Showing 42 results for Jam
S Jamali, E Pourjam, N Safaee, A Alizadeh,
Volume 13, Issue 47 (4-2009)
Abstract
In order to estimate the loss of rice caused by white tip nematode, (Aphelenchoides besseyi), to Alikazemi cv., two series of experiments were conducted in greenhouse and microplot conditions at Rice Research Institute, Rasht (Guilan province) during 2005-2006. The microplots sizes were 0.5×2 meter. Rice seedlings were inoculated by plastic tube method with 0, 100, 300, 500, 700 and 900 nematodes per plant. The experiments were arranged in greenhouse and microplot conditions as a completely randomized design and completely randomized block design with four replications, respectively. The factors under investigation consisted of symptoms (number of plants and Leaves infected), yield and population density of nematodes. The variance analysis of data showed significant differences among treatments in all parameters. The minimum infestation level leading to symptoms and yield loss in microplot condition (500 nematodes) was greater than greenhouse (300 nematodes). Regression analysis of data revealed that the yield reduction was mainly explained by population of nematodes in greenhouse and microplot (R2= 92.56, R2 = 91.55). Also, there was a positive correlation at 5% level of probability between disease incidence and nematode population (R2= 84.42, R2 = 75.27). The resulting equations from regression can be used to estimate crop loss from population of nematodes.
A Rahimi Khob, M Behbahani, M Jamshidi,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (winter 2010)
Abstract
Daily solar radiation intercepted at the earth’s surface is an input required for water resources, environmental and agricultural studies. However, the measurement of this parameter can only be done in a few places. This has led researchers to develop a number of methods for estimating solar radiation based on frequently available meteorological records such as hours of sunshine or air temperature. In this study two empirical Angestrom and Hargreaves- Samani models, which are respectively based on air temperature and sunshine duration were calibrated and evaluated for estimating solar radiation in southeast of Tehran, Iran. Also, two neural networks models were presented using similar inputs and above-mentioned empirical models. The results showed that the both empirical and neural network models provided closer agreement with the measured values, but the models based on sunshine hours gave better estimates than the models based on air temperature. The neural network model based on sunshine hours with a R2 of 0.97 and a RMSE of 1.34 MJ m-2 d-1 provided the best results
M. Ajami, F. Khormali,
Volume 15, Issue 57 (fall 2011)
Abstract
Biological soil covers such as lichens have critical roles in soil stability and prevention of erosion. In order to study the effect of lichen biological covers on aggregate stability and soil conservation, loess hills covered with lichen and uncovered ones were selected in Northern Golestan Province. Five samples were taken from the depth 0 to 5 cm of both two areas for physico-chemical analyses. The undisturbed soil samples were taken for micromorphological studies, too. Analyses of soils revealed that soil organic carbon content increased markedly, compared to uncovered soils. Mean weight diameter also increased about three folds in soils covered with lichen. Fungal hyphae and polysaccharides excretions bind soil particles together and increase size of aggregates. Micromorphological study of thin sections showed that uncovered soils had a weak and massive structure, but soils covered with lichen had a crumb granular and also well -separated angular block and higher proportion of voids. Due to the effect of lichen on upward movement of calcium carbonate, crystallitic b-fabric appeared in the surface layer of covered soils and speckled b-fabric underneath. Excremental pedofeatures are the most common pedofeatures in the covered soils.
M. Ajami, F. Khormali,
Volume 16, Issue 61 (fall 2012)
Abstract
In order to study land degradation from the soil genesis and micromorphological perspective, ten soil profiles were dug and described on five slope positions in both forest and deforested cultivated land. The soil samples were taken from all horizons for physico-chemical analysis and micromorphological studies. Forest soils had a well developed argillic and calcic horizons and also mollic epipedon. These soils were classified as Alfisols and Mollisols. Carbonate leaching into the depth of soil profile and translocation of clays to lower layers and formation of developed soils are by no means related closely with the dense forest cover and its subsequent landscape stability and favorable leaching conditions. Dominant soil orders in this area were Inceptisols and Mollisols. In cultivated landuse, no argillic horizon was observed except in toeslope position. Absence of argillic horizon or its elimination following deforestation is one of the most important and obvious pedogenetic evidences of land degradation after land use change. Outcropping of high carbonatic layers (calcic horizon), disappearance of mollic and formation of ochric epipedon, presence of redoximorphic features attributed to runoff in lowland, decrease of solum thickness, and change of soil color were the other pedogenic indicators for land degradation in the study area. Microscopic observations showed that granular and crumb microstructures with high porosity were converted to massive and compact ones with low porosity in the deforested area. Disappearance of clay coatings besides absence of excremental pedofeatures were the other important micromorphological evidences of erosion and land degradation.
K. Hashemimajd, Sh. Jamaati-E-Somarin,
Volume 17, Issue 63 (Spring 2013)
Abstract
Composting and vermicomposting are two efficient methods to recycle organic wastes. In order to investigate the structural changes in organic matter during the composting and vermicomposting processes, cattle manure and filter-cake of sugar cane were incubated with and without earthworm's presence in a controlled temperature and moisture condition for 16 weeks. Compound samples were taken at 0, 8, and 16 weeks. Carbon, nitrogen and C:N ratio were measured by a CN analyzer apparatus. Solid samples were used for structural analysis using FTIR and solid state CP MAS 13C NMR devices. C:N ratio was decreased with improving decomposition process. The C:N ratio was slightly elevated after 16 weeks of vermicomposting. Structural analysis with both spectroscopic methods showed a decrease of O-alkyl C and increase of aromatic and carboxylic functional groups. The analysis of samples with 13C NMR showed that after 16 weeks, the percentage composition of O-alkyl filter-cake decreased from 41 percent in the first sample to about 33.1 percent. The amount of these compounds in manure samples decreased from 56.7 percent to 43.6 percent. Aromatic compounds in samples of raw filter-cake and manure increased from 12.5 and 13.5 percent to 16.4 and 18.7 percent, respectively. Percentage of carboxyl compounds increased, respectively, from 8.5 and 5.6 percent to 9.7 and 7.2% in the filter-cake and manure sample. Vermicomposts had higher content of aromatic groups compared to composts (In manure samples 18.7 instead of 17.1 percent). After 16 weeks of incubation the aromatic and carboxylic compounds slightly decreased in the vermicomposting process. Analysis of composts and vermicomposts with FTIR and 13C NMR resulted in similar signals with the different frequency intensities. There was a suitable correlation (r=0.897**) among the spectroscopic methods in characterization of composts and vermicomposts
K. Hashemimajd, Sh. Jamaati-E-Somarin,
Volume 17, Issue 65 (fall 2013)
Abstract
Improper properties of sewage sludge include odors, trace elements concentration, and presence of pathogens limit its use in agriculture. Composting and using of earthworms in this process is one of the most suitable methods for stabilization and removal of unsuitable properties of sewage sludge. To investigate the effects of kind and mixing proportion of bulking material and sewage sludge decomposition stage on vermicompost quality, an experiment was carried out in a split plot design with three replications. In this experiment, the stage of sewage decomposition (raw sewage, digested sludge in digester, dewatered sludge in lagoons, and final dried sludge in lagoons) was main factor and kind of bulking materials (woodchips, three leaves, and wheat straw) and mixing proportion of bulking materials to swage sludge (0, 15, 30, and 45 %, V/V) were as subordinate factors. Chemical properties of sewage in different decomposition stages and bulking materials were determined. After 5 months of incubation in the controlled moisture and temperature condition, and in the presence of earthworms, the pot's contents were harvested, and nutrients and heavy metal concentration of vermicomposts were measured. Vermicomposts had relatively low pH and EC. Their nutrients content especially N, P, Fe, and Zn were high. These properties showed vermicompost suitability for use as a soil amendment and organic fertilizer. Heavy metals concentrations of vermicomposts, except for Zn, were lower than recommended values by EPA. Despite no significant difference between the kinds of bulking materials, mixing of these materials with sewage sludge decreased pH, N, and Pb content of produced vermicompost. According to the results, 30% (v/v) mixing of bulking material and sewage sludge is recommended
M. Noshadi, M. Jamaldini, A. Sepaskhah,
Volume 19, Issue 71 (spring 2015)
Abstract
In this research, the hydraulic behavior of two kinds of envelopes including synthetic envelope, PP450 and gravel envelope with USBR standard in two soil tank models with silty loam texture was investigated. Three water heads including 55, 75 and 105 cm (water logging) from drain level were used. The discharge of pipe drain in the steady state condition for gravel envelope and at 55, 75 and 105 cm water heads was 188.9, 172.0 and 897.0% more than those in PP450, respectively. Envelope hydraulic conductivity rates at gravel envelope for 55, 75 and 105 cm water heads were 24.6, 14.0 and 21.2 times higher than those in PP450, respectively, and gradient ratios in these water heads for gravel envelope were 14.5%, 2.8% and 14.2% lower than those for synthetic envelope. There were also different behaviors in the two kinds of envelopes for hydraulic conductivity and entrance resistance of pipe and envelope in 55 and 75 cm water heads relative to 105 cm. In general, according to the measured parameters in this research, gravel envelope showed a better performance.
M. Noshadi, S. Jamshidi , F. Foroharfar,
Volume 19, Issue 74 (Winter 2016)
Abstract
Evaluation of pollutant transportation in soil is important from different environmental aspects such as soil and groundwater contamination. The purpose of this study is to measure 2, 4-D concentrations in a silty loam soil under two different treatments (normal and deficit irrigation) in a corn field and simulate the results using the PRZM-3 and LEACHP models. Total concentrations of 2, 4-D in the soil profile in 8, 13, 23, 30, 37, and 57 days after application for normal irrigation were 18.5, 16.36, 11.67, 10.47, 8.47 and 3.2 mg kg-1, respectively. For these dates, PRZM-3 model simulated 18.5, 16.36, 11.67, 10.47, 8.47 and 3.2 mg kg-1 of 2,4-D, respectively and LEACHP model simulated 23.34, 20.93, 16.7, 16.3, 12.9 and 11.41 mg kg-1 of 2, 4-D, respectively. Total concentrations of 2, 4-D in the mentioned dates for deficit irrigation were 20.2, 16.7, 11.22, 10.05, 8.8 and 7.3 mgkg-1, respectively. For these dates, PRZM-3 model simulation results were 21.9, 19.89, 14.2, 10.62, 9.6 and 8.22 mg kg-1, respectively and LEACHP model simulation results were 25.22, 21.3, 19.43, 18.58, 18 and 16.27 mg kg-1, respectively. The simulation results showed that performance of PRZM-3 model was better than LECHM model in both treatments. In this research, the half-lives of 2, 4-D for 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm of soil depth were 7 and 33 days in a normal irrigation, and 9 and 34.65 days in a deficit irrigation, respectively.
A. Mohammadi Orkashvand1, S. Sedaghat Hoor2, H. Jamalpour,
Volume 20, Issue 75 (Spring 2016)
Abstract
In this study, the impact of some organic matters and a moisture super absorbent were investigated on available water and delay of permanent wilting point in a sample soil of Rasht landscape. In incubation stage, 12 Treatments including control (70% v/v soil with 30% of the composted manure) and various amounts of soil, municipal compost, composted manure, olives and rice wastes along with a super absorbent (A200) were used in a completely randomized design. In order to provide water-release curve and to determine the amount of moisture needed for Field Capacity (FC) and Permanent Wilting Point (PWP), filter paper method was used. Three treatments having more available moisture and further delay in permanent wilting point in incubation stage were being applied in greenhouse stage, along with the control treatment. In greenhouse stage, impact of treatments and irrigation period (36, 72 and 168 hours) were studied on plant growth of Lysimachia, in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design. Results showed that the greatest weight of shoot dry matter was obtained in 30% municipal waste compost treatment and rice wastes treatment in 36 hours irrigation period, but at 168 hours period, dry matter decreased and the greatest dry matter was obtained from superabsorbent treatment.
H. Sharifan, S. Jamali, F. Sajadi,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (Summer 2018)
Abstract
In order to study the effects of different irrigation regimes and different levels of salinity on the growth parameters of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), this experiment was performed in the research green house of Water Engineering Department, at f Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, during 2016. The experimental design was a factorial with n a randomized complete design in three replications. Treatments included three irrigation levels (100, 75 and 50 percent of water requirements calculated by the evaporation pan class A) and five salinity levels (0.5, 4.3, 8, 11.8, 16 dSm-1). The results showed that the effect of irrigation on the Leaf area index, chlorophylls and RWC (P<0.01) and Leaf length, and width (P<0.05) was significant. The effect of salinity levels on the Leaf area index, chlorophylls, Leaf length and width, RWC, Specific leaf weight (P<0.01) and Leaf petiole length (P<0.05) was significant too. The interaction between irrigation and salinity levels on chlorophylls and RWC (P<0.01) and Leaf width (P<0.05) was significant as well. According to the results, Quinoa had a good tolerance to the elevated levels of deficit irrigation. Decreasing the irrigation levels from 100 to 50 percent of pan evaporation resulted in the reduction of the Leaf area index and RWC to 24.6 and 7.3 percent, respectively. The result also showed that Quinoa had a good tolerance to the elevated levels of salinity, the mixing sea water, and tap water at rate of 30 percent, with control treatment having no significance for all of the parameters. It seems that good stand establishment in the saline soils and water conditions could be insured if proper management is applied in the farms.
F. Sajadi, H. Sharifan, S. Jamali,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (Fall 2018)
Abstract
Yield is a function of root distribution and activity. In flood conditions, root growth and efficiency are essential for crop productivity. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes on the root development, yield and yield components of green pepper (green Hashemi cultivars). This study, which was based on a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions, was done at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2016. Different irrigation regimes consisted of 3 levels (100, 125 and 150 percent of water requirement). The results showed that the effect of different irrigation regimes on root volume, root length, root area and number of fruit was significant at 1 percent level (P<0.01), but water use efficiency, and fresh and dry weight of fruit were significant at 5 percent level (P<0.05). The results also revealed that green pepper plants were sensitive to over irrigation. Increasing irrigation levels from 100 to 125 percent of pan evaporation resulted in the reduction of root volume, root length, water use efficiency, number of fruits, and pepper fresh weight to 20, 13.8, 26, 29and 6.4 percent, respectively. As the conclusion, with the increase in water irrigation level, the fresh weight of the fruit was significantly decreased.
R. Jamali, S. Besharat, M. Yasi, A. Amirpour Deylami,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (Fall 2018)
Abstract
The irrigation and drainage network of Zarrinehroud with an area of 65,000 hectares is the most important network of Lake Urmia basin, with the direct link to the lake. With the current crisis in the lake, an assessment of the existing network's performance is essential in the Urmia Lake Rescue Program. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the transmission, distribution, and utilization efficiency and irrigation efficiency at the surface of the network. Three products were selected from the cultivar with the highest crop area (10% beet, 22% and 22%, and 38% wheat). The dominant method of irrigation was surface irrigation. At the network level, soil moisture in the field before and after irrigation, soil physical and hydraulic properties and water use volume for irrigation were measured. The results showed that the average transmission efficiency in canals with the concrete coating of the network was about 79%, which was in the range of 33% (in the smaller channels) to 100% (in the larger channels). The water distribution efficiency in the network was, on average, 76%, varying from 50% to 100%. Water use efficiency in the fields based on soil moisture balance analysis varied from 41% in the sandy loam soils to 66% for the clay texture. Based on the analysis of the data on the amount of harvest, production costs and product sales price, the water use efficiency (in kilograms of product per cubic meter of water used) varied from 0.4 for the elderly hay to 5.1 for the sugar beet. The amount of water used in this network (in Rials per cubic meter of water consumption) was between 2740 for alfalfa aged over 10 years and 6900 for wheat. It can be concluded that in the case of water constraints, wheat, sugar beet and alfalfa could be the most economic cultivar, respectively.
S. Jamali, F. Sajadi,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (Spring 2019)
Abstract
Due to the limited freshwater, farmers have to use exotic waters such as seawater. One of the management methods is the conjunction use of fresh and seawater. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of conjunctive irrigation with seawater and fresh water on the yield and yield components of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) in greenhouse conditions. The research was done based on a completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2016. In this study, there were five irrigation regimes (Irrigation with one-third of the sea water with tsp water, Irrigation with half seawater and then one more half with fresh water, Alternate irrigation with seawater and tap water, and Conjunction irrigation). The results inducted that the effect of different irrigation regimes on Umbrellas per plant, umbels per umbrellas and thousand kernel weights was highly significant (P<0.01), but the number of leaves per plant, branches number, the number of seeds per plant, and the seed number in umbrellas were significant at 5 percent level (P<0.05). In this study, all parameters were decreased significantly with the increase at all levels of water salinity. The results showed that one-third seawater and tap water irrigation regime, as compared to other regimes after control regimes, had the highest Umbrellas per plant, umbels per umbrellas, the number of leaves per plant, branches number, the number of seeds per plant, and the seed number in umbrellas. One-third, half alternate, alternate and the mixture of sea water and tap water resulted in the decrease of thousand kernel weights, reaching ti 13.6, 19.0, 30.1 and 65.1 percent, respectively.
O. Mohamadi, M. Heidarpour, S. Jamali,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (Fall 2019)
Abstract
Shortage of water resources and renewable per capita in last 30 years is put Iran on crisis threshold. Wastewater reuse is one of the battle solutions for water shortage and prevents wastewater depletion and environmental pollution. Thus, a pilot scale experiment was carried out to evaluate an integrated anaerobic/aerobic treatment for removal of BOD5 and COD, also to reduction of hydraulic retention time by considering optimum removal efficiency. The pilot was an anaerobic/aerobic bioreactor type under continuous-feeding regime based on a central composite design. The pilot was studied in different retention time and aeration was carried out between 5-15 hours. According to different retention times for COD removal efficiency, 24 hours was selected as optimum hydraulic retention time, that it is comparable to those obtained for 48 hours and over in plant roughly and could remove COD and BOD in acceptable ranges, results showed that average removal efficiency for BOD5 were 63.86 and 83.99 percent in aerobic and anaerobic phases, respectively. The average removal efficiency for COD was 76.5 and 74.35 percent for anaerobic and aerobic sections, respectively. The average removal efficiency for BOD5 and COD in this integrated aerobic-anaerobic pilot 95.24 and 94.8 percent, respectively.
A. Jamal, A. Parvan, D. Valizadeh,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (Special Issue of Flood and Soil Erosion, Winter 2019)
Abstract
Today, the preparation of flood zoning maps is one of the basic and important issues in the study of development projects in the world; it is considered before any investment by the related organizations. In this paper, flood zoning was performed using the two-dimensional model HEC-RAS and GIS in order to assess the risk of the construction of a railway station near the bank of the Iranshahr River, in a range of 2500 meters. Two-dimensional hydraulic application could create a more accurate flow pattern in comparison to the one-dimensional model used in the previous studies, especially in the flood plain areas. In this paper, due to the important role of the topography of the area in ensuring the accuracy of the calculation, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used with very high precision (about 2 meters), as obtained from aerial photos. The results of this study indicated the onrush of flood, depth and flow velocity in different return periods. Based on the comparison of water surface profiles in the floodplains with the return period of 100 and 25 years, the maximum difference between the water levels was 0.5 m, which seemed to be reasonable by considering the low slope of the studied area. The results of this paper, therefore, showed that the location of the railway station was in medium risk and the outskirt of floodplain.
S. Eslami Jamal Abad1, A. Sharafati, E. Mohammadi Golafshani, F. Farsadania,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (Special Issue of Flood and Soil Erosion, Winter 2019)
Abstract
Expert aquatic designers face many problems; among these, in hydrology, defective occurrences in time-series can cause errors in the ultimate results of the study. This more often happens in the regions where the number of hydrometric and rain gauge stations is limited. In addition, assessing, developing and maintaining the use of water resources require accessible long-term and high-quality quality hydrological time-series. Thus, this necessitates correcting the statistical flaws and magnifies the importance of how to deal with the problems in the hydrological analyses. Statistical methods are, currently, used to infill data and statistical gaps. In this study, in order to introduce a multivariate method for estimating the missing data on rainfall and runoff, in a hydrologic homogeneous region in the Mazandaran province, self-organizing map methods were examined under two scenarios and some reliable estimates were obtained. In this regard, the correlation coefficients between the observational data and the model output were calculated for the precipitation data up to 0.92 and up to 0.95 for the runoff data. Therefore, to avoid the reduction of uncertainty caused by the inadequate data in water resource management, this method could be used.
N. Ehtemae, N. Ghanavati, A. Nazarpour, T. Babaenejad, M. James Watts,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (winter 2020)
Abstract
Long- term exposure to street dust because of the potential toxicity of heavy metals can cause harmful effects on the human's health by inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. In this study, 25 dust samples were collected from the sidewalks of the main streets of Ilam and analyzed by inductively coupled spectroscopy (ICP- OES) method. The mean concentration of the studied metals was: Pb (58.80), Zn (213.24), Cu (63.12), Cr (45.84), Cd (0.37), Ni (43.73) V (30.92) and As (5.00) (mg / kg). Based on the average value of the potential ecological risk (Er), the heavy metals of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and V had a low ecological risk and Cd showed a moderate one. The highest non- carcinogenic risk (HQ) in children and adults was related to As through ingestion and Cr through the dermal contact pathway; on the other hand, the lowest amount was due to the Cd via the inhalation. Cumulative non- carcinogenic hazard (HI) of all heavy metals in the street dust have been found to be higher for children rather than adults. In both age groups, Cr and Pb had the highest and lowest risk of carcinogenicity (RI), respectively. The obtained results, therefore, indicate that the main source of heavy metals in the study area is anthropogenic sources such as traffic, industrial facilities and fossil fuels burning.
A. Jamal, M. Najarchi, M. M. Najafi Zadeh,
Volume 24, Issue 3 (Fall 2020)
Abstract
Surge tanks and air chambers are the most useful solution to deal with water hammer in water transmission systems (WTS). The optimal design of these protective devices can be effective in reducing the costs of constructing and operating a water transmission system. In this article, some software with the capability of simulating and optimizing these protective equipment is presented. To simulate the behavior of the system in the transient condition, the characteristic method was used. To optimize the number, dimensions and location of the surge tanks and air chambers, the genetic algorithm was employed. Constraints of the problem included the control of negative and positive pressures within the permissible range to prevent the cavitation and water hammer. To test the performance of simulation and optimization models, a well-known water transmission system in the previous research was selected as a case study. The results indicated that the critical heads were damped to a safer and allowable range; also, the total cost of the surge tanks and air chambers was reduced by 17% by the proposed method.
M. Jamali Jezeh, Mohammad Shayannejad, S. M Hejazi,
Volume 24, Issue 4 (Winter 2021)
Abstract
Water resources are limited in many areas of the world; sometimes, even these limited resources are negligently contaminated. One of the polluting factors of water is oil and its derivatives. Oil absorption using textiles is one of the common ways to separate oil from water. In this study, we used three types of textiles with different properties in order to make the filter. The experiments were performed using three different concentrations of 10, 20 and 30% oil. In this study, three types of BC, PET and PP textiles in the presence of horizontal and vertical drainages were investigated. The PET and PP textiles were made of nonwoven polyester and polypropylene fibers, respectively, and the BC textile was a two-component nonwoven textile of both polyester and polypropylene fibers that was used for the first time. Flow through the textiles was turbulent. Coefficients of flow were calculated using non-Darcy flow relations and the optimization method. The results showed that at low oil concentrations, the oil absorption had an inverse relation with the porosity and turbulent flow coefficients, but at higher concentrations, the effect of these agents was less; instead, the effect of the concentration and the intrinsic ability of the non-woven fibers was greater. The best performance was related to PP and PET with the horizontal drainage that had 95 and 91 absorption rates, respectively.
S. Jamali, H. Ansari, M. Zeynodin,
Volume 25, Issue 1 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of treated urban wastewater and different harvesting times on the yield and yield components of Sorghum (cv. Speed feed) in the greenhouse condition. The research was done based on a completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in Ferdowsi university of Mashhad in 2016. In this study, the effects of four mixtures consisting of the moderations use of the treated urban wastewater and freshwater (0, 25, 75 and 100 percent mixture of treated urban wastewater and freshwater) and three harvesting times level (pre-flowering, after 50 percent of the plant to flowering, and grain filling stage) on the yield and yield components of Sorghum were evaluated. The results inducted that the effect of different moderations of irrigation regimes on all of them parameter was highly significant (P<0.01), but plant height was non-significant; it was also revealed that the effect of harvesting times on all of the parameters was highly significant (P<0.01), but leaf width was non-significant. The results also exhibited that the interaction effects of irrigated regimes and harvesting times on the leaf number, panicle length and width, leaf, panicle, and stem was highly significant (P<0.01), but plant height, stem diameter, branches number, and leaf length and width were significant at the 5 percent level (P<0.05). Also, the use of 25, 75, and 100 percent mixture of wastewater resulted in the forage yield of 37.5, -29.3, and 12.9 percent (pre-flowering); -31, -15.3, and -47.4 percent (after 50 percent of the plant to flowering), and -11.8, -35.7 and -28.4 percent (grain filling stage), respectively. The highest forage weights (46.2 g per plant) showed, in the study, irrigated by a mixture of 75 treated wastewater and 25 freshwater, and harvesting the plant after 50 percent in flowering stage; on the other hand, the best treatment in this study irrigation by the mixture of 75 treated wastewater and 25 freshwater and harvesting the plant after 50 percent in the flowering stage, Thus, using the treatment in farm experiment required the field research.
