Showing 31 results for Shariatmadari
E. Khadivi Borujeni, F. Nourbakhsh, M. Afyuni, H. Shariatmadari,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (spring 2007)
Abstract
Application of sewage sludge on the farmland as a source of crop nutrient had recently received considerable attention. Some management practices may be required to control the accumulation of toxic elements including Pb, Ni and Cd. Sequential extraction gives useful information on plant bioavailability of the elements. The objective of this study was to investigate the cumulative and residual effects of sewage sludge application on the chemical forms and mobility factor of Pb, Ni and Cd. Zero, 25, 50 and 100 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge were applied for 1, 2 and 3 consecutive years in a split plot design, with three replications. Soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm at the end of the third year of application. Different chemical forms of Pb, Ni and Cd were measured. Results revealed that the soluble form (SOL) of Ni and Cd increased whereas Pb soluble form decreased with increasing levels and years of application. Exchangeable (EXC), carbonate (CAR) and organic (ORG) forms of the three elements increased as levels and years of application increased. Occluded (OCC) form decreased for Pb, Ni and increased for Cd. Residual form (RES) of Pb increased while that of Ni and Cd decreased. A gereral increase was observed for available (DTPA-extractable) concentration of Pb, Ni and Cd. Relative distributions of different chemical forms were in the following order: Pb: OCC > RES> ORG> CAR> EXC> SOL, Ni: RES> ORG> OCC> CAR>EXC> SOL and Cd: OCC> CAR> RES> ORG> EXC> SOL. The comparison of different forms of the metals showed the following orders: soluble Ni>Pb>Cd, exchangeable, carbonate and occluded Pb>Ni> Cd, organic and residual Ni> Pb>cd. Increasing the available (DTPA-extractable) concentration of the elements in such a calcareous soil showed that consecutive application of sewage sludge may increase the available (DTPA-extractable) concentration beyond critical levels. A significant corretation was observed between organic form and available (DTPA-extractable) concentration of the elements.
M. Karami, Y. Rezainejad, M. Afyuni, H. Shariatmadari,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (spring 2007)
Abstract
Sewage sludge application on farmland as fertilizer is commonly practiced in many countries. Sewage sludge is rich in macro- and micro- nutrients. However, high concentration of heavy metals in sludge may cause pollution of soil, groundwater and human food chain because of uptake of toxic metals by crops. The objective of this study was to determine residual and cumulative effects of sewage sludge on concentration of Pb and Cd in soil and wheat. Different levels of 0, 25, 50 and 100 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge were applied to the soil for four years. To study the cumulative and residual effects of the sewage sludge, applications were repeated on three fourth of each plot in the second year, on one half of plots in the third year and in one fourth of plots in the fourth year. Wheat grown in the plots, after the fourth year, soil samples from the 0-20 cm depth of the different parts of the plots were taken and analyzed. Wheat was also harvested roots, stems and grains were separately analyzed for the heavy metal concentritons. Cumulative sewage sludge application increased OM, CEC, ECe, total and DTPA-extractable concentration of Pb and Cd in soil significantly (P≤ 0.05). Residual sewage sludge in the soil also increased CEC, total and DTPA-extractable concentration of Pb and Cd significantly. Single sludge applications at different rates increased the DTPA-extractable concentrations of heavy metals. In subsequent years with no further sludge application, DTPA–extractable metal concentrations in soil decreased continuously approaching the levels in the control. However, even after four years, DTPA-extractable concentration of Pb and Cd, were still significantly higher in plots which received more than 50 Mg ha-1 sludge than control. DTPA-extractable concentrations of Pb was closely correlated with total concentrations. Sewage sludge increased concentration of Cd in roots and stems and Pb in grains significantly. Cumulative effects on concentrations of Pb in grains, and Cd in stems were more than residual effects. The results of this study show that cumulative and residual effects of sewage sludge application increased concentrations of heavy metals in soil and wheat.
