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Monitoring and Evaluation of Chemical-Biological Characteristics and Determining the Quantitative Index of Soil Quality in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Almond Orchards
S. Ghasemi Pirbaloti, S. Soodaee Moshaee,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (5-2024)
Abstract
Since the long-term sustainability of garden ecosystems is dependent on maintaining the soil quality, knowing the condition of the soils and investigating the effects of the activities on the soil properties is very important and effective in ecosystem management. To investigate the soil quality index of almond (Prunus dulcis) orchards under different managed methods in ChaharMahal va Bakhtiari province, soil samples were collected from three points in each orchard and finally classified into 6 groups (Saman, Ben, Shahrekord, Kiar, Ardel, and Farsan). To determine the soil quality index, soil characteristics including pH, EC, total and water-soluble organic carbon, basal and substrate-derived respiration, rhizosphere microbial population, and available soil P and K were analyzed. The results showed that almond orchard management in different regions affected the soil characteristics and the processes evaluated in this study. The monitoring of soil properties showed that pH 7.05 - 8.48, EC 0.23 - 2.91 dS/m, microbial respiration 0.44 - 8.57 mg CO2.100 g-1.day-1, organic carbon 2.09 - 44.79 g/kg, available phosphorus 1.5 - 122.3 mg/kg, and available potassium were between 91.2 - 3038 mg/kg. Soil quality index components including chemical components, microbial activity, microbial population, and soil organic carbon were determined. The contribution of soil salinity to soil quality obtained using factorial analysis was the highest (31%), followed by microbial carbon mineralization coefficient (27%), rhizosphere microbial population (24%), and water-soluble organic carbon (18%). The soil quality index values for Saman, Ben, Shahrekord, Kiar, Ardal, and Farsan almond orchards were 0.46, 0.40, 0.51, 0.67, 0.54, and 0.37, respectively. These values showed that the evaluated soils are suitable for almond production in Shahrekord, Kiar, and Ardal, and for Saman, Ben, and Farsan, there is a need for serious management measures to improve soil quality and increase the sustainability of these agricultural ecosystems.

Investigating the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Wetlands Using Satellite Data (Case Study: Jazmorian Wetland)
A. Salar, M. Shahriari, V. Rahdari, S. Maleki,
Volume 28, Issue 2 (8-2024)
Abstract
Unbalanced development of different land use/cover in basins without considering the contribution of all components, can cause serious damage to the stability of the entire basin. The development of agricultural areas by increasing the amount of water use and creating dams upstream of rivers are the most important threats to wetlands in many places. Jazmorian wetland is one of the seasonal wetlands in the south-east of Iran. The most important source of water supply for this wetland is the Halil-Rood River. To investigate the land use/cover changes of Jazmurian wetland and
 Halil-Rood River, the time series of Landsat satellite data for the years 1354, 1374, 1387, and 1401 were used in the present research. The Landsat satellite images were classified using a hybrid classification method and the land use/cover of the study area maps were prepared. The accuracy of the prepared maps for the latest image was calculated by preparing the error matrix, calculating the kappa index, and the overall accuracy of more than 0.8 and 9%, respectively. The investigation of the prepared maps showed that the area of land under water increased from 1354 to 1374 and then decreased from 119,552 hectares in 1374 to 723 hectares in 1401. The area of agricultural land increased from 2131 hectares in 1354 to 133913 hectares in 1387 and declined to 105795 hectares in 1401. The results of this study show that in this period, with the construction of a dam upstream of the Halil-Rood River, and the development of agricultural lands, the water volume level of the wetland decreased, and the wetland completely dried up in 1401. The present study indicates the necessity of considering different components of a watershed in development planning to achieve sustainable development.

Investigation of the Use of Irrigation with Drainage Water at Different Salinity and Water Stress Levels on Quinoa Yield and Yield Components (Case Study: Ahvaz Climatic Conditions)
S. Zandi, S. Borumandnasab, M. Golabi,
Volume 28, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Abstract
Quinoa, a nutritionally rich crop with remarkable adaptability to unfavorable environments, exhibits a high tolerance to salinity. Reusing agricultural drainage water is a natural and important method in drainage management that increases farmers' income, sustainable production, and food security. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of irrigation with agricultural drainage water, salinity stress, and water deficit on the yield and yield components of quinoa (Titicaca) under salinity levels of 2, 10, 15, and 20 dS/m and irrigation levels of full irrigation, 80%, and 60% of the crop water requirements. The experiment was conducted with three replications using a split-plot design with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the experimental farm of the Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, during the fall and spring seasons of the years 2022 and 2023. The water requirement of Qinoa was determined gravimetrically by measuring soil moisture before each irrigation and increasing it to field capacity. The experimental treatments were imposed after seed germination and from the start of cultivation. The plants were harvested and transported to the laboratory for drying and yield component analysis upon physiological maturity. The results revealed that salinity stress had a more pronounced impact on reducing quinoa yield and yield components compared to water stress. The highest and lowest grain yields were observed in the autumn season, reaching 5.45 and 1.8 t/ha under the treatments of S1I1 and S4I3, respectively. Similarly, in the spring season, the highest and lowest grain yields were 3.87 and 0.73 t/ha under the same treatments, respectively.

Environmental Assessment of Agricultural Activities on the Geochemistry of Surface Soils in the Pistachio Orchards of Southern Mehriz
J. Ghaneiardakani, S.a. Mazhari, F. Ayati,
Volume 29, Issue 2 (7-2025)
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of agricultural activities on the soils of southern Mehriz by analyzing their geochemical composition and comparing the physicochemical properties of pistachio orchard soils (agricultural soils) with those of undisturbed natural soils. The results indicate that agricultural practices have led to an increase in Total Organic Carbon (TOC), averaging 1.5%, and a reduction in soil acidity. Additionally, phosphorus concentrations have risen in agricultural soils. These soils also exhibit enrichment in elements such as cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), scandium (Sc), and rare earth elements (REE) compared to natural soils, with a more homogenized REE distribution pattern. Although the concentrations of these trace elements remain within national environmental standards and below critical thresholds, the study highlights a significant increase in the bioavailability of heavy metals due to agricultural activity. This finding underscores a potential environmental risk if such changes are not properly managed in the future.

Aerobic Cultivation of Different Rice Varieties Using Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems (Case Study: Isfahan)
A. Raisi Nafchi, J. Abedi Koupai, M. Gheysari, H.r. Eshghiazeh,
Volume 29, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Abstract
Rice is one of the most important crops and the primary food source for more than half of the world's population. The present study was conducted to compare the direct-seeded rice (DSR) of three rice varieties (Jozdan, Firuzan, and Sazandegi) using surface (DI) and subsurface (SDI) drip irrigation systems. The experiment was performed as a split–split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two years (2019 and 2020) in the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology in Najaf-Abad. According to the results of the variance analysis, the most suitable cultivar for DSR in the region (among the tested cultivars) is Sazandegi with a grain yield of 3400 kg/h-1. The results of this experiment showed that the amount of water consumed in DI was 20% less than in SDI. Also, DSR reduced water consumption by 40% compared to transplanted rice (TPR) in the region. However, the grain yield also decreased by about 45%.

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