Showing 44 results for ghorbani
M.salehipour Baversad, H.ghorbani, M.afyuni, H.kheirabadi,
Volume 18, Issue 67 (Spring 2014)
Abstract
Regards to the importance of using safe vegetables, controlling the concentrations of heavy metals is necessary for
consumer's health. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the potential risk of heavy metals on human health for
non-cancerous and cancerous diseases through consumption of agricultural products in Isfahan province. The samples
were included wheat, rice, carrots, onions, leafy vegetables and potatoes which were collected randomly from the
studied area. In order to assess the risk of non-cancerous diseases, Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index
(HI) were calculated for a specific element as well as combinations of different elements. The results showed that the
THQ for arsenic was more than one in wheat and was less than one for other heavy metals if one product is consumed.
This indicates that the likely effects of arsenic for noncancerous diseases of wheat are not alone, rather they are for
other elements in various products. Risk indicators for men and women are 2.6 and 2.9 respectively, which indicates the
effects of noncancerous diseases resulting from consumption of products. Cancer risk due to arsenic in samples of
wheat consumption is higher than the Onion and potential cancer risk for this disease for this element is in the middle.
The parameters for the lead element in both cases is low.
H. Kashi, H. Ghorbani, S. Emamgholizadeh, S. A. A. Hashemi,
Volume 18, Issue 67 (Spring 2014)
Abstract
Change in land use and tillage practices has great influence on soil physical and chemical properties. The present study has focused on the effects of converting undisturbed soil to agricultural lands. Chemical and physical soil properties, infiltration, cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity, pH, bulk density, porosity, sodium, potassium, total Ca + Mg, organic matter percentage, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and lime percentage were measured using standard frequently used methods. Fifty soil samples from agriculture land and other 50 soil samples from undisturbed land were collected from 0 – 30 cm depth and different statistical analysis were performed. Agriculture land is Cultivated for more than 20 years. The results showed that change in land use from undisturbed to disturbed soil did not significantly changed soil organic matter content. Also, soil electrical conductivity showed a huge increase whereas pH showed non-significant changes due to land use change. Unlike pH, SAR, organic matter percentage and lime percentage, some other soil parameters showed significant decrease in quality through land use change. Correlation coefficients of the effective factors were calculated to explain the main reason for lowering soil quality. The results showed that sodium in EC bulk density in porosity and CEC sodium and Ca+Mg in SAR EC in soil infiltration and Ca+Mg in organic matter showed the most correlation.
N. Nourmahnad, H. Tabatabaei, A. R. Hoshmand, M. R. Nouri Emamzadei, Sh. Ghorbani Dashtaki,
Volume 18, Issue 68 (summer 2014)
Abstract
Usually, dry soil readily absorbs water .However, not all soils display such characteristics. Some soils (hydrophobic soils) show resistance to wetting. Because of the importance of this subject and lack of research, we evaluated the effect of heating on water repellency and some of soil physical and chemical characteristics. So soil was combined with compost and heated at deferent temperatures, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 °C for 30 minutes in an oven or muffle furnace. The results showed that control treatment and heated soil at 300 °C had WDPT and MED 45 (s), 17% and 80 (s), 23% respectively. So, little water repellency was present prior to heating the soil. When soil was heated up to 300°C, intense water repellency resulted, but it was abruptly eliminated by increasing the heating. The soil texture was changed from loam to sandy loam at high temperatures (400 & 500 °C) and the sand percentage was increased. Organic matter decreased by increasing the temperature. Amount of pH decreased up to 200 °C and then increased at 500°C because of increasing ash in soils. Diminution of mineral and organic matter caused EC to decline in all the heated soils.
F. Moradi, B. Khalilimoghadam, S. Jafari, S. Ghorbani Dashtaki,
Volume 18, Issue 69 (fall 2014)
Abstract
Soft computing techniques have been extensively studied and applied in the last three decades for scientific research and engineering computing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the abilities of multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) and neuro-fuzzy (NF) techniques to estimate the soil-water retention curve (SWRC) from Khozestan sugarcane Agro-Industries data. Sensitivity analysis was used for determining the model inputs and appropriate data subset. Also, in this paper, the van Genuchten and Fredlund and xing models were used to predict SWRC. Measured soil variables included particle size distribution, organic matter, bulk density, calcium carbonate, sodium adsorption ratio, electrical conductivity, acidity, mean weight diameter, plastic and liquid limit, resistance of soil penetration, water saturation percentage and water content for matric potentials -33, -100, -500 and -1500 kPa. The results of this study in terms of various statistical indices indicated that both MLP and NF provide good predictions but the neural network provides better predictions than neuro-fuzzy model. For example, using MLP and NF models values of NMSE at prediction θs, θr, α, n and m in Fredlund and Xing equation corresponded to (0.059, 0.065), (0.154, 0.162), (0.109, 0.117), (0.129, 0.135) and (0.129, 0.145), respectively. Furthermore, α and n parameters at the first depth, and θr and α parameters at the second depth in Fredlund and Xing equation were estimated with higher accuracy compared with equivalent parameters in van Genuchten equation
B. Khalili Moghadam, Z. Ghorbani, E. Shahbazi,
Volume 18, Issue 69 (fall 2014)
Abstract
Salt with various kinds and contents is one of the most important factors affecting soil splash erosion rate. The aim of the present study was to evaluate various salinity and alkalinity levels on splash erosion rate and its components (upslope, down slope and total splash) in different slopes. A factorial experiment with three factors was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications by a Multiple Splash Set (MSS). The treatments included splash erosion rate at 4 levels of salinity and alkalinity (EC: 2 dSm-1, SAR: 2، EC: 15, SAR: 24 ،EC: 56, SAR: 42، EC: 113, SAR: 47), two levels of rainfall intensity (2.5 and 3.5 mm.min-1) and 5% and 15% slope levels. The results showed that the organic carbon and mean weight diameter (MWD) decreased at higher levels of salinity and alkalinity. The effect of saline and sodic, slope and rainfall intensity levels on the splash erosion rate and its components was significant. Also, slope×saline and sodic, rainfall intensity×saline and sodic, slope×saline and sodic×rainfall intensity interaction treatment caused a significant increase in splash erosion rate and its components. It seems that splash erosion is increased in saline and sodic soils due to the reduction in OC and MWD
N. Alizadeh, M. A. Ghorbani, S. Darbandi,
Volume 19, Issue 71 (spring 2015)
Abstract
Information on suspended sediment variation in times of flood is important in management of water resources, particularly management of basins, and in investigation of the causes of erosion. The relationship between discharge and suspended sediment concentration during floods is not similar and homogeneous for different reasons such as precipitation variety, discharge rate and sources of sediment and production of hysteretic loops. In this study, the instantaneous values of suspended load were simulated using genetic programming and regression methods. By comparing the two models, Genetic programming model was selected as the better one with the mean square error and determination coefficient of 0.8 and 0.5, respectively. Then based on this model, loops of suspended hysteretic load were drawn for the six events recorded in the period of 1387-1383. This resulted in 4 linear and 2 clockwise hysteretic loops for the river suspended sediment. Identifying various hysteretic loops is effective in determination of relative contributions of processes to production and transfer of sediment including amount and intensity of precipitation, flow rate and previous moisture conditions of watershed. The results showed that the clockwise hysteretic loops occurred usually in high precipitation and discharge, and linear hysteretic loops in spring because of low intensity precipitation.
R. Mirzaei, K. Rahimi, H. Ghorbani, N. Hafezimoghades,
Volume 19, Issue 73 (fall 2015)
Abstract
Determining the spatial distribution of different contaminants in soil is essential for the pollution assessment and risk control. Interpolation methods are widely used to estimate the concentrations of the heavy metals in the unstudied sites. In this study, the performances of interpolation methods (inverse distance weighting, local polynomials and ordinary Kriging and radial basis functions) were evaluated to estimate the topsoil contamination with copper and nickel in Golestan Province. 216 surface soil samples were collected from Golestan province, and their Cu and Ni concentrations were measured. Soil contamination was determined using different interpolation methods. Cross validation was applied to compare the methods and estimate their accuracy. The results showed that all the tested interpolation methods have an acceptable prediction accuracy of the mean content for soil heavy metals. RBF-IMQ and IDW1 methods had the lowest RMSE, whereas RBF-TPS method with the largest RMSE estimated a larger size for the polluted area. The greater the weighting power, the larger the polluted area estimated by IDW. Compared with the ‘‘sample ratio over the pollution limits” method, the polluted areas of Cu and Ni were reduced by 8.38% and 6.14%, respectively.