F. Shariatmadari, A. A. Moghadamian,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (summer 2007)
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of early life nutrient restriction and subsequent intermittent lighting schedule on performance in broiler. In a factorial experiment, the effect of three levels of feeding regimes and two levels of lighting schedule were investigated using 480 day-old male Hubbard chicks. The broiler chickens were randomly distributed over two rooms consisting of 4 replicates of 20 birds for each of three treatment groups. From 3 to 12 days of age treatment groups were either allowed ad-libitum access, 90% or 80% to feed. From 12 days of age until 42 days of age all birds were allowed ad-libitum access to feed. The lighting schedule for day 12 onwards in one room was a 23h light (L): 1h dark (D) lighting schedule (CL) and another room with an intermittent lighting schedule (IL, 1L:3D) from 8 AM until 8 PM . The results indicated that feed intake and feed conversion ratio of birds reared in the IL schedule were significantly lower than CL , at growth and total period of experiment (p<0.01). IL schedule did not have any significant effect on mean body weight at the end of experimental period and body weight gain at total period of experiment(p>0.05). Relative growth rate and production (PI( in the IL were higher than CL schedule (p<0.01). Feed intake and feed conversion ratio of birds given 90 and 80% of ad libitum were significantly lower in comparison with control group (p<0.01). Body weight (gain) at the end of the experiment and growth period and body weight gain in birds fed 80% of ad libitum group were significantly lower in comparison with control and 90% of ad libitum groups. At 5,6 weeks and grower period EPI and relative growth rate in birds fed 80 and 90% of ad libitum were significantly higher in comparison with control. These results indicated that feed restriction and lighting program did not have any significant effect on carcass composition (protein, fat, ash and dry matter), carcass fragment percentage (except for drumstick), abdominal fat percentage, lung , heart, right and left ventricle weight and hematocrit percentage (p>0.05), but proportion of heart weight to body weight and drumstick percentage in birds fed 80 % of ad libitum were higher than the other groups (p<0.05). Lighting schedule and feeding regime did not have any interaction effect, except for relative growth rate (p<0.05). Relative growth rate in birds with feed restriction under IL schedule was higher than birds with feed restriction under CL schedule. Intermittent lighting and feed restriction had synergic, activity effect and positive effect on body weight gain and feed convertion ratio.
A. Zahmatkesh, J. Poorreza, A. Abedian, F. Shariatmadari, A. Valipoor, K. Karimzadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (summer 2007)
Abstract
The study was conducted to compare the efficiency of diets containing various levels of calcium(0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 percentage) in feeding freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptoductylus. 150 cray fish (10 individuals per tank) with mean weight of about 8-9 gram were stocked in each of 15 tanks, containing 100 L of water. In this research, The results showed that the mean values of some parameters such as weight gain (WG), weight increment rate (WIR), length increment rate (LIR), specific growth rate (SGR), biomass increment (BI), food efficiency rate (FER) and survival rate (SR) of animal fed on different diets were 0.75-1.46gr, 9.8-24.54%, 6.57-15.33% and 0.12-0.29% respectively. However, the diet with high levels of calcium (3-4%) showed the good weight and length increment, but there were no significants difference among these indices using different trial diets. The biomass of crayfish increased with increasing of calcium concentration. So, the highest biomass (11.65gr) of crayfish was observed in the diet containing calcium about 4%. Optimal calcium requirement in the freshwter crayfish was estimated about 3.4% with broken-line regression analysis. The lowest survival rate (30%) was obtained in the diet containing 2% calcium level. There were significant differences among survival rates in various experimental diets (p<0.05). These results indicate that the dietary calcium supplement is nesessary for crayfish. The diets with high levels of calcium had a good efficiency in freshwater crayfish feeding. So it is recommended to use 3-3.5% of calcium in formulated diets for freshwater crayfish
N. Mirghaffari, H. Shariatmadari,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (fall 2007)
Abstract
Concentration of soluble fluoride in groundwater, soil, and some crops in Isfahan region was determined by Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) method. The mean fluoride concentration of water samples in the study area was 0.3 and 0.05 mg L-1 in the spring and summer, respectively. These values are in an acceptable limit for irrigation, whereas for drinking water, they are in deficiency range. The average and maximum concentrations of soluble fluoride in soil samples were 1.0 and 3.2 mg kg-1, respectively. In general, the spatial distribution of fluoride in soils showed that fluoride content around major industrial centers such as Isfahan Steel Factory, Mobarakeh Steel Co., and Isfahan oil refinery was higher than other sites. The minimum and maximum fluoride contents of crops were observed in alfalfa as 0.2 and in corn as 4.2 mg kg-1, respectively. Tomato had the highest mean concentration of fluoride as 3.6 mg kg-1. The fluoride concentration in plants positively correlated with the fluoride concentration in irrigation water and soil (P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with cation exchange capacity of soil (P < 0.05).
