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Showing 27 results for بافت
Evaluation the Performance of Filters Made of BC, PET and PP Textiles in Removing Oil Contaminants from Water
M. Jamali Jezeh, Mohammad Shayannejad, S. M Hejazi,
Volume 24, Issue 4 (11-2020)
Abstract
Water resources are limited in many areas of the world; sometimes, even these limited resources are negligently contaminated. One of the polluting factors of water is oil and its derivatives. Oil absorption using textiles is one of the common ways to separate oil from water. In this study, we used three types of textiles with different properties in order to make the filter. The experiments were performed using three different concentrations of 10, 20 and 30% oil. In this study, three types of BC, PET and PP textiles in the presence of horizontal and vertical drainages were investigated. The PET and PP textiles were made of nonwoven polyester and polypropylene fibers, respectively, and the BC textile was a two-component nonwoven textile of both polyester and polypropylene fibers that was used for the first time. Flow through the textiles was turbulent. Coefficients of flow were calculated using non-Darcy flow relations and the optimization method. The results showed that at low oil concentrations, the oil absorption had an inverse relation with the porosity and turbulent flow coefficients, but at higher concentrations, the effect of these agents was less; instead, the effect of the concentration and the intrinsic ability of the non-woven fibers was greater.  The best performance was related to PP and PET with the horizontal drainage that had 95 and 91 absorption rates, respectively.

Evaluation of Mole Drainage and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Rapeseed Drain Water in Paddy Fields
E. Karamian, M. Navabian, M.h. Biglouei, M. Rabiei,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (5-2024)
Abstract
Cultivation of rapeseed as the second crop requires drainage systems in most of the paddy fields of the Guilan province. Mole drainage, as a low-cost and shallow drainage method that is suitable for rice cultivation conditions and easier to implement than pipe drainage, can be a solution in the development of second-crop cultivation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the drainage of mole drainage and nitrogen fertilizer management on the quantity and quality of drainage at Guilan University. In this regard, an experiment was conducted under two treatments including drainage and nitrogen fertilizer (i.e. traditional mole drainage and sand-filled mole drainage), and 180 and 240 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare in three replications. After each rainfall during the plant growth period, water samples were taken from the drains, and parameters of electrical conductivity, pH, total suspended solids, total phosphorus, turbidity, concentrations of ammonium, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate were measured. Also, the outflow from the drains and the water table level were measured by piezometers during the rain and after that. The results of the mean comparison of pH and total suspended solids showed that most of them were obtained with 7.49 and 281.25 mg/liter, respectively, in the mole drain filled with sand and the traditional mole drainage and 180 fertilizer treatment. The highest mean of electrical conductivity and turbidity was observed as 651 micro mohs/cm in the traditional mole drainage and 240 fertilizer treatment and with 67.76 NTU in the traditional mole drainage and 180 fertilizer treatment. The statistical analysis showed that the effect of drainage treatment on the amounts of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and total phosphorus was not significant. The outflow from the traditional mole drainage was 49% lower than the sand-filled mole drainage. The traditional and sand-filled mole drains were able to drain excess water with average reaction coefficients of 0.8 and 0.83 per day during the growth period, respectively. Considering the speed of water discharge, drain discharge, and the main non-significance of qualitative parameters among drainage treatments, mole drainage filled with sand is recommended for the development of rapeseed cultivation in paddy fields.

