different filtering parameters of 0.9 to 0.975 and two parameter methods was done to estimate baseflow using baseflow index. For this purpose, daily flow data in some stream gauging stations in west Azarbaijan province were used. For comparison, in addition to baseflow index the graphical method based on the observed daily flow data and correlation coefficient among them was utilized. The main aim of this research is distinguishing the most suitable method in hydrograph separation and estimating the baseflow. Results showed that in different methods baseflow largely contributes to streamflow and also has high fluctuations. However, the results of the digital filter with two parameters appear to be hydrologically more plausible than those of the other methods, but the results of digital filter with proper parameter - in this region one parameter method with filter of 0.925- has proper estimation accuracy. Also, the baseflow index based on method of two parameter digital filtering varies from 0.54 to 0.78 in this study area.
A. Kazemi, H. Shariatmadari, M. Kalbasi,
Volume 16, Issue 59 (spring 2012)
Abstract
Iron deficiency is most widespread among plant nutrients. Nowadays, different materials such as inorganic salts, organic chelates, soil acidifying materials and industrial wastes are used to correct iron deficiency. Slag and convertor sludge of steel factories are among the industrials wastes for this purpose. These materials contain considerable amount of iron produced in large quantities every year. Application of slag and convertor sludge to soil may affect bioavailability and chemical forms of iron in soil. Sequential chemical extraction technique has been widely used to examine these chemical forms, and thus to better understand the processes that influence element availability. It was, therefore, the objective of this study to investigate the application effect of slag and convertor sludge of Esfahan Steel Mill on the chemical forms of iron, distribution of these forms and bioavailability of iron in surface (0-20cm) and subsurface (20-45cm) soil of three research fields. The results showed that more than 99% of the applied Fe occurred in residual, Fe oxide and hydroxide and free forms. Application of slag and convertor sludge for three consecutive years increased chemical forms and DTPA extractable iron in surface and subsurface soil of three fields.
H. Taheri Sodejani, S.h. Tabatabaei, M. Ghobadinia, H. Kazemian,
Volume 18, Issue 67 (Spring 2014)
Abstract
Zeolites are substances that have been renowned for their remarkable nitrogen adsorption capacity resulting of decrease
in leaching rate of soil nitrogen. This research was conducted to study the effect of the zeolite dosage, zeolite particle
size and the method of application on the nitrate leaching of the soil irrigated by treated wastewater (TWW). All of the
adsorption tests were carried out in a 27 PVC columns with 11 cm diameter and 60 cm length. The experiments were
consisted of 9 treatments and 3 replications including 2 zeolite application method (mixed and layered), 2 zeolite’s
grain size (63-125 and <63 micrometer) and 2 zeolite dosage (2 and 4 percent). Zeolite powders were added to the soil
in mixed or layered fashion. The soil columns were irrigated 13 times with TWW in a weekly period. In the 4th, 9th and
13th irrigation event, three samples were taken from input and output TWW introduced to columns to measure the
change in nitrate concentration. The results were shown that nitrate absorption rate was increased by average of 164.3%
and 350.7% in mixed and layered treatments, respectively compared to the control. The result showed that zeolite
application method, irrigation event, zeolite’s grain size and dosage were statistically significant on nitrate absorption
efficiency (P<0.01). It shows that as the zeolite size decrease the soil nitrate adsorption increases significantly. It
increases when the zeolite percentage increases. The result show that the soil nitrate adsorption decreases as the
irrigation event increase and soil adsorption potential degraded with irrigation events.