M. Yoosefi, H. Shariatmadari, M.a. Hajabbasi,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (winter 2008)
Abstract
Adopting proper agricultural management and conserving soil organic matter are important components of sustainable agriculture. Soil organic matter content is a key attribute in soil quality. Labile organic matter pools can be considered as suitable indicators of soil quality that are very sensitive to changes in soil management practices. This research was carried out to investigate some organic carbon labile pools as an indicator evaluating the effects of different managements on some quality parameters of two calcareous soils. The study was conducted in 2 locations: 1- plots that receiving 0 (C1), 25 (C2), 50 (C3) and 100 (C4) Mg/ha of manure for five years successively with a cropping rotation of wheat –corn every year and plots under three cropping rotations (C5, C6 and C7) at Lavark experimental farm and 2- inquiry research station of Fozveh at different plots with three different cropping rotations (C8, C9 and C10) with a given cropping history recorded for the last 5 years. Soil samples were taken from the center of each plot and the depths of 0-5 cm and 5-15 cm. Their organic carbon, hot water soluble carbohydrate, particulate organic matter (POM), organic carbon and hot water soluble carbohydrate of POM, mean weight diameter of water stable aggregates were determined. Different managements consisting of different levels of manure and types of cropping rotation had significant effects on the soil characteristics measured. The greateast amount of carbohydrate and aggregate stability was obtained in the plots of 100 Mg/ha of manure in Lavak and in alfalfa plots in Fozveh station. Also, the results showed that aggregate stability has a better correlation with hot water soluble carbohydrate in comparison with other soil organic pools. Therefore, the carbohydrate extracted by hot water may be used as an index to assess the impacts of different agricultural management systems on soil quality.
R. Dehghan, H. Shariatmadari, H. Khademi,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (winter 2008)
Abstract
Studying soil phosphorus fractions is useful in understanding soil pedogenesis as well as soil fertility. In this reseach, 20 soil samples were taken from different depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm of upper-slope, mid-slope and lower-slope positions of four toposequences in arid (Jei and Ziar in Isfahan) and semiarid (Farokhshahr and Shahrekord) regions. In each toposequence, the soil depth was relatively low at the upper-slope position and increased toward the lower-slope. The soils in upper-slope and mid-slope were under scarce native vegetation where the soil in lower-slope was under farming activities. Soil phosphorus (P) fractionation was carried out using sequential extraction. The total soil phosphorus was in the range of 302-1135 with an average of 715 mg/kg. About 65-89% of total phosphorus were inorganic, and 11-35% organic. The amount of inorganic and organic P in the soil samples was in the range of 204-897 with an average of 571, and 70-238 with an average of 114 mg/kg, respectively. The amount of total, inorganic and organic P increased from upper-slope toward the arable lands and decreased from topsoil to subsoil in all toposequences. In the studied soils, apatite ( Ca10-P ), aluminum phosphates(Al-P), octacalcium phosphates( Ca8-P ), iron phosphates (Fe-P), iron oxides occluded phosphates( OC-P ) and dicalcium phosphates( Ca2-P ) were the major constituents of the soil inorganic phosphates, respectively.
A. R. Melali, H. Shariatmadari,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (winter 2008)
Abstract
Application of slag and converter sludge, major by-products of Esfahan Zob Ahan factory, to enrich two organic amendments for corn nutrition, was investigated. Farm manure and its vermicompost mixed with different rates of slag and sludge were incubated in 3 Kg pots at field capacity moisture and home temperature for three months. The applied rates of slag and sludge were 0, 5 and 10 percent (w/w) of pure iron from these compounds to the organic amendments. Iron sulfate with the above ratios was also examined for comparison. Sub-samples of the incubated materials were taken after 0, 10, 25, 45, 65 and 90 days of incubation and examined for DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. After the incubation, the enriched amendments were applied to a soil sample to grow corn. Three Kg soil samples, taken from Chah Anari experimental farm, Esfahan University of Technology, were mixed with 17 gr of the amendments (50 ton/ha) placed in 3 Kg pots. In each pot two corn seeds (single cross 704) were planted and after 70 days crop yield and concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the plant tissues were determined. Results showed that the use of iron sulfate strongly increased DTPA extractable Fe and Mn of the amendments. In enrichment by converter sludge, the best result was obtained in the mixture of 10 percent pure iron with the vermicompost on 60 days of incubation. Treatment of 5 percent pure iron from slag mixed with the manure increased DTPA extractable Fe and Mn with the time, but the 10 percent treatment was not much effective in this regard. The highest rates of iron uptake by the plants occurred in the iron sulfate and 10 percent converter sludge treatments, respectively however, the highest rate of the plant Mn uptake was observed in 5 percent iron from converter sludge mixed with vermicompost. In general, 10 percent pure iron from converter sludge was the most effective enrichment treatment, increasing the plant uptake of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu micronutrients.