R. Valizadeh Yonjalli, F. Mirzaei Aghjehgheshlagh, A. Ghorbani,
Volume 19, Issue 73 (fall 2015)
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine some mineral content concentration in soil and plant of three elevation classes (1500, 2200 and 3000m) and two phenological stages of flowering and seedling start in north-facing slopes of Sabalan rangelands. Soil samples from the depth of 20cm and plant samples using 1×1m plots with 10 replications were collected. After sample preparation, the concentrations of minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, ion, copper, zinc and magnesium were determined using spectrophotometer and flame photometer. Data was analyzed by SAS9.1 software using Completely Randomized Design with a Generalized Linear Model procedure. Results showed that elevation had a significant effect on Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn of soil and P, Na, K, Mg and Mn of plants in the study areas (P&le0.05). Growing stages had a significant effect on all elements of plants except Ca (P&le0.05). Moreover, results showed that in three elevation classes the high demand minerals’ concentration was higher at the starting seedling stage in comparison with the flowering stage. In contrast, the low demand minerals’ concentration in three elevation sites was higher in the flowering stage in comparison with seedling stage. Interaction effect of elevation and growing stage was also significant in relation to all elements except Ca (P&le0.05).
Sh. Ghorbani Dashtaki, N. Karimian, F. Raeisi,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (Spring 2017)
Abstract
The use of organic matter such as urban sewage sludge may help sustainable soil fertility via improving the physical, chemical and biological soil characteristics. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of urban sewage sludge on chemical properties, soil basal respiration and microbial biomass carbon in a calcareous soil with silty clay loam texture. Therefore, three levels of water repellency (zero, weak and strong) were artificially created in a silty clay loam soil by adding urban sewage sludge (S0=0:100; S50=50:50 and S80=80:20 sludge weight: soil ratio). Water repellency was determined by water drop penetration time (WDPT) method. Also some chemical properties such as soil acidity (pH) and Electrical Conductivity (EC), Soil Organic Carbon (OC), soluble sodium (Na+) and soluble potassium (K+) were measured. The samples were incubated at 23-25 ºC for 30 days and their moisture was maintained at 70-80 % under field capacity and soil basal respiration and microbial biomass carbon of incubation period were evaluated. The results showed that the effect of urban sewage sludge on chemical properties was significant (P ≤0.0001). The application of urban sewage sludge led to significant increase in basal respiration (16 and 27 times) and microbial biomass carbon (15.2 and 26.5 times) in the water repellency soils (S50 and S80) compared to control soil. The observed positive effect of sewage sludge might be due to a high content of organic carbon and nutrients in urban sewage sludge and decrease in the labile organic matter and nutrients during incubation period.
Mr A. Nouri Imamzadehei, Manouchehr Heidarpour, M. R. Nouri Imamzadehei, B. Ghorbani,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (Summer 2017)
Abstract
Flood currents are considered threatening factors by creating local scour along bridge piers. One method for decreasing local scour is to strengthen the bed against imposed tensions. Among methods which can directly be appropriate in decreasing and controlling local scour of bridge piers is to employ geotextile around bridge piers. In the present study, the effect of geotextile layer in decreasing local scour of cylindrical single-pier was investigated with the purpose of proposing the best effective method of covering bridge pier. So, layers with circular and oval shapes were put around the pier, in proportion with pier diameter, and the performance of each was compared with the unprotected pier. Test results showed that with installing the oval geotextile layer, final scour depth around the pier reached to 1.25D. Also, comparing geotextile and collar with 2D diameter, the delay of scour process around geotextile was 40 times higher than the collar, but the collar decreased the ultimate scour depth further than geotextile.
N. Rashidi, M. Naderi, Sh. Ghorbani Dashtaki,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (Winter 2018)
Abstract
Nowadays application of soil conditioners for mitigation and reduction of runoff is a current method. Considering the advantages of Polyacrylamide (PAM), this study was arranged to evaluate impacts of this soil conditioner on soil infiltration rate, runoff and erosion control. To fulfill the goal, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was carried out with four PAM treatments (0, 6, 10, 20 kgha-1), three slope levels (3, 6 and 9 %), three irrigation treatments and three replications. Surficial (0-10 cm) soil samples were collected from Shahrekord University campus and poured into square plots (55×55cm) with 15 cm depth, after pretreatments. The plots were treated with a simulated rainfall intensity of 36 mm.h-1 for 15 minutes and the attributed runoff, sediment load and drained water were collected and measured. The results showed significant differences among the runoff and soil erosion of control and of PAM treated soils. PAM minimized the raindrop negative impacts on soils and improved water infiltration and diminished the attributed runoff. Soil treatment with PAM as a soil conditioner significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield in all treatments.
S. Z. Atar Shahraki, A. R. Hosseinpur, H. R. Motaghian, Sh. Ghorbani,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (Spring 2018)
Abstract
The study of the kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium (NEK) release is very important for a better understanding of K availability for plants in different soils. Moreover, aggregates with different sizes have different effects on the release of nutrients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the release of NEK in 5 calcareous soils of chaharmahal-va- bakhtiari province, and small and large aggregates (<250 μm and >250 μm) using CaCl2 0.01 M at 25±1ºc for 2-2017 h. The results showed that cumulative released NEK in soils, and small and large aggregates was 173.5-372.7, 215.1-426.1 and 178.9-381.5 mg kg-1, respectively. The results revealed that coefficients of the cumulative released NEK in small aggregates was lower than those of the soils and large aggregates. Based on the coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error (SE), the released NEK was well described by the first order, the power function, parabolic diffusion, and simplified Elovich equations. The rate coefficients of the release of K were different in different soils. The cumulative released amount of K and its rate of release in a solution of calcium chloride in small aggregates was more than those of large aggregates.
A. Ghorbani, E. Hassanzadeh Kuhsareh2, M. Moameri, K. Hashemi Majd, A. Pournemati,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (Fall 2019)
Abstract
In this study, the effect of some soil parameters on the life forms and total aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in meadow rangelands in Fandoghlou region of Namin county in Ardabil Province were investigated. ANPP in 180 plots of 12 by harvesting and weighting method were measured. Eighteen soil samples were collected along transects. Some physical and chemical attributes of the soil were measured by standard methods. The relationship between these parameters and ANPP was performed using multivariate regression (enter) method. To determine the effects of important soil parameters on ANPP variation, principal component analysis (PCA) was used. The results of regression analysis showed that electrical conductivity (EC), magnesium (Mg), spreadable clay (WDC), volumetric moisture content (VM), organic carbon (OC), soluble potassium (KS), exchangeable potassium (Kexch), sodium (Na) and phosphorus (P) were the effective parameters on the life forms and total ANPP (p<0.01). The accuracy of obtained equations for grasses, forbs and total ANPP were calculated 79, 76 and 70%, respectively. Moreover, results of PCA showed that soil parameters justify 84.52 percent of total ANPP variation and in comparison, with regression results with 28% it provides better results.
R. Mousavi Zadeh Mojarad, S. H. Tabatabaei, B. Ghorbani, N. Nourmahna,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (Fall 2019)
Abstract
Soil water content is the most effective factor associated with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic changes in a soil. Water repellency in soils, is not a permanent feature; it can be reached in the dry season and reduced or eliminated in the wet season It can be said that in terms of moisture, there is a critical region that is defined as the threshold moisture content, where in lower moisture, the soil is repellent and in higher moisture, the soil is wet able. The purpose of this study was to investigate soil moisture variations on degree of hydrophobicity and determine the amount of threshold water content in soil samples of wetland around Shahr-e-Kord. In this study, some samples of Shahr- e-Kord wetland were investigated. After determining the initial moisture content of the soil, the soil hydrophobicity conditions were determined by determining the time of water droplet penetration (WDPT). Soil moisture variations were carried out using soil wetting and drying method, and in each step the soil hydrophobicity conditions were tested. Reducing water content in soil samples, led to a change in the degree of hydrophobicity in hydrophobic samples, in one soil hydrophilic soil sample, Reducing water content changed hydrophilic soil to hydrophobic soil. The threshold water content was also observed up to a maximum of 54% volumetric water content at a given point. Based on this, the higher moisture content of the threshold at this point indicates the higher soil potential for runoff generation. Soil analysis showed that soil organic matter had a positive correlation with threshold water content.
S. Ghorbani, R. Moddress,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (Fall 2019)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to model the relationship between the frequency of dust storms and climatic variables in desert areas of Iran. For this purpose, climatic data of temperature (maximum and minimum), rainfall, wind speed (maximum and minimum), and their relationship with the number of days with dust recorded in 25 meteorological stations (statistical period since their inception until 2014) in summer using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression method multivariate was analyzed in SPSS software. Also, due to regional analysis, correlation coefficient between climatic variables and frequency of drought storms in desert areas of Iran, the mapping of these coefficients was prepared by method of Inverse distance weighting (IDW) in Arc GIS software. The results showed that the stations in the south and southwest of the study area have the highest dust incidence in the summer season. So that Zabul station with (3892 days) has the most frequent occurrence of dust storms. In most stations, there was a significant relationship between the frequency of dust storms and the variables of average wind speed and maximum wind speed. The highest correlation coefficient of the mean wind speed was related to the station of the Chabahar Konarak with correlation coefficient of 0.710 and Iranshahr station with a correlation coefficient of 0.65, showed the highest correlation with maximum wind speed. The maximum temperature variable at Qom station with a correlation coefficient of 0.398 shows a significant and positive relationship. Iranshahr station has a correlation coefficient of -0.620 with a mean temperature and Minab station has a correlation coefficient of -0.446 with maximum temperature. The results of temperature correlation with the frequency of dust storms indicate that ground low pressure is effective in creating the phenomena in the warm course of the year. Most stations have inverse correlation with precipitation. The highest correlation coefficients between precipitation and dust events were observed at -0.208 and -0.185 at east of Isfahan and Torbat Heidariyeh stations, respectively. Multivariate regression modelling between dust and climatic variables in summer also shows that the most important parameter in dust events are average wind speed, maximum wind speed and average temperature. Regression models show that, at the best condition, climate variables explain only 70% of the variation of dust frequency.
H. Ghorbani, A. Vali, H. Zarepour,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (winter 2020)
Abstract
Drought as a natural hazard is a gradual phenomenon, slowly affecting an area; it may last for many years and can have devastating effects on the natural environment and in human lives. Although drought forecasting plays an important role in the planning and management of water resource systems, the random nature of contributing factors contributing to the occurrence of and severity of droughts causes some difficulties in determination of the time when a drought begins or ends. The present research was planned to evaluate the capability of linear stochastic models, known as multiplicative Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model, in the quantitative forecasting of drought in Isfahan province based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). To this end, the best SARIMA models were chosen for modelling the monthly rainfall data from 1990 to 2017 for every 10 synoptic stations in Isfahan province to forecast their monthly rainfall up to five years. The monthly time scale SPI values based on these predictions were used to assess the drought severity of different stations for the 2018- 2022 time period. The station results indicated a weak drought at the 2019- 2022 period for Isfahan, Kashan and Naeen, a severe drought in 2019 for Ardestan and Golpaygan, and a weak one in 2019 for the East of Isfahan, KabootarAbad and Shahreza stations. All other stations, except Golpayegan, Isfahan, Kashan and Naeen, faced a severe drought in 2018.
A. Ghorbani, M. Moameri, F. Dadjou, L. Andalibi,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (Summer 2021)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to model biomass with soil parameters in Hir-Neur rangelands of Ardabil Province. Initially, considering the vegetation types and different classes of environmental factors, at the maximum vegetative growth stage, using one square meter plot, biomass was estimated by clipping and weighing method. For each transect, a soil sample was taken and transferred to the soil laboratory and the various parameters were measured by conventional methods. The relationship between soil factors and the rangeland biomass was analyzed and simulated using linear multiple regression. Among the measured soil factors, the Silt, EC, Ca, Ksoluble, OC, POC, pH, Mg, TNV, clay, P, and volumetric moisture had the highest effect and percentage of biomass forecast (p<0.01). The accuracy of the simulated maps was analyzed using RMSE criteria and for grasses, forbs, shrubs, and total biomass were equal to 0.81, 0.65, 0.34, and 0.46, respectively. The results of this study, not only point out the importance of soil factors on the biomass but also as a baseline data for managing rangelands, supply-demand, and carbon balance can be used in the current section.
H. Ahmadzadeh, A. Fakheri Fard, M.a Ghorbani, M. Tajrishy,
Volume 25, Issue 3 (Fall 2021)
Abstract
In drought risk management, the regional analysis of drought is significant. In this paper, this important issue is investigated by presenting the new hydrological regional drought index (RDI). For this purpose, the Ajichai basin was selected as the study area. First, the time series of the streamflow drought index (SDI) was calculated for each of the hydrometric stations in the basin f regional analysis of hydrological drought. Then, to determine the homogeneous regions in terms of hydrological drought, the k-means method was used for clustering analysis. Based on the clustering results, 6 Homogeneous regions were identified in the basin. For each of these regions, the time series of the RDI index was calculated from 1365 to 1393. The results showed that during the study period in each of the regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, mild Wet and mild drought has occurred at 82.1, 80.1, 78.9, 83.3, and 84.3 percent of regions, respectively. Also, the total percentage of drought events (moderate and high) is higher than the total percentage of wet events (moderate and high) in all regions. So, during the study period, the total percentage of drought events (moderate and high) is more than twice the total percentage of wet events (moderate and high) in regions 2 and 3.
Omid Mohamadi, M. Hesam, Kh. Ghorbani,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (Spring 2022)
Abstract
- Due to many problems in the field of water supply, no study has been done on atmospheric water extraction devices. The objective of this research was to optimize the control parameters and the amounts of water produced from a physical model designed and built by the team including two-phase (refrigeration collector and sponge collector) in different atmospheric conditions were investigated. First, the effect of the sponge filter on the amount of water obtained, then the pilot in different weather conditions were studied to obtain optimal conditions. The suctions of 450 to 1400 rpm were applied at each humidity and temperature. In all the mentioned cases, the temperature of the device was studied at 2, 4, and 6 degrees below the dew point. Results showed that the sponge filter can increase the water produced by up to 15%. The first evaporator produced more water than the second evaporator. The optimal air suction speed inside the device depends on the relative humidity and temperature values. For the first and second evaporators, temperatures below 4 °C and 6 °C are optimal, respectively, and with increasing absolute humidity, the optimum suction speed increases. Parameters such as airflow velocity, number of collectors, temperature difference with dew point, and moisture absorption levels were influential in the amount of water produced. According to the qualitative study, the obtained water has a desirable quality for use in sensitive applications.
M. Majedi Asl, R. Daneshfaraz, J. Chabokpour, B. Ghorbani,
Volume 26, Issue 2 (ُSummer 2022)
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of gabion structures in hydraulic engineering for stabilizing the structure due to its high density and weight has become widespread. Also, the material's roughness and porosity cause it to be used in energy dissipation and drainage projects. This study evaluates the relative energy dissipation of gabion structures downstream of the ogee spillway in the conditions of a submerged hydraulic jump. The evaluated parameters in this study were Froude number, gabion height, gabion thickness, and material diameter. The experiments were performed with three average diameters of 1.5, 2.2, and 3 cm for rock material, three gabion heights of 10 and 20 cm, and Max. The end sill heights were 10, 20, and 30 cm. The operated discharges were regulated from 20 to 40 l/s. The results showed that by decreasing the average diameter of gabion aggregates, the amount of relative energy dissipation increases in all tested models, so that in gabion with a 1.5 cm average diameter of aggregates, the amount of energy dissipation increased by 3.6% in comparison with using the diameter of 3cm for the average diameter of the material. Increasing the height of the gabion to the extent that the flow is entirely inward can have up to 33% more relative energy dissipation than the gabion with a height of 10 cm. Also, by increasing the diameter of the gabion from 10 cm to 30 cm, relative energy dissipation increases up to 15%.