M. Kazemi, H. Karimzadeh, M. Tarkesh Esfahani, H. Bashari,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (Winter 2019)
Abstract
Evaluating the possible relationships between vegetation and environmental characteristics can assist managers to identify effective factors influencing plants establishment and to characterize various vegetation communities. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of long term grazing exclusion ( more than 33 years) and the controlled grazing system (resting – rotation grazing system) on the vegetation distribution and some soil properties in the Hamzavi research station in Hanna area-Semirom, Isfahan. Six transects (three parallel transects and three transects perpendicular to the general slope of the area) were established in each area and 10 square plots with the size of 2m2 were placed along each transect; then, the cover percentage, production and list of all plant species were recorded. In each area, eighteen plots were collected randomly and in each plot, five soil samples were collected from 0-30 cm of the soil and then the samples were mixed and one sample of the compound was selected as an evidence plot. Soil properties such as pH, EC, CaCO3, organic carbon, absorbable phosphor, total nitrogen, K, Ca, Mg, soil saturated percentage, cation exchange capacity, soil clay, silt, sand and fine sand contents were measured in the soil laboratory. The independent t test was used to compare the vegetation characteristics in two areas. Cation exchange capacity, CaCO3, gravel percentage, soil phosphor content and grazing management were identified as the most discriminative factors in separating vegetation communities based on Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and cluster analysis. Controlled grazing management significantly modified some soil characteristics and increased the production (352 versus 184.2 kg/ha) and vegetation cover percentage (25.46 versus 18.37), as compared to the exclusion area (α= 5%). The vegetation density was increased significantly in the exclusion rather than controlled grazing area (3.03 versus 2.02 plant/m2). This study, therefore, revealed that controlled grazing management was more effective on improving some soil quality and vegetation characteristics rather than p long term grazing exclusion in the semi-arid ecosystems. So, avoiding long term grazing exclusion in semi-arid rangelands is suggested.
H. Kazemizadeh, M. Saneie, H. Haji Kandi,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (Summer 2021)
Abstract
To prevent demolishing bridge piles due to developing the scour hole under the foundation of these piles some solution has been proposed in the literature. One of the important approaches could be installing different geometric of roughness at the downstream and upstream piles sections. This causes the downward flows which are performing the main role in developing scour holes to be marginally decreased. The present study explores the effect of geometric roughness and also, continuity and un-continuity of roughness length on maximum scour holes around bridge pile. Results indicate that due to increasing the length of roughness the developed scour holes were formed by less scour hole depths. Furthermore, continuity of roughness increases the scour hole depths; however, un-continuity causes the height of scour holes to be developed by fewer values. Also, the comparison shows that the length of installed roughness in maximum value is decreasing the scour hole depth constitute 34 percent. Based on the non-linear regression technique an equation has been proposed to predict the maximum scour hole due to different conditions. Comparison between experimental and proposed values shows that the accuracy of the proposed equation has an acceptable error which has been calculated less than 11 percent.
M. Khoshoei, H.r. Safavi, Abbas Kazemi,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Drought is a continuous period of lack of rainfall that leads to damage to a variety of water consumers, especially in the agricultural sector and reduces their yield. Drought is considered one of the unpredictable disasters. Drought is different from other natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, storms, etc. Based on the type of meteorological, hydrological, or agricultural droughts, various indices are designed to assess droughts such as SPI, PDSI, and SWSI. The objective of this study is to evaluate an integrated index that includes the main causes of drought. The integrated index includes various drought factors such as meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, socio-economic, and environmental. Isfahan province has been selected as a case study due to successive droughts in recent decades. A combination of static and dynamic layers has been used for designing the integrated index. Static layers include land use, slope, and soil type of the basin. Dynamic layers include precipitation, average temperature, available surface water, available groundwater, groundwater quality, and cultivated area. The results showed that the highest water stress occurred in the 1386 and 1391 years in the province and the lowest water stress and wet season in different parts of the province in 1387 and 1390 years.
I. Kazemi Roshkhari, A. Asadi Vaighan, M. Azari,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (Spring 2024)
Abstract
Due to climate change and human activities, the quality and quantity of water have become the most important concern of most of the countries in the world. In addition, changes in land use and climate are known as two important and influential factors in discharge. In this research, four climate change models including
HADGEM2-ES, GISS-E-R, CSIRO-M-K-3-6-0, and CNRM-CM5.0 under two extreme scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 were used as climate change scenarios in the future period of 2020-2050. The future land use scenario (2050) was prepared using the CA-Markov algorithm in IDRISI software using land use maps in 1983 and 2020. The SWAT model was calibrated to better simulate hydrological processes from 1984 to 2012 and validated from 2013 to 2019 and was used to evaluate the separate and combined effects of climate change and land use on discharge. The prediction of the climate change impact on discharge showed a decrease in most of the models under the two scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. The average maximum decrease and increase under the RCP2.6 scenario is 60 and 30 percent, respectively. This significant reduction is greater than that predicted under the RCP8.5 scenario. Examining the combined effects of climate and land use change revealed that the average decrease in discharge in the months of October, November, December, and January under two scenarios is 46.2 and 58%, respectively. The average increase in discharge is predicted to be 47% under the RCP8.5 in the months of April and May in the HadGEM2ES.