A. Jafari, H. Shariatmadari, H. Khademi, Y. Rezainejad,
Volume 12, Issue 44 (summer 2008)
Abstract
Mineralogy is one of the most influential soil properties that change from upper- to lower slope positions, depending on the climate differences. Such changes affect soil properties such as phosphorus sorption and desorption processes differently. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the clay mineralogy of soils in four toposequences from arid (Isfahan) and semiarid (Chaharmahal Bakhtiari) regions and its effect on soil P release. The soils of three points on each toposequence were sampled as the upper-slope mainly containing parent materials the mid-slope, non-arable lands and the lower-slope, arable lands. Some of soil properties such as clay minerals were determined. Also, trend of P release parameters was studied in four toposequences. Results showed that the amount of clay, cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH of the soils increase down the slope in all toposequences. X-ray diffractograms showed that kaolinite and illite in upper slope and smectite and chlorite in lower slope were the predominant clays. Among the kinetic models examined based on their determination coefficient and standard error, the Elovich equation was chosen to describe the P release kinetics in studied soils. The trend of P desorption rate along the arid toposequences was in the following order: upper-slope < mid-slope < lower-slope. Furthermore, the rate of P desorption in soils of the semiarid toposequences was higher than arid toposequences. Regarding the trend of P rate parameters along the toposequences, it could be concluded that P release rate and the soil capacity to supply P for plants increase toward lower slope.
H Shariatmadari, Y Rezainejad, A Abdi, A Mahmoudabadi, M Karami,
Volume 12, Issue 46 (1-2009)
Abstract
Many researchers have reported positive effects of converter sludge and slag, two by-products in Isfahan iron melting factory. In this work, the optimum rate of application and the availability of some essential elements (for plant growth) in the converter sludge and slag for corn were investigated. The converter sludge contains about 64% Fe ІІ and ІІІ oxides and some other essential elements for plant growth. The slag also contains 17% iron oxides, 52.8% calcium oxide as well as considerable amounts of some other elements. Treatments included a control, Fe-EDTA foliar spray with 5 in 1000 concentration, application of sludge in 4 levels (L1, L2, L3 and L4 equal to 5.83, 13.33, 20.83 and 26.67 ton/ha, respectively) and application of slag in 4 levels (S1, S2, S3 and S4 equal to 3.20, 7.28, 11.36 and 15.44 ton/ha, respectively) which supply 1, 2, 3 and 4 times as much as soil test recommends, based on AB-DTPA extractable Fe in the soil. Corn (Zea mays) single cross 704 was planted for the experiment. Applications of the two compounds increased the soil extractable Fe and Mn, decreased Mg but the treatment did not change the soil-extractable Zn, Cu and Ca. The corn yield also increased due to the applications of the two compounds and the maximum yield was related to L3, L4, S3 and S4 treatments. The foliar application treated the leaf chlorosis and increased the silage, grain and leaf + stalk yields however, this was not as efficient as sludge and slag application. Also applications of the two compounds increased the Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ca and Mg uptake by corn. The L3 and S3 treatments can be recommended as the proper levels of these compounds as iron fertilizer.
A. Kazemi, H. Shariatmadari, M. Kalbasi,
Volume 16, Issue 59 (spring 2012)
Abstract
Iron deficiency is most widespread among plant nutrients. Nowadays, different materials such as inorganic salts, organic chelates, soil acidifying materials and industrial wastes are used to correct iron deficiency. Slag and convertor sludge of steel factories are among the industrials wastes for this purpose. These materials contain considerable amount of iron produced in large quantities every year. Application of slag and convertor sludge to soil may affect bioavailability and chemical forms of iron in soil. Sequential chemical extraction technique has been widely used to examine these chemical forms, and thus to better understand the processes that influence element availability. It was, therefore, the objective of this study to investigate the application effect of slag and convertor sludge of Esfahan Steel Mill on the chemical forms of iron, distribution of these forms and bioavailability of iron in surface (0-20cm) and subsurface (20-45cm) soil of three research fields. The results showed that more than 99% of the applied Fe occurred in residual, Fe oxide and hydroxide and free forms. Application of slag and convertor sludge for three consecutive years increased chemical forms and DTPA extractable iron in surface and subsurface soil of three fields.