The Effect of Nanoparticles and Silver Ions on the Concentration of Protein and Amino Acids in Soil Columns
Sh. Amiri, B. Khalili,
Volume 29, Issue 1 (4-2025)
Abstract
Soils are continuously exposed to large amounts of engineered nanoparticles, particularly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which can affect soil microbial activities and nitrogen cycling. The hypotheses of the present study were: (i) vegetation types would differ in their responses to Ag types and concentrations, (ii) these responses would be linked to changes in soil protein and amino acid concentrations, and (iii) combined plant root systems alongside Ag types and concentrations would have offsetting effects on soil protein and amino acid concentrations. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test these hypotheses using a factorial arrangement of treatments within a randomized block design. Two soil types with loamy sand and sandy loam textures were collected from agricultural fields in Isfahan, specifically from the Badroud (33◦ 44′ 50" N, 51◦ 57′ 55" E) and Femi (33◦ 42′ 17" N, 51◦ 59′58" E) regions. The treatments included: 1) soil types (loamy sand and sandy loam), 2) root systems (non-planted, wheat, and safflower), 3) Ag types (no Ag added, AgNPs, and AgNO3), and 4) Ag concentrations (50 and 100 ppm). The plants were harvested 110 days after sowing, with soil samples collected from both the root zone and non-planted soil, after which the concentrations of protein and amino acids were measured. In the Badroud soil, protein concentration significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing depth. Although depth changes did not show a significant difference in protein concentration in the soil under wheat cultivation, increasing depth resulted in a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in protein concentration in the soil under safflower cultivation. In the Fami soil, the addition of silver nitrate led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in protein concentration, despite the fact that the addition of silver nanoparticles had no significant (p < 0.05) effect on soil protein concentration. In the Badroud soil, the highest concentration of soil amino acids was observed in the silver nitrate treatment, while the silver nanoparticle treatment did not significantly affect soil amino acid concentrations (p < 0.05). However, applying silver treatments at both tested concentrations resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in soil amino acid levels. Overall, the effects of nanoparticles varied depending on the measured parameters (protein or amino acid), soil texture, and type of cultivation. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms by which AgNPs and AgNO3 affect the soil nitrogen cycle in the presence of plants at different soil depths.

Effect of Nanosilica on the Mechanical and Physical Soil Characteristics
Mohammad Saeid Hosseini, Aliashraf Amirinejad,
Volume 29, Issue 4 (12-2025)
Abstract
Improvement of soil characteristics is one of the important issues in agricultural and engineering sciences. To investigate the effect of silica nanoparticles on the soil's mechanical and physical properties, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included silica nanoparticles at three levels (0%, 0.5%, and 1% by weight) and two soil types with loam and clay loam textures. The results of the shear strength test showed that the addition of nanosilica increased the internal friction angle and particle adhesion in both loam and clay loam textures, but the liquid limit and plasticity index decreased in both soils. In the consolidation test, the compressibility coefficient in loam decreased from 0.38 to 0.21 and in clay loam from 0.42 to 0.23, while the swelling coefficient in loam decreased from 0.13 to 0.07 and in clay loam from 0.18 to 0.08. Overall, the results showed a significant effect of nanosilica particles on improving soil mechanical strength, especially in clay loam with higher clay content and specific surface area. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of silica nanoparticles is an effective method for stabilizing problematic soils.
 

Investigating the Soil Susceptibility to Splash Erosion in Drylands in the Semi-Arid Region of Northwestern Iran
Dr. Ali Reza Vaezi, Saeideh Akbari, Fereshteh Haghshenas,
Volume 30, Issue 1 (3-2026)
Abstract
Splash erosion is the initial stage of soil erosion by water, which can be significantly influenced by soil properties. The rate of this type of soil erosion in drylands of semi-arid regions is high due to sparse vegetation cover, particularly during the early stages of plant growth. This study was conducted to investigate the soil properties determining splash erosion in semi-arid drylands. Soil aggregates with a diameter of 6 to 8 mm were taken from the soil surface (0-30 cm depth) in thirty dryland farms at three replications. Soil aggregates were purred into splash bowls and exposed to simulated rainfalls with an intensity of 60 mm h-1 for 30 minutes. Different soil properties were determined in ninety soil samples. Based on the results, the highest splash erosion occurred in clay loam (0.0021 gm⁻²s⁻¹), while the lowest value was in loamy sand texture (0.0008 gm⁻²s⁻¹). Splash erosion was significantly affected by grain size distribution; so that positive correlations were found with silt (r= 0.43), clay (r= 0.44), and dispersible clay (r= 0.47), whereas negative correlations existed with sand (r= -0.46) and gravel (r= -0.53). Furthermore, splash erosion was considerably influenced by organic matter (r= -0.23), calcium carbonate (r= -0.22), bulk density (r= -0.60), aggregate stability (r= -0.44), and hydraulic conductivity (r= -0.44). This study revealed that the drylands with fine-textured soils and having a lower amount of organic matter as well as calcium carbonate, have a higher susceptibility to splash erosion in semi-arid regions.  

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