JWSS - Journal of Water and Soil Science

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The predatory beetle Cybocephalus fodori minor has recently been reported in Iran. Also few studies have been reported on life cycle of Cybocephalus beetles, especially on that of C. f. minor. Thus, the life cycle and feeding rate of this predatory beetle was studied on pistachio oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes pistaciae under laboratory conditions (temperature: 25 ± 2 °c relative humidity: 65 ± 5% and photoperiod: 16:8 L: D/h). Life cycle of C. f. minor was completed at six stages including egg, three larval instars, pupa and adult. Duration of the development for one generation (not considering preoviposition period) was 43-46 days for males and 38- 42 days for females. The developmental time length for the egg, larval instars1-3, pupa, male and female adults longevity, preoviposition and postoviposition periods was 8.8 ± 0.1, 5.2 ± 0.1, 34 ± 0.1, 6.8 ± 0.1, 17.3 ± 0.3, 59.2 ± 2.2, 65.8 ± 3.1, 6.8 ± 1.6 and 3.5 ± 0.5, respectively. Average fecundidity (number of eggs laid by a female per her life time) was 64.7 ± 6.2. Sex ratio in the laboratory and in the field was 1:1. Daily feeding rate for the female and male adults, larval instars feeding on adult female scale was 7.1 ± 3.5, 6.9 ± 2.2, 1.8 ± 0.2, 3.7 ± 0.2 and 5.9 ± 0.3, respectively. These parameters were also determined when those stages were fed on the eggs and second nymphal stages of pistachio oyster shell scale. Adult beetles over 60 days exhibited the highest feeding on this scale.

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Because of slight variation of the static head due to discharge fluctuations, the labyrinth weirs are considered to be economical structures for flood control and water level regulation in irrigation networks, as compared to other devices. Labyrinth weirs are composed of folded sections observed as trapezoidal and triangular in plan view. In this study, rectangular and U-shaped labyrinth weirs were investigated. Experiments were conducted on 15 labyrinth weir models. The models included eight rectangular labyrinth models and six U-shaped labyrinth models with different heights and lengths, and one linear model. All the experiments were performed in a horizontal rectangular flume, 7 m long, 0.32 m wide and 0.35 m high. The results indicated that for all the models, discharge coefficient increased sharply with an increase in Ht/P and attained a maximum value. This coefficient then decreased smoothly with a further increase in Ht/P. Increasing height of weirs increased the discharge coefficient for both rectangular and U-shaped weirs. The results also showed that increasing the length parallel to the flow direction decreased and increasing the length perpendicular to the flow direction increased the discharge coefficient. Generally, the discharge coefficient for rectangular weir was less than that of the U-shaped weir. The obtained results compared with those of Tullis et al. (1995) showed that discharge coefficient for U-shaped weir is more and for rectangular weir is less than that of the trapezoidal weir for angle of the side legs of 8 and 12 degrees.

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Agricultural investigations use computer models for simulation of crop growth and field water management. By using these models, the effects of plant growth parameters on crop yields are simulated, hence, the experimental costs are reduced. In this paper, the model of MSM (Maize Simulation Model) was calibrated and validated for the prediction of maize forage production at Agricultural College, Shiraz University in 1382 and 1383 by using maize forage yield under furrow irrigation with four irrigation and three nitrogen treatments. Irrigation treatments were I4, I3, I2, and I1, with the depth of water 20% greater than, equal to, 20% and 40% less than potential crop water requirements, respectively. Nitrogen treatments were N3, N2, and N1, with the application of N as urea equal to 300, 150, and 0 kg N ha^-1, respectively. After calibration and validation of MSM, it was used to estimate suitable planting dates, forage yield and net requirement of water discharge for planting at different dates. The results indicated that the net requirement of water discharge was reduced by gradual planting at different planting dates. By considering different planting dates for maize, from Ordibehest 20th to Tir 10th, the planting area might be increased 17.9%, compared with single planting date on Ordibehesht 30th under a given farm water discharge and full irrigation.