Majid Hejazi Mehrizi, Hossein Shariatmadari, Majid ََafyuni,
Volume 17, Issue 64 (summer 2013)
Abstract
Application of sewage sludge has been considered as an organic fertilizer in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. This study was conducted to investigate cumulative and residual effects of sewage sludge on soil inorganic fractions and their relation to phosphorus (P) availability. Two levels of application (50 and 100 Mg ha-1) and three consecutive times of sewage sludge application (1, 3 and 5 years) with a control treatment were studied in a randomized complete block split plot design with three replications. Composite soil samples were collected from 0-30 depth at the end of 5th year of application. Increasing the rate and application year of sewage sludge enhanced dicalcium phosphate (Ca2-P), octacalcium phosphate (Ca8-P), apatite (Ca10-P), aluminum phosphate (Al-P), iron phosphate (Fe-P) and available P but decreased occluded P (OC-P). Residual effect of sewage sludge application resulted in increased inorganic fractions in blocks treated for 1 year compared to control. Positive correlations were observed between inorganic P fractions and Olsen P, wheat yield and P uptake (except OC-P). We concluded that inorganic P fractions and P availability increased in sewage sludge amended soil.
B. Daneshbakhsh, A. H Khoshgoftarmanesh, H. Shariatmadari,
Volume 17, Issue 65 (fall 2013)
Abstract
This research was carried out in a hydroponic culture to investigate the effect of Zn nutrition on phytosiderophore release by roots of three bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. Rushan, Kavir, and Cross) differing in Zn-efficiency. The wheat seeds were germinated in sterile sand and two weeks later the plants were transferred to nutrient solution containing different Zn levels. Phytosiderophore released by plant roots was collected ten days after applying Zn treatments and measured using resin-Cu-mobilization test. A month after their transfer to nutrient solution, the plants were harvested and Fe and Zn concentrations in root and shoot were measured, and total amounts (uptake) of these nutrients were determined. Zinc addition increased concentration and total amount of Fe and Zn in shoot in Rushan genotype, while it had no significant effect on concentration and total amount of Zn in shoot and root of Kavir and Spring Back-Cross-Rushan genotypes. Addition of Zn to the nutrient solution decreased concentration and total amount of Fe in shoot of all wheat genotypes. On the other hand, Zn nutrition increased root Zn concentration in Rushan and Kavir genotypes, while it resulted in significant decrease of root Zn concentration in Back-Cross-Rushan genotype. Effect of Zn nutrition on the amount of phytosiderophore release by roots of wheat genotypes was different. Zinc nutrition resulted in an increase of phytosiderophore release by roots of Rushan, while it had no significant effect on phytosiderophore release in other wheat genotypes.
A. Mousavi, F. Khayamim, H. Khademi, H. Shariatmadari,
Volume 18, Issue 67 (Spring 2014)
Abstract
In Iran, no research has yet been performed on potassium release from feldspar in comparison with that from muscovite. The objective of this research was to compare potassium release kinetics of these minerals as influenced by organic and inorganic extractants using successive extraction method. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with a factorial combination. Treatments consisted of three kinds of K-bearing minerals (Muscovite, and Yazd and Ward feldspars), three extractants including CaCl2, oxalic and citric acids of 0.01 M concentration and 6 times of extraction (1, 2, 8, 24 and 48 hours). The results indicated that the potassium release from muscovite was 6-8 times higher than that from feldspars. The type of extractant significantly affected potassium release. Potassium release by organic extractants was 2.5-3 times higher than that by CaCl2 as an inorganic extractant. Different kinetic equations showed that power function, parabolic diffusion and first order equations adequately described K release whereas Elovich equation did not. Among the three equations, power function equation was selected as the best model describing K release from the minerals. Based on the selected kinetic equations, it seems that potassium release from K-bearing minerals is controlled by diffusion process.
F. Alsadat Hodaee Koskkoee, H. Shariatmadari, M. Hamidrpour, M. Shirvani,
Volume 18, Issue 70 (winter 2015)
Abstract
Sorption hysteresis in soil constituents has important environmental implications such as pollutant transport and bioavailability. This research was carried out to study sorption reversibility of cadmium (Cd) on natural zeolite. Sorption isotherms were derived by sorption of Cd (П) from solutions containing different concentrations of Cd in the range of 1 to 10 mg L-1 using a 24h batch equilibration experiment. Desorption of Cd(II) was studied with the clay samples initially treated with the metal loadings of 50 and 100% maximum sorption capacity (SCmax) during the sorption study. Sorption isotherms of Cd were well described by the Freundlich and Coble-Korrigan models (R2=0.96). Desorption isotherms of Cd from zeolite showed little deviation from sorption data indicating reversible sorption. On the other hand, the results revealed no hysteresis. The average amount of 71.75 % of the initially sorbed Cd was desorbed from zeolite after five successive desorption steps. Release of such a relatively high proportion of sorbed Cd indicates that zeolite is an effective sorbent for the repeated purification of polluted water and wastewater.
S. A. M. Mirmohammady Maibody, S. Dybaie, