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Showing 25 results for Development
Determination of the Suitable Location of Soil Moisture Sampling in Drip-Tape Irrigation Management in A Maize Field
Z. Amiri, M. Gheysari, M. R. Mosaddeghi, M. S. Tabatabaei, M. Moradiannezhad,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Location of soil moisture sampling in irrigation management is of special importance due to the spatial variability of soil hydraulic characteristics and the development of root system. The objective of this study was determination of the suitable location for soil moisture sampling in drip-tape irrigation management, which is representative of the average moisture in the soil profile (θavg) as well. For this purpose, soil moisture distribution (θij) at the tassel stage of maize and one irrigation interval (68-73 day after plant) were measured at the end of season. The results showed more than 70% length of the root of plant was located in 30 cm of the soil depth. By accepting ±10% error in relation to the averaged soil moisture, some region of soil profile was determined which was in the acceptable error range and also near the averaged soil moisture (0.9θavg<θRec<1.1θavg). By overlapping θRec in one irrigation interval, the appropriate location for soil moisture sampling was the horizontal distance from drip-tape line to 20 cm and the depth of 10-20 cm from the soil surface. To determine the appropriate place for soil moisture sampling, the development of root system and the maximum concentrated root length density in the soil profile extracting the maximal soil moisture should be taken in to account, parallel with the averaged soil moisture.

Study of the Effect of Crossover Structures and Roughness Coefficient on Depth and Flood Plain of the Urban Watercourses (Case Study: Zarkesh Watercourse, Mashhad)
S.a.r Esmaili, A. Mosaedi,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
In recent decades, population growth, urban sprawl, urban environmental changes, and related issues are one of the significant issues in proper planning to manage the urban environment. One of the issues in urban development is the occurrence of floods and flooding due to heavy rains. In this research, flood modeling was studied in Mashhad Zarkash watercourses. The amount of rainfall for the return period of 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 years were extracted by CumFreq software using the maximum 24-hour rainfall statistics of three rain gauge stations closer to the Zarkesh, Jagharq, Sar-e-Asyab, and Torqabeh watercourses basins during the statistical years 1364 to 1390. The peak discharge was calculated using the US Soil Protection Organization (SCS) rainfall-runoff method. Zarkesh watercourse is located on the outskirts of Mashhad. River and flood flow modeling was performed using Arc GIS, HEC-GEORAS, and HEC-RAS software in two conditions including structure (bridge) and no structure. Due to urban marginalization, urban development and land use change have greatly expanded in this region. The results of flood simulation showed that flood levels with a return period of 50 years increased by 50000 m2 equal to 22% in the presence of a structure compared to the state without a structure. The results of this research show that the construction of bridges on the river, the roughness coefficient by land use change, and the number of curves due to land permeability changes are effective in the flood zone.

Bio-Retention Cells Performance in Restoring the Hydrologic Cycle of Highly Urbanized Catchments
M. Mehri, M. Hashemy, S. Javadi, M. Movahedinia,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
Rapid urbanization is responsible for impervious area increases and more runoff generation in urbanized catchments. Higher runoff volume in urbanized catchments leads to higher flood risk. One of the methods of runoff management is low impact development (LID). Bio-retention cell (BRC) is one of the infiltration-based LID practices that allows restoring the pre-development hydrologic cycle. However, the overall hydrologic performance of BRCs can vary depending on different urban environments. In this study, the hydrologic performance of BRC in terms of runoff and flood reduction was investigated in a highly urbanized area in the east of Tehran, Iran. The SWMM model was used to evaluate the performance of BRC. The results showed that BRC for rainfall with a return period of 2 to 50 years reduced the total runoff volume by 76.2% to 70.2% and the peak discharge by 65.9% to 36.4%, respectively. Also, for rainfall with a return period of 2 to 50 years, BRC resulted in 15.2% to 27.5% infiltration of rainfall in the study area, respectively. This study demonstrates that BRC can help restore the natural hydrologic cycle of urbanized catchments by reducing runoff and increasing infiltration.

Water Footprint as a Tool for Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the Agricultural Sector (Case Study: Markazi Province)
Saeed Farahani, Farhad Mirzaei, Masoud Parsinejad, Mahmood Akbari,
Volume 30, Issue 1 (3-2026)
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of quantitative and qualitative analysis of agricultural water consumption in Markazi Province, and calculated and examined water consumption at the level of 18 crops and 12 counties using the water footprint as a comprehensive indicator. A simultaneous study of the three components of the blue, green, and gray water footprint was conducted as an analytical tool to assess the amount and manner of water consumption. In this study, meteorological, agricultural, and input consumption data were used in the 2022-2023 crop year, and water footprint values were estimated in terms of units and totals by crop and county. The results showed that BWFU is strongly influenced by spatial factors (climate and precipitation) and plant characteristics (yield, crop type, and growth period). A difference of up to 98% in BWFU among different crops and a difference of more than 9 times in GWFU in rainfed compared to irrigated lands were observed. Also, GRWFU values exceeded BWFU for many crops, indicating a significant pollutant load from the use of chemical fertilizers. In addition to spatial factors and plant characteristics, the difference of 223 MCM between Saveh and Ashtian counties and the difference of 52.7 MCM between Shazand and Mahallat counties in BWF and GWF, respectively, indicate spatial differences in BWFU and cultivation area. Also, the difference in 1377 MCM between the GRWF of Arak and Ashtian counties is affected by the amount and type of fertilizer used, in addition to the cultivation area. In addition to improving performance, suggested management measures include reducing the cultivation area of high-consumption crops, expanding rainfed lands in high-rainfall areas, optimizing input consumption, and modifying the cultivation pattern in accordance with resources and climatic conditions in order to maintain the quantity and quality of water resources. Accordingly, the research results demonstrate the potential of the water footprint index in location-based and product-based analysis of water consumption and formulation of management responses.

Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of the Health and Sustainability of the Khansar Watershed in Yazd Using the Modified WHSI Model
Masoud Nasr Esfahani, Ali Talebi, Ehsan Fathi, Ali Akbar Mahdavian Cheshmegol, Abolghasem Felahati,
Volume 30, Issue 1 (3-2026)
Abstract
The health and sustainability of a watershed are complex issues that must be evaluated from social, economic, and environmental perspectives using a variety of indicators. The objective of this study is to assess the sustainability and health status of the Khansar watershed in Yazd Province based on the modified WHSI model. This model, developed in accordance with local conditions in Iran and the available variables, includes 34 key variables, comprising 13 social variables, 5 hydrological variables, 10 water quality variables, and 6 land-use–related variables. In this study, ten-year data were collected for each variable and scored using quantitative methods. According to the results, 11 variables were in good condition, one variable was moderate, three variables were weak, and 19 variables were in a critical state. The WHSI model analysis showed that the social indicators were in a relatively better condition, whereas the hydrological, water quality, and land-use variables were predominantly in a critical state. The findings of this study also indicated that the health status of the Khansar watershed in Yazd, with a score of 74, falls within the intermediate health category, while its sustainability, with a score of 12, is classified as unsustainable. The results of this research provide a precise depiction of the critical variables and can serve as a foundation for formulating targeted management policies, improving the quality and quantity of water resources, restoring vegetation cover, controlling unsustainable exploitation, and strengthening climate adaptation programs. In doing so, it can play a significant role in enhancing resilience and improving the health and sustainability of the watershed.

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