Showing 411 results for Om
S.k. Allameh Fani, N. Mahboobi Soofiani, J. Pourreza, A. Esteki,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2000)
Abstract
The present experiment evaluates the effects of some carbohydrate sources (corn, barley and millet) and the replacement of corn with different levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) of barley and millet on the performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). In a completely randomized block design, 540 grower fish with an average body weight of 70 gr, were divided into 27 groups, 20 fish per group. Nine different diets were used and each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of fish for eight weeks.
Analyses of data showed that the replacement of corn by barley and millet resulted in a higher weight gain. The highest and lowest weight gains were observed with diets having 50 percent barley and 100 percent millet substitutions, respectively, although the differences with the control diet were not significant. Diets with 50 and 100 percent barley for corn substitutions showed a greater specific growth rate (SGR). As for the food conversion ratio (FCR), all the diets having barley and millet, irrespective of substitution levels, showed a better FCR relative to the control diet. However, the diet with 100 percent barley substitution had the best FCR, but no significant differences were observed (P>0.05) with the control diet. In general, the performance of barley was better than that of corn and millet, and millet was relatively better than corn. However, these results indicate that barley and millet can be suitable replacements for imported corn in diets used for common carp.
S.j. Khajeddin,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2000)
Abstract
Plant communities of the Kolah-Ghazi National Park have been studied. The park with a wide diversity of fauna and flora species is located 36 Km south of Isfahan. 214 plant species were collected for the purposes of this study. Plant communities of the park are of an aridland vegetation type. Minimal areas of the plant communities were determined using nested plots technique. After studying the Species/Area curves, a l00-square-meter quadrat was employed to collect the cover and density data for each species. The cover data were analysed to determine plant communities using the ordination method.
Crown cover of the vegetation was found to be poor and varied from zero to a maximum of five percent in the park. The following species form the major plant communities in the park: Artemisia sieberi, Anabasis aphylla, Acantholimon spp., Cousinia piptocephala, Ebenus stellata, Pteropyrum aucheri & Scariola orientalis. The combination of these species with others forms plant communities and subcommunities. The overlapping of habitats makes mosaics which cause the formation of ecotones, thus increasing the diversity of the subcommunities in the park. Mesophytic plant communities are narrowly scattered along streams. Most of the plant communities are controlled by the adaphic factor while the biological factor has only a limited control. A Ficus spp. specimen was also collected from the mountainous region in the park which could be a new species or variety and requires further study.
A. Alizadeh, A.g. Ghorbani, G.h. Haghnia,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (1-2001)
Abstract
In order to compare the effect of drip and furrow irrigation methods with different quantities of water (50%, 75%, and 100% of the amount of water evaporated from class A pan evaporation during irrigation intervals) on yield and quality of tomato, an experiment was conducted on a silty loam soil in Mashhad Agricultural Research Station. The experimental design was a factorial trial with completely randomized blocks and. four replications.
The results showed that the highest yield (51 t/ha) was obtained from the treatment of drip irrigation with 100% water application. This amount was 4.5 tons higher than the yield from furrow irrigation treatment. Deficit irrigation by 25 and 50 percent decreased total yield by 34.7% and 67.95% in the drip irrigation method and by 27.57% and 64.29% in the furrow irrigation, respectively. Water use efficiency in drip irrigation was two times higher than that in the furrow treatment. Quality and chemical composition of the fruits were not significantly different in the two irrigation methods. Increasing the water deficit, however, increased the amount of soluble solids of the fruits.
E. Rowghani Haghighi Fard,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (1-2001)
Abstract
Whole corn plant was ensiled in 70 gr minisilos for 60 days to evaluate the effects of addition of two levels of Cellulomonas uda bacteria (0, 1.2×105 and 2.4×105 cfu per gr of fresh forage) on fermentation and chemical composition of silage. The experiment was arranged as a completely randomized design. The silos were opened after 3 and 6 days of fermentation. The criteria measured included dry matter (DM), pH, organic matter, water soluble carbohydrates, crude protein, cell wall (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose, and ammonia-N contents.
Both levels of bacteria significantly decreased the pH of silages after 3 days (P<0.05). The final pH of silage with the higher level of bacteria was significantly lower, indicative of a greater fermentation of cellulose in this silage. Addition of bacteria resulted in a non-significant increase in the level of final residual water soluble carbohydrates. Final silage ammonia-N concentration was less than 0.8% of dry matter in all silages and was not affected by bacterial treatment. The ADF content was decreased by 11.9% in the silage containing the lower level of bacteria and by 1.8% in the silage which contained the higher level of bacteria. The NDF content increased in the control silage and that with the lower level of bacteria but decreased by 3.6 gr Kg DM-1 in the silage with the higher bacterial level. Hemicellulose contents increased in all silages but cellulose contents decreased by 9.38% (control), 17.37% (low bacteria) and 12.49% (high bacteria) in the control and bacteria-treated silages, respectively. The results indicated that the addition of 12×105 cfu Cellulomonas uda per gr of whole fresh corn plant was effective in increasing residual water soluble carbohydrates, reducing NDF and hydrolyzing cellulose of whole corn plant.
Y. Rezaenejad, M. Afyuni,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (1-2001)
Abstract
Due to high production of organic residues such as sewage sludge and compost, land application is probably the best way to prevent accumulated residues in the environment. However, the risk involved in the land application of organic residues should be evaluated prior to the assessment of their economic and fertilizer values. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic residues on soil chemical properties, yield and uptake of heavy metals and nutrients by corn (Zea mays L.). The study was a randomized complete block design with three replications with four treatments including cow manure, sewage sludge, municipal compost and inorganic fertilizer.
The organic amendments were applied to the plots at a rate of 50 t ha-1 and inorganic fertilizer treatment consisted of 250 kg ha-1 ammonium phosphate and 250 kg ha-1 urea.
Organic amendments significantly increased soil organic matter content, EDTA-extractable Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb and plant available P, K, and N. Uptake and concentration of nutrient in corn grain and shoots were significantly affected by treatments, whereas Cd and Pb concentrations were the same among the treatments. Cow manure and sewage sludge treatments had the highest and compost had the lowest corn silage and grain yields. Overall, the results indicated that cow manure and sewage sludge had a high fertilizer value and led to heavy metal concentrations in soil as well as corn tissues which were much lower than the reported standards.
S.h. Dokhani, L. Rabiei Motmaen,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2001)
Abstract
Physicochemical characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) are very important for storage and processing qualities. The amount of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) and organic acids at harvest, during and after storage is the most important factor. In this study, three potato cultivars (Moran, Marfona and Agria) were collected, dry cleaned and graded into three sizes. They were analyzed for specific gravity and dry matter content. Potato tubers were stored at 4°C and about 85% R. H. for 15 weeks and then reconditioned at room temperature (25±l)°C for 4 weeks. During the storage period of tubers, sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) were analyzed on a weekly basis, but citric, D-malic and D-pyroglutamic were analyzed on a monthly basis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were analyzed statistically in a completely randomized design with sampling and Duncans multiple range test.
The total sugar and organic acid contents of tubers significantly increased during the 15 weeks of storage at 4°C and decreased after reconditioning at room temperature. The size of tubers did not affect the accumulation of total sugars. Dry matter content and specific gravity of Agria tubers were higher than those of both Moran and Marfona. Also accumulation of reducing sugars was lower in Agria than in Moran and Morfona initially and after the storage and reconditioning periods. Therefore, Agria must be suitable for processing into chips or dry powder.
S. Kouchakzadeh,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2001)
Abstract
Bridge abutments are usually located in the floodplain zone of rivers where velocity and shear stress are not uniformly distributed. The influence of channel geometry and lateral momentum transfer in compound flow field on the scouring phenomenon has not been fully investigated and understood yet. The impact of lateral momentum transfer on the local scour at abutments terminating in the floodplain of a compound channel is presented in this paper.
It is shown that, by accounting for lateral momentum transfer at small floodplain/main channel depth ratios (λa/H<0.3), estimates of maximum local scour depth are increased by up to 30%. Therefore, ignoring the influence of the lateral momentum transfer, in such circumstances, might result in unrealistic estimation of the scour depth. To draw a more general conclusion, more data are required to assess the influence of different parameters affecting the phenomenon in compound flow conditions.