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Sewage sludge and effluents, as cheap sources of irrigation water and fertilizer, can supply plants with water and nutrients however, contamination of these sources with heavy metals and the possibility of human food chain contamination using these sources should be considered. In this research, the effects of industrial sewage sludge and effluents on concentration of some nurtients, heavy metals and sodium and dry matter yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and corn (Zea mays) were investigated. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a complete randomized design with four replication. The treatments comprised well water, well water + sewage sludge(50 tons/ha), and three industrial effluents from Iran Polyacryl factory including the cooling tower, the over flow and the factory outlet effluents. Chemical analysis showed the following results: The concentration of the elements in the sludge and the effluents were below the critical contaminating levels. The application of the treatments did not supply enough nitrogen for corn the cooling tower effluent could not supply enough nitrogen for wheat and barley all the treatments supplied enough P for wheat. None of the treatments could supply enough P for corn. The cooling tower, over flow and the factory outlet effluents could not supply enough P for barley, the micronutrient and heavy metal concentrations in the plant tissues using the effluents and the sewage sludge were higher than those for well water the dry matter yield of plants’roots and shoots was highest using well water + sludge and in comparison with the well water, effluents could increase the shoot dry matter yield.

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Overgrazing is the most important agent which causes accelerated soil erosion and land degradation in arid and semi-arid zones of Iran. Appropriate planning and land use in these areas based on land suitability evaluation provide a suitable base for conserving the land and controling desertification. Land evaluation identifies possible alternatives in land use which will more effectively meet national or local needs and assists in assessing the consequences of these alternatives. Extensive grazing refers to the land utilization type in which animals feed in natural pastures. This study was performed to evaluate physical potential of the given watershed for grazing by sheep and goats, and assess the limiting factors for the land utilization type in Mehr watershed, Sabzevar, Khorasan province. Land qualities which were evaluated include accessibility to animals, soil erodibility, moisture availability, rooting conditions, salinity and alkalinity, and drinking water availability for animals. Above mentioned land qualities were assessed by appropriate land characteristics. The requirement of grazing land utilization type was defined in terms of rated land characteristics. Matching of requirements of LUT with the land qualities of each pixel of DEM (prepared in 200×200m by GIS software) resulted in a rating for every land characteristics. Some characteristics such as slope, aspect, and distance to drinking water for animals were calculated directly by GIS. Land index for every pixel was calculated by square root method. Finally, qualitative and physical land suitability classes were determined based on land indices and classified to polygons which would be suitable in grazing management. The results were interpreted under two different scenarios. In the first scenario, drinking water for animals was supplied by permanent sources and in the second one, the supplying of water was developed to temporary rivers besides the permanent sources. With the analysis of spatial modeling it was possible to assess the land suitability with higher accuracy. Overall results showed that the given area was not highly suitable for grazing at all. The most limiting factors included moisture availability for plant growth, slope, rock fragment and outcrops and distance to drinking water. Also during the late winter, spring and early summer, when the seasonal rivers were supplying the drinking water, the limitation of given area was decreased.

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Rapid drying can increase brittleness of and induce internal cracks in the grain which predispose the product to breakage during subsequent activities. To fully understand the drying process requires an accurate description of the drying mechanism. Kernel equilibruim moisture content (EMC) is a property strongly related to agricultural products drying phenomena. Its accurate prediction can lead to optimisation of drying processes, especially in highly automated computer aided drying systems. In this study, a finite element formulation and solution of a set of coupled conductive heat and diffusive moisture transfer equations, to improve grain drying simulation of axisymmetric bodies are presented. Axisymmetric linear triangular elements with two degrees of freedom per node are used to discretize the rice grain in model for different equilibrium moisture content (from 7.5 to 0.12 d.b.%). For the purpose of this study, one medium grain, ‘Sepidrod CV.’, was used. During the thin layer drying, the drying air temperature of 69 °C and initial moisture content of 17.23 d.b.%, were adopted. A high relation has been observed when the output of model with 11.5 d.b.% EMC was compared to experimental data obtained by others. The least and most root mean square error analysis (RMSE) calculated for models at different EMC with experimental data were 0.0091 and 0.1025. The least and most mean relative deviation modulus were 1.394 and 5.129, respectively. Considering the mean errors of the models in relation to the obtained experimental data, the equilibrium moisture content for 11.5 d.b gave the best result.

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For milk fat modification, after decantation of its serum, it was fractionated at three temperature rates (30-35, 17-22 and 5-10 ºC) and times (6, 13.5, and 18 hours). After each stage, the solid phase or stearine fraction was separated from liquid phase or olein fraction by centrifugation at 1600 rpm for 15 minutes. The olein fraction was then used in the second step of fractionation. This process was repeated three times until the low, medium and high melting fractions (LMF, MMF and HMF, respectively) were isolated to 27 fractions. Iodine value (by Wejs’ method) and solid fat content (SFC by NMR) of these fractions were measured and compared. The results, showed significant differences between in IV and SFC for LMF with MMF and HMF (3-6 units or 10-20% for IV and 3-14% for SFC) it was also found that LMF, MMF and HMF could be used in ice cream, Danish pastry and ice cream coating formulations, respectively.

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To prepare a sheetable dough, potato granule and potato puree of Agria and Marfona potato-cultivars, corn flour, emulsifier ,shortening, water,starch, salt, garlic and pepper powder were used. Dough was sheeted to thickness of 1-2 mm and formed to desirable shape. These slices were baked at 125^oC for 30 minutes. Prepared potato chips were packed in air or nitrogen atmosphere and stored in dark at 25^oC. Peroxide value, bending strength and color of the samples were determined in 30 day intervals. Peroxide value was detected just at the end of the third month. Peroxide value in chips packed in nitrogen atmosphere was less than that in chips packed in air atmosphere. Atmosphere of packages had a significant effect on the bending strength of the chips (p<0.01). The bending strength of chips packed in nitrogen atmosphere was more than that of chips packed in air atmosphere. Storage time had significant effect on bending strength (p<0.01). Storage time and cultivar effects on lightness and darkness of chips (L in hunter lab system) were significant (p<0.01). Storage time and cultivar effects on yellowness and blueness (b) of chips were significant (p<0.05). Storage time, cultivar and packaging atmosphere had no significant effect on redness and greenness (a) of chips (p<0.05)

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Evaluating different aspects of government policy in terms of their indirect and welfare effects has been always of interest. In this study, the effects of gauranteed purchasing policy on land under cultivation and yields of cotton, potatoes and onions were investigated in Fars province. For this purpose, a Nerlove model was applied to time series data of 1972-02 after testing their stationary to estimate the cultivated lands and yields functions of these products. The use of protection rates as explantory varrables is one of the interesting characteristic of such a model. Although the results were not similar for all the products, the indication is that the policy has not had significant influence on the land areas and yields of cotton, potatoes and onions. However, taking into account that the policy has been recentely commenced in Fars, and that the policy takes time to become effective, the policy may result in different outcomes in the long run.

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The aim of this study was to detect change of the forest area in the north of Iran between 1994 and 2001. The study area was covered by a 1:25000 topographic map (about 15000 ha) in Babol forests. The forest map of 1994 was extracted from 1:25000 topographic digital map. Landsat 7 ETM+ image dated July 30, 2001 was analyzed to produce the forest map for the end of the period. Since the evaluation of the image quality illustrated it less than ±1DN in the ETM 2, 4, 5, the rectification of the stripping distortion was ignored. There were also duplicate scan lines and sweep distortions in all the spectral bands. Orthorectification was implemented using ephemeris data and digital elevation model. Several spectral transformations such as rationing, PCA, Tasseled cap and image fusion (using Color space transformation and Spectral response method) were performed on the ETM+ data. The sample ground-truth map was prepared using GPS in 3% of the study area. In order to classify the image, hybrid classification method (digital and visual), using original and synthetic bands, was employed. At first the image was classified using maximum likelihood classifier. The most accurate map (overall accuracy and kappa coefficient equal to 94.56% and 0.89, respectively) was converted to the vector format and then it was edited on the basis of various color composites, fused images and other ancillary data. The obtained map showed overall accuracy and kappa coefficient equal to 96.39% and 0.927, respectively. The comparison of the classified map with the forest map of 1994, illustrated that 751 ha of forest area (equal to 8.2% of the previous forest area), were decreased. This includes a 417 ha increase (mostly reforested areas) and a 1168 ha decrease over the study period. The findings indicate the high potential of ETM+ data in forest mapping and change detection over the whole extent of the northern forest of Iran.

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Some strawberriy cultivars (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch. cv. Aliso, Selva, Gaviota and Camarosa) were grown hydroponically with five NH₄:NO₃ mM concentration ratios (0/6 (S1), 0.25/6 (S2), 0.5/6 (S3), 1/6 (S4), 2/6 (S5) and constant nitrate concentration in three replicates for two seasons: Summer and Winter, in greenhouses of Agriculture Faculty of Tehran University. The results are reported as Follows: In summer shoot dry weight and shoot/ root ratio were highest in 0.25 and 0.5 mM NH₄-N and were constant in remaining solutions with higher ammonium concentration. Increasing ammonium concentration resulted in decreasing the root dry weight. Aliso and Selva had the highest shoot and root dry matter respectively. Gaviota had the highest runner. In winter, shoot dry matter was highest in plants grown in S5 solution. Increasing ammonium from 0 to 0.5 mM decreased fruit yield but more ammonium in S4 and S5 solution increased yield. Root and fruit dry matter were highest in Selva. Yield and Fruit fresh weight were highest in Gaviota. Camarosa had the highest shoot dry weight. In summer shoot dry weight was significantly higher than in winter. Due to the high yeild, commercial use of the S5 solution and the cv. Gaviota is recommended.

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Annual medics are used for hey production, soil protection, biological fixation of N₂ and green manure. In the present study, the inter and intra specific genetic diversity and relatedness of 4 diploid and two tetraploid (M. rugosa and M. scutellata) annual medics were evaluated using microsatellite markers. PCR analysis was performed on genomic DNA from individual plant and PCR products were detected using standard polyacrylamide sequencing gel. Totally twenty five polymorphic alleles were observed in the studied species. Average intra-specific genetic diversity ranged from zero (0.0) in both M. rugosa and M. scutellata to 0.114 in M. minima species, and the level of genetic diversity was similar in both M. orbicularis and M. truncatula species. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was used to partition the overall genetic diversity into within and among species, and between diploids and tetraploids. The results revealed significant (P<0.05) inter and intra-specific genetic variation. Pairwise comparisons based on Fst indicated significant differences among all of the species. Clustering analysis using UPGMA algorithm based on coancestary coefficient revealed a clear genetic relationship among species. The hypothesis on a common origin of two tetraploid species was supported by UPGMA clustering and phylogenetic analysis. The high level of Genetic diversity in spiny pod species respect to spineless pod species suggested the high importance of species with spiny pods in annual medics evolution. The findings support the usefulness of microsatellite markers for assessing inter and intra specific genetic diversity, differentiation and genetic relationships.

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This study was conducted in a sugar beet field at Collage of Agriculture Experimental Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. In order to describe the pattern of spatial variations and density of Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus sp., Portulaca oleracea, Echinochla crus-galli, and Convulvulus arvense as the main prevalent annual and perennial weeds of sugar beet fields, geostatistic methods were used. Samples were taken by systematic method from the corners of (7m × 7m) grids, using (0.5m × 0.5m) quadrates in three stages (before application of herbicides, after herbicide treatment, and before harvesting sugar beets). The integrity of spatial variation of variables was determined by using variogram functions and distribution maps of species. The variograms indicated that variations of all variables did not happen by chance. The maximum and minimum ranges of variation were observed in Solanum nigrum (by 142.7m) and Portulaca oleracea (by 1.5m), respectively. Both maximum and minimum ranges of variations were related to pre herbicide application. The highest and the lowest spatial correlations were related to Amaranthus sp. (in the third sampling treatment) and Solanum nigrum (in the first stage of sampling), respectively. The spatial distribution maps confirmed the patchiness distribution of the weeds. The patch of weed was constructed from a dense point at the center, gradually tapering toward the edges. The patches were skewed across the rows and irrigation channels. The structure of patches altered during the growing season. Any information on the distribution of weeds in the fields can be useful to improve decision makings in relation to applying the herbicides, selecting the herbicide type or applying the amount of herbicide. Also it can be useful to better design of weed control programs.

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This research was carried out to investigate the heterogeneity of milk yield variance components in different production levels of holstein cattles. The first lactation milk yield records of 95945 Holstein cattles, which had calved in 651 herds through years 1991 to 2000, were used in this research. Data was collected by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran and adjusted for two-time milking per day. Records were classified into three classes: low (less than 5275 kg), average (5275-6874 kg), and high (more than 6874 kg) based on the level of production. Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated using single and three-trait animal models for each class and three classes with Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood methods (DF-REML). Bartlett test showed significant differences for variance components between classes. Milk yield heritability was estimated as 0.205, 0.276, and 0.196 for low, average, and high class, respectively, in both single and three-trait analysis. The gentic correlation coefficient between classes ranged from 0.80 to 0.85, Phenotypic correlation coefficients between classes were low and ranged from 0.17 to 0.19. The highest rank correlation coefficient between estimated breeding value by single and three-trait model was obtained in average class. The average changes in the rank of common animals in the top 1% of cows were greather than the top 5% of bulls. Adjustment for heterogeneity of variance components suggested selecting more top cows from herds with high level of production.

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In this study external fat-tail dimensions (upper, middle and lower width, length, length of gap, depth and upper circumference) and fat-tail weights collected on 724 Lori-Bakhtiari sheep were used to study external fat-tail dimensions and their relationships with fat-tail weights. Sheep were 3 months to 6 years old and slaughtered at the industrial slaughter house of Joneghan in Chaharmohal and Bakhtiari province in 2003. The mean of fat-tail dimensions were estimated as 15.83, 23.85, 24.73, 26.52, 14.96, 14.12 and 52.59 cm for upper width, middle width, lower width, length, length of gap, depth and upper circumference, respectively. Fat-tail weight varied from 0.10 to 20.60 with overall mean of 2.71 kg. Fat-tail percentage varied from 1.18 to 37.18 with overall mean of 11.87 percent. The effects of fixed factors of age, sex and body condition of sheep on all of traits were highly significant (p<0.0001). The least square means of all traits except fat-tail percentage were increased with increasing age of sheep. Lowest least square mean (± s.e) of 2.12 ± 0.25 kg fat-tail weight and 7.91 ± 0.72% fat-tail were observed for sheep having body condition score of 1 and the highest least square mean with fat-tail weight of 9.84 ± 0.56 kg and fat-tail percentage of 20.59 ± 1.63 were observed for sheep having body condition score of 5. Estimation of correlation coefficients among external fat-tail dimensions and fat-tail weight were positive and varied from 0.60 between upper fat-tail width and fat-tail weight to 0.83 between upper circomference of fat-tail and fat-tail weight. Upper circumference of fat-tail accounted for %69.5 of variation of fat-tail weight. This study showed that fat-tail weight in live sheep of Lori-Bakhtiari could be estimated using external fat-tail dimensions with very high accuracy (r = 0.904).

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To search for reproducible and environment-friendly antifungal agents, essential oils of five plant species including Myrtus communis, Mentha aquatica, Vitex agnus-castus, Thymus daenensis and Artemisia aucheri were studied for their inhibition effects on the mycelial growth of plant pathogenic fungi including Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani and Gaeumannomyces graminis. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design of factorial experiment including three essential oil concentrations and three replications at 25±2 ºC on PDA. Results revealed that R. solani with 48.83 and P.ultimum with 89.62% mean of mycelial growth inhibition were the most resistant and the most susceptible fungi to the essential oils, respectively. The essential oil of M. aquatica and T. daenensis with 93.70 and 92.74% mean of mycelial growth inhibition showed the most inhibition effect and V. agnus-castus with 33.88% was the least mycelial growth inhibitor. The essential oil of M. aquatica and T. daenensis at 20 µl/petri plate (9 cm. in diameter) completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the tested fungi. Considering the high antifungal effect, and low human and environmental hazard of essential oils, it seems that the essential oils may be used for the control of plant pathogenic fungi, or at least they may be adopted as a model for the synthesis of new antifungal agents.

