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Showing 26 results for Water Quality
Evaluation of Mole Drainage and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Rapeseed Drain Water in Paddy Fields
E. Karamian, M. Navabian, M.h. Biglouei, M. Rabiei,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (5-2024)
Abstract
Cultivation of rapeseed as the second crop requires drainage systems in most of the paddy fields of the Guilan province. Mole drainage, as a low-cost and shallow drainage method that is suitable for rice cultivation conditions and easier to implement than pipe drainage, can be a solution in the development of second-crop cultivation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the drainage of mole drainage and nitrogen fertilizer management on the quantity and quality of drainage at Guilan University. In this regard, an experiment was conducted under two treatments including drainage and nitrogen fertilizer (i.e. traditional mole drainage and sand-filled mole drainage), and 180 and 240 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare in three replications. After each rainfall during the plant growth period, water samples were taken from the drains, and parameters of electrical conductivity, pH, total suspended solids, total phosphorus, turbidity, concentrations of ammonium, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate were measured. Also, the outflow from the drains and the water table level were measured by piezometers during the rain and after that. The results of the mean comparison of pH and total suspended solids showed that most of them were obtained with 7.49 and 281.25 mg/liter, respectively, in the mole drain filled with sand and the traditional mole drainage and 180 fertilizer treatment. The highest mean of electrical conductivity and turbidity was observed as 651 micro mohs/cm in the traditional mole drainage and 240 fertilizer treatment and with 67.76 NTU in the traditional mole drainage and 180 fertilizer treatment. The statistical analysis showed that the effect of drainage treatment on the amounts of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and total phosphorus was not significant. The outflow from the traditional mole drainage was 49% lower than the sand-filled mole drainage. The traditional and sand-filled mole drains were able to drain excess water with average reaction coefficients of 0.8 and 0.83 per day during the growth period, respectively. Considering the speed of water discharge, drain discharge, and the main non-significance of qualitative parameters among drainage treatments, mole drainage filled with sand is recommended for the development of rapeseed cultivation in paddy fields.

Investigating the Quantitative and Qualitative Effects of the Effluent Treatment Plant on Aquifer Recharge and Resources and Uses Planning (Case study: Damaneh Daran Plain in Isfahan Province)
M. Barahimi, A.r. Sehhat, H. Kavand, S. Parvizi,
Volume 28, Issue 3 (10-2024)
Abstract
Today, many countries, including Iran, face natural hazards such as ground subsidence, drought, floods, and acute water shortage. Lack of correct management of underground water resources leads to many of these natural hazards. Artificial recharge of aquifers is one of the solutions proposed in the world to deal with these natural hazards, especially ground subsidence. The quantitative and qualitative effects of the effluent treatment plant on the Damaneh Daran Aquifer recharge were investigated in this research. The results showed that aquifer recharge through the distribution of effluents in the Damaneh Daran River has a positive effect on increasing the water level and releasing effluents in the river will enhance the water level in a larger radius regardless of the quality of the effluents. Based on the result of the present study, it is suggested that all the effluent treatment plants be allocated to aquifer balancing in the future. In the part of replacing wastewater with active wells, due to the lack of wells with industrial and green area use in this region, provided advanced wastewater treatment, all wastewater should be replaced with active wells in the agricultural area.

Analytical Examination of Nutritional Value of Drinking Water Using the Drinking Water Nutritional Quality Index Case Study: Drinking Water of Shiraz City
M. Asadi, M. Noshadi, A.r. Noshadi,
Volume 29, Issue 2 (7-2025)
Abstract
In this research, drinking water quality was investigated using acceptability, health, and nutrition-based indicators from 2010 to 2022 in Shiraz City (Fars province). Magnesium, fluoride, and calcium play a significant role in the contribution of drinking water in Shiraz City to the intake of dietary minerals. The acceptability water quality index (AWQI), health-based water quality index (HWQI), and drinking water quality index (DWQI) rankings in Shiraz City are excellent, but the average drinking water nutritional quality index (DWNQI) of Shiraz City is 77.52 ± 5.47, which falls within the good ranking. Therefore, while the conventional water quality indices (AWQI, HWQI, and DWQI) are excellent, the DWNQI index does not achieve an excellent rating, due to the inclusion of the nutritional value of water in the DWNQI index. In general, the trend of AWQI, HWQI, DWQI, and DWNQI over thirteen years in Shiraz City shows that the conventional drinking water quality indices (AWQI, HWQI, and DWQI) do not provide an accurate picture of the assessment of drinking water quality in many cases, as they do not consider the nutritional role of water. For this reason, water is sometimes treated more than necessary. Therefore, it is essential to revise the interpretation of drinking water quality using the DWNQI index to gain a comprehensive picture of drinking water quality.

The Role of Soil Water Solutes Type on Changes in Evaporation Intensity from sandy and clayey soils
M.r. Shoaibi Nobariyan, M.h. Mohammadi,
Volume 29, Issue 2 (7-2025)
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of solutes and water quality on evaporation amount and rate in two sandy and clayey soils. Soil samples containing aggregates and sand particles with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 1 millimeter were collected. Six columns were prepared during the experiment; three columns were filled with sandy soil and three with aggregated soil, each measuring 60 cm in height and 15.5 cm in inner diameter. One reference column was filled with distilled water. A saturated calcium sulfate solution was added to two columns, a 0.01 molar calcium chloride solution was added to two other columns, and distilled water was added to the remaining two. The amount of water lost through evaporation was recorded every 8 to 12 hours by weighing the columns. After approximately 130 days, the columns were sectioned, allowing for the establishment of moisture and solute concentration profiles for each soil column. The results indicated that the first and second stages of evaporation were distinguishable in sandy soil, whereas in clayey soil (aggregated soil), only the first stage of evaporation occurred due to the gradual transfer of water and the continuous hydraulic connection from the surface to the water table. The presence and type of solutes affected the evaporation rate and moisture profile, reducing evaporation and increasing water retention in deeper soil layers. Hydraulic connectivity (calcium sulfate > calcium chloride > distilled water) and the resulting capillary rise of and supply of evaporated water from higher layers caused a greater evaporation rate in the calcium sulfate compared to the calcium chloride and distilled water treatments in both soil types. Additionally, the formation of a salt crust on the soil surface due to solutes disrupted the hydraulic connection with the surface, resulting in decreased evaporation rates and cumulative evaporation.

Estimating the Quality Index of Surface Waters Using Machine Learning Methods (Case Study: Zayandeh-Rood River)
Mohammad Shayannejad, Elham Fazel Najafabadi, Fahimeh Hatamian Jazi,
Volume 29, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Abstract
Regarding the increasing need for water resources and the decline of surface water resources, awareness of these resources is a crucial need in planning, developing, and protecting them. This research was conducted to model the water quality index (the most widely used feature of determining water quality) using machine learning models (Random Forest and Support Vector Machine) in the Zayandehrood River. Regarding the large number of water quality indices, the NSFWQI index was used in this study. First, this index was calculated, and then, input data, including water quality characteristics of 8 stations over 31 years, and the river water quality index were used. In this research, 80% of the data was used in the training stage, and the remaining 20% was used in the evaluation stage. The optimal model was selected based on the evaluation criteria, including R2, CRM, and NRMSE. The results showed that the Support Vector Machine algorithm (0.931 < R² < 0.982, 1.321

Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of the Health and Sustainability of the Khansar Watershed in Yazd Using the Modified WHSI Model
Masoud Nasr Esfahani, Ali Talebi, Ehsan Fathi, Ali Akbar Mahdavian Cheshmegol, Abolghasem Felahati,
Volume 30, Issue 1 (3-2026)
Abstract
The health and sustainability of a watershed are complex issues that must be evaluated from social, economic, and environmental perspectives using a variety of indicators. The objective of this study is to assess the sustainability and health status of the Khansar watershed in Yazd Province based on the modified WHSI model. This model, developed in accordance with local conditions in Iran and the available variables, includes 34 key variables, comprising 13 social variables, 5 hydrological variables, 10 water quality variables, and 6 land-use–related variables. In this study, ten-year data were collected for each variable and scored using quantitative methods. According to the results, 11 variables were in good condition, one variable was moderate, three variables were weak, and 19 variables were in a critical state. The WHSI model analysis showed that the social indicators were in a relatively better condition, whereas the hydrological, water quality, and land-use variables were predominantly in a critical state. The findings of this study also indicated that the health status of the Khansar watershed in Yazd, with a score of 74, falls within the intermediate health category, while its sustainability, with a score of 12, is classified as unsustainable. The results of this research provide a precise depiction of the critical variables and can serve as a foundation for formulating targeted management policies, improving the quality and quantity of water resources, restoring vegetation cover, controlling unsustainable exploitation, and strengthening climate adaptation programs. In doing so, it can play a significant role in enhancing resilience and improving the health and sustainability of the watershed.

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