S. Ayoubi, A. Jalalian, J. Givi,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2001)
Abstract
Qualitative land suitability evaluation is based on the physical parameters affecting the yield agricultural crops. The socio-economic factors are not considered in such evaluations. This study was carried out to assess the qualitative land suitability for irrigated wheat, barley, maize and rice in northern Baraan. Five soil series and 25 different phases were first delineated. Land utilization types commonly practiced in the region with intermediate input levels were considered. Physical requirements of the crops were determined and ranked using the available information. FAO framework and the proposed method of Sys were used for the evaluation. Qualitative evaluation was carried out according to both simple limitation and parametric methods by comparing land and climatic characteristics with crop requirements.
It was shown that in addition to climatic factors, soil salinity, drainage and some soil physical properties such as texture, gravel and lime are the most limiting factors. Land physical suitability for rice production was very low in most land units. The results from physical evaluation by parametric method were very close to those from the simple limitation approach.
A. Abtahi,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2001)
Abstract
The effect of soil salinity on plant growth is due to two factors, namely, increase in osmotic pressure of soil solution and the ionic composition of salt. The present experiment was conducted to obtain information about the response of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) to salinity and ionic composition of the salt. Salinity with different relative composition of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate were applied to two pistachio cultivars, Fandoghi and Badami. Yield (dry matter of leaf and shoots produced in each pot) of plants were compared by the analysis of variances method of F and Duncan tests.
The yields of the cultivars were significantly different (P≤0.01) with Fandoghi cultivar producing less shoots and leaf and, consequently, lower total dry matter. Increasing the salinity level decreased the plant growth. Leaves were more sensitive to salinity. Increasing the ratio of sulfate salt alleviated the depressive effect of salinity such that when salinity was 100% sodium sulfate, the dry matter yield of shoots was 1.5 times and that of leaf was 1.7 times higher compared to the treatment where salinity was 100% sodium chloride. Leaf was more sensitive than shoots and, therefore, it showed a more positive response to chloride decreasing.
M. Shivazad, A. Seidavy,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2001)
Abstract
An experiment was conducted in order to study the possibility of compensatory growth by changing dietary nutrients concentration in the female Arian broiler chicks using a completely randomized design by means of standard and diluted diets. By standard diet is meant diet recommended by Arian’s guide catalogue and by diluted diet is meant the diet used in Iran broiler farms. However, both diets contain the same nutrient/energy ratios. Chicks in the seven treatments received in their starter, grower and finisher stages standard and standard and standard, standard and diluted and diluted, diluted and standard and diluted, diluted and diluted and standard, diluted and standard and standard, diluted and diluted and diluted, standard and standard and diluted respectively. Furthermore each treatment contained three replicants and each replicant contained 30 chicks. This experiment was conducted in autumn using 630 female Arian broiler chicks for eight weeks.
It was concluded that weight gain of chicks receiving standard diets during all stages of their growing period was the same as the chicks receiving diluted diet during their starter period and standard diets during grower and finisher periods. Feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of these treatments were statistically lower than other treatment groups. Furthermore, production index and percentage of mortality was better than other treatment groups. Likewise, viscera% and abdominal fat% remained significantly constant in all treatment groups. But the cost of feed per unit of live body weight was lower in the treatment receiving diluted diets in all three stages of their growing period.
M. Talebi Esfandarani, M.a. Edriss, R. Ebadi,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2001)
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to estimate genetic parameters of some of the important traits of silkworm in two populations, namely, Japanese and Chinese lines in Iranian Silkworm Rearing Co-Natanz. Based on single pair mating method, 9 male moths mated with 9 female moths and then raised under standard environmental conditions. Performance of 30 progenies of each pair was recorded.
Heritability coefficients (parental full-sib method) of single cocoon weight (CW), shell weight (SW), pupal weight (PW) and shell ratio (SR) were estimated to be 0.209±0.123, 0.228±0.129, 0.174±0.109 and 0.044±0.042 in the Japanese race and 0.196±0.1l8, 0.234±0.132, 0.159±0.103 and 0.00, in the Chinese race, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic correlation between CW & SW were 0.645 & 0.957, CW & PW, 0.962 & 0.982, CW & SR -0.351 & 0.123, SW & PW, 0.496 & 0.871, SW & SR, 0.265 & 0.457, PW & SR, -0.446 & 0.169, respectively. Selection, based on heritability coefficients of single cocoon weight and shell weight, can be applied successfully to genetic-gain in this trait. Based on correlation coefficients between traits, selection for shell weight can be applied successfully to improve other traits such as single cocoon weight and shell ratio.
M. Afyuni, M.r. Mosaddeghi,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (7-2001)
Abstract
Tillage system effect, Conventional (CT) vs. No-Till (NT), on soil physical properties and Br transport was studied at two locations in North Carolina. The soil types were a Typic Paleudults at Coastal Plain (site 1) and a Typic Kanhapludults at Piedmont (site 2). Bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), macroporosity (MP), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) .were measured in plant row (R), and trafficked (T) and untrafficked (N) interrows. A rainfall simulator was used to apply two early season rainfalls to 1 m2 plots where KBr suspension was surface applied for Br leaching study. The first simulated rainfall event (30 min) consisted of a low (1.27 cm h-1) or a high (5.08 cm h-1) rate applied, 24 h after Br application. One week later, the high rainfall rate was repeated on all plots.
Soil samples were taken two days after applying first and second simulated rainfall (a week between them) and the end of season from different depths for measuring Br concentrations. Soil physical properties were affected by both tillage system and position.
Bulk density was higher in NT versus CT and in T position versus Rand N positions. Total porosity was lower in NT versus CT but MP was significantly higher in NT. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was about 90% lower at T position versus N and R positions. Coefficient of variation was quite large, making it difficult to obtain statistical differences between tillage systems. The surface l0-cm of soil contained the highest Br concentration for depth treatments with treatment differences occurring primarily in 0 to 25 cm depth. In first and second sampling dates, more Br leached under NT versus CT system. However, there was no significant difference between the two tillage systems in Br leaching at the end of the growing Season. In site 1, Br leached more due to the coarse texture and high Ks of the soil.
R. Amiri, A. Rezai,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (7-2001)
Abstract
In order to evaluate the relationship between SDS-sedimentation value and breadmaking quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), glutenin subunits of different genotypes (foreign and Iranian cultivars) were analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). SDS-sedimentation value was used as an indirect criterion for breadmaking quality.
Correlation coefficients revealed a closer relationship between low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin subunits and variation in SDS-sedimentation value. Principal component analysis confirmed the presence of association between some of the glutenin subunits and SDS-sedimentation value. Based on the stepwise regression analysis, two LMW and four high molecular weight (HMW) peaks (subunits) were selected which accounted for 70.2 and 18.7% of variability in SDS sedimentation values, respectively. On the basis of the results of the stepwise regression analysis, a discriminant function was developed. The great efficiency of discriminant function in correct classification of completely different genotypes (Iranian landraces and cultivars) showed that the observed relationship between glutenin subunits and SDS-sedimentation value has a genetic basis and the effects of LMW and HMW glutenin subunits on SDS-sedimentation value are additive. Therefore, it seems that this method based on more protein components (rather than only on HMW glutenin subunits) can be used to predict breadmaking quality of wheat against many genetic backgrounds.
A. Dehdari, A. Rezai, M. Mobli,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (7-2001)
Abstract
In order to evaluate the morphological and agronomic characteristics of 19 land races of onions and one foreign cultivar (Yellow Sweet Spanish), an experiment was conducted in 1998 at the Research Farm of the College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology.
Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all of the morphological and agronomic traits. Dry weight and number of days to emergence had the highest and lowest coefficients of genetic variability, respectively. Plant fresh weight, yield of 30 plants and total yield also had high coefficients of variability. Broad sense heritability estimates were high for all of the traits, indicating low environmental affects them. Based on cluster analysis and plot of the first two canonical variables, the genotypes were classified in four groups with different agronomic traits. Canonical discriminant analysis based on nine agronomic traits introduced three canonical variables which justified 99.9 percent of the total variation among characters. Principal component analysis revealed four components while factor analysis showed three factors which explained 87.3 and 95.5 percent of the total variation among characters, respectively. The first and second factors were related to adaptation and assimilate translocation, respectively. Bulb diameter, bulb height and bulb weight in positive directions and sensitivity to Fusarium in negative direction had greater loads in the third factor.
H. Zahiraddini, S.r. Mirai Ashtiani, M. Shivazad, A. Nikkhah,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (7-2001)
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary energy levels on the performance of Arian broiler chicks. Trial 1 was performed in summer and trial 2 in fall. Both experiments were accomplished in 5×2 factorial designs, involving 5 levels of dietary metabolizable energy and two sexes. Each of the 10 resulting treatments was replicated 4 and 3 times in trials 1 and 2, respectively. The metabolizable energy contents in diets number 1 to 5 were 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal/kg for starter (0-4 weeks) period and 2900, 3000, 3100, 3200 and 3300 Kcal/kg for grower (4-7 weeks) period, respectively. The ratios of energy to each nutrient were the same for all diets in each stage of the experiments.
In both experiments, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved significantly (P<0.01) when diets with higher levels of energy were consumed. Feed intake was affected (P<0.01) by the dietary energy content only in summer (trial 1) resulting from the reduced intake of chicks fed with the lowest energy level. Abdominal fat percentage was decreased (P<0.01) in chicks fed with the lowest energy diet in summer. In both experiments, the cost of the feed per unit of live body weight was reduced (P<0.01) in accordance with the reduction in diet density. As expected, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, abdominal fat and cost of the feed per unit of live body weight for male chicks were significantly better than the same values for females (P<0.01).
S.m. Nassiri, M. Loghavi, J. Jafarifar,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (7-2001)
Abstract
Wheat as a main food source is partly lost in different ways such as planting, harvesting, storage and even in consumption processes. This calls for attention to reducing these losses through application of the results from agricultural research, use of new farming practices, improvements in management system and repair and renewal of farm machinery. The present study considers the design, development and evaluation of a new pneumatic air reel system as a replacement for the conventional mechanical reel. To evaluate the new system, laboratory and field tests were conducted.
In the laboratory tests, the air velocity was measured along the fan outlet width at a 10 centimeter interval from the outlet to 40 centimeters away from it, and corresponding curves of air velocity distribution along the fan outlet width were drawn. On the basis of the results, 13 fans were calculated to be required on the cutting platform of a 14-foot (4.3 meter) combine. The results from the field tests of mechanical and air reels show that grain losses of air reel during harvesting are less than those of the mechanical reel because the air reel has no mechanical contact with the crop and applies less shock on plant stem than the mechanical reel. According to the results, grain losses increased linearly with increasing fan speed. In addition to the change of fan speed (2247, 2503, 2860, 3218 and 3932 RPM), three air discharge directions of 10, 20 and 30 degrees from horizontal line were examined. According to the data analysis in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) through Tukey’s procedure (15 treatments and 6 samples in each treatment), there were significant differences between grain loss at these directions and mechanical reel at a level of 5%. A wind direction of 20 degrees and fan speeds of 2503 to 2860 RPM are recommended.
M.j. Nazemosadat, A.r. Sepaskhah, S. Mohammady,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2001)
Abstract
In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the occurrence of chilling and freezing stresses have frequently caused great damages to crops and horticultural products. In southern Fars Province (south Iran) the cultivation of citrus orchards is popular and the economic losses due to injury from chilling and freezing stresses may exceed billions of Rials annually. The drop of ambient air temperature (above zero) reduces the ordinary metabolism activity of plants and causes chilling stress. If the temperature drops below zero and remains there for a considerable time, intercellular freezing may occur. This process always kills the cells and provokes tissue injury. In the present study, the possibility of predicting daily minimum temperature using the dew point of a previous day measured at 18:30 was examined.
It was found that the prediction of minimum temperature is possible if the dew points are modified on the basis of the air relative humidity. For the episodes that relative humidity varies from 45% to 55%, minimum temperature at day i+1 was found to be almost equal to the dew point on the previous day (day i). For the periods that relative humidity is above (below) this range, the minimum temperature on day i+1 was observed to be greater (lower) than the estimated dew point on day i.
B. Azizi Agh-Ghale,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2001)
Abstract
The effects of three kinds of organic matter on the physical characteristics of two soil series (Coarse Loamy, Mesic, Typic, Xerofluvents and Fine Mixed, Calcixerollic, Xerochrepts) were studied along with the measurement of maximum dry bulk density (MDBD) and the corresponding critical moisture content (CMC). Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-20 cm and the percentage of organic matter and soil texture were determined. Three kinds of organic matters (peat, farmyard manure and filter press apple) were mixed with the soils at four levels (0, 4, 8 and 12% by mass), and were compacted using 10, 20 and 30 proctor hammer blows. The compaction tests on soils were carried out at different moisture contents. The present experiment, using factorial design, was randomly conducted in three replications. The results of this study showed that while the mean MDBD declined significantly (P<0.01) from 1.53 to 1.28 gr.cm-3, the mean CMC increased from 23.32 to 33.28% as the organic matter increased from 0.12%. In all the experiments, CMC decreased with increasing compaction efforts, so that the effect of mixed organic matter and soil in terms of MDBD reduction and CMC increase was decreasing in the order, peat, farmyard manure and filter press apple. The clay loam soil showed lower values of MDBD but higher values of CMC as compared to the sandy loam. The significant interaction effect observed between incorporation of organic matter and soil compaction were meaningful. Finally an equation as to the relationship between MDBD and CMC was proposed for the purpose of mixing the three organic materials with soil.
A. Rezaizad, B. Yazdi Samadi, M.r. Ahmadi, H. Zeinali,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2001)
Abstract
To determine the relationships between yield and its components, and to find the direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits on soybean yield, 240 genotypes were grown in the Research Station, College of Agriculture, Karaj, Iran, in 1997-98 using an augmented design. The study of correlation analysis showed that number of seeds per plant and seed yield per plant had the highest significant correlation coefficient (r=0.92). Other significant correlation coefficients were found between biomass per plant and yield (r=0.86) and between number of pods per plant and yield (r=0.67). Results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that number of seeds per plant, seed weight, and number of seeds per pod were the three major traits affecting seed yield in soybean. However, path analysis showed that only two of the three above-mentioned traits, namely, number of seeds per plant and seed weight, are quite important for soybean selection programs. Stepwise regression analysis was used again, omitting number of seeds per plant, which showed that number of pods per plant, seed weight, plant height and number of days to 90% maturity, are important contributors to yield. Path analysis, this time, revealed that the correlation effects to plant height and number of days to 90% maturity on yield is due to the indirect effects exerted through other traits. It is concluded that three traits, namely, number of seeds per plant, seed weight and number of pods per plant have notable effects on soybean seed yield.
A.h. Jalali, M.j. Bahrani,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2001)
Abstract
The effect of N levels and planting densities on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grain yield in grain sorghum (cv. Kimia) was studied in summer 1998 at Kushkak Agricultural Research Station, Shiraz University. The experiment was a spilt plot with 4 replications in which 4 levels of planting densities (7.7, 10, 15.4, 20 seeds m
-2) were applied as main plots and 4 levels of N (0, 40, 80, 120 Kg N ha
-1) as subplots.
N application rates up to 120 kg N ha-1 increased grain yield (7240 kg ha-1), but due to increased planting density (5336 kg ha-1) the highest yield obtained from 15 seeds m-2. Interaction of N and planting density was also significant. Application of 80 kg N ha-1 and highest planting density produced 8702 kg ha-1 of grain. Different grain yields in different levels of N and planting densities were due to increased number of grains per basic branches of panicle and increased number of panicle per m-2. The trend of variation of crop growth rates (CGR) was similar to the trend of grain yield. Nitrogen application increased grain protein contents but planting density had no significant effect on grain protein. Phenolic compounds (tannins) decreased with increasing N application and with decreasing planting density. A negative correlation was observed between increased N content and increased phenolic compounds.