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In Iran, the development of cultivated areas becomes gradually impossible due to ever-increasing population growth and urban area development. Therefore, it is very important to use the existing cultivated lands more efficiently. Land suitability evaluation makes the sustainable use of the lands feasible. The objective of this study was qualitative, quantitative and economic assessment of land suitability in Talandahst area for rainfed wheat, barley and chickpea. Talandasht plain with a surface area of 4500 ha is located southwest of Kermanshah city. The climate is semi-arid with cold winter and moderate summer. The successive stages of this research included soil survey in the field, soil analysis, qualitative and quantitative and economic evaluations of land suitability. In qualitative evaluation of land, climatic, topographic and soil suitability classes were determined according to the degree of the matching. Limitation and parametric methods were used in qualitative evaluation. Quantitative and economic evaluations made based on the observed yield and gross benefit, respectively. Based on qualitative evaluation, the studied area is marginally suitable for rainfed farming of wheat, barley and chickpea. This is due to water deficiency occurring during some stages of the growing cycle. The solution for this problem is supplementary irrigation. In addition to climate limitation, there are also topographic and soil restriction for the growth of the studied crops. On the basis of observed yield, the land units are moderately to highly suitable for rainfed wheat and barley production. Among the three named crops, the most and least profitable ones are chickpea and barley, respectively, and wheat ranks between them.

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Hamadan province is one of the most important alfalfa (Medicago sativa) producing regions in Iran. However, little is known about P status in this region and no suitable extraction method has yet been introduced. This experiment was carried out to determine the available phosphorus by nine chemical extractants in some soils of the Hamadan region. The treatments consisted of 15 soils and 2 P levels (0 and 200 mg P kg^-1 as Ca(H₂PO₄)₂.H₂O ) in a factorial experiment in a randomized design with three replications. Alfalfa plant were harvested in three cutting. The results indicated that the amount of extractable phosphorus decreased in the following order: Collwell>Bray 2>0.1 N HCl>Bray 1>Olsen>AB-DTPA>Mehlich 1>Mehlich 2 > 0.01 M CaCl₂ The amounts of P extracted by all methods except that by 0.01 M CaCl₂ method, showed significant correlation. The results of correlation studies showed that in the first cutting, Collwel method, in the second cutting AB-DTPA, Olsen, Collwel, Bray 1, Bray 2 and Mehlich 2 and in the third cutting, AB-DTPA, Olsen, Collwel, Bray 1, and Mehlich 2 methods seems to be suitable extractants for assessing available P of soils in Hamadan province.

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In order to determine the most important quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pomegranate fruit and its components for categorizing the genotypes, a study was carried out using 24 genotypes. In this study 28 quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pomegranate fruit and seed were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed that all of the characteristics in examined genotypes were significant, showing high variability in characteristics. Results of simple correlation analysis showed the existence of significant, positive and negative correlations among some important characteristics. Also, factor analysis showed that most of fruit juice, aril and seed characteristics constituted the main factors. Effective characteristics categorized in seven factors accounted for 89% of total variance. For each factor, eigen value more than 0.7 was considered significant. Cluster analysis was performed using these seven factors and genotypes, in the distance of 9, were divided into 5 main clusters. These groups were mainly distinct in fruit flavor and soft seededness. Furthermore, by using three main factors, genotypes positions determined in 3-plot analysis, which distinguished sweeter genotypes from sweet-sour and sour genotypes.

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Today, the production of disease-free and identical rootstock seedling in protected environments is a common practice in citrus industry. The process is time consuming, laborious and expensive. Shortening the period to reach suitable size for budding results in the reduction of the costs. It is possible to shorten the period for budding in citrus seedlings through the application of growth regulators. As lime is used widely as a rootstock in Southern Iran, this research attempted to study the effect of paclobutrozol (PP₃₃₃), ethephon and pinching following gibberellic acid (GA₃) treatment on height, diameter and budtake of lime seedlings. To do the research, seedlings with 4-6 leaves were sprayed with 100 mg/L GA₃. After GA₃ treatment, uniform seedlings 50 cm height were selected, potted and sprayed with PP₃₃₃ (500 and 1000 mg/L), ethephon (150 and 300 mg/L) or pinched. All treatments, compared with control, increased height, diameter and fresh weight of shoot significantly. GA₃ alone caused internode elongation. The effect of all treatments on the number of node, fresh and dry weights of root was not significant. Ethephon reduced chlorophyll content of leaf. And ethephon (300 mg/L) and PP₃₃₃ (1000 mg/L) reduced budtake percentage of lime seedlings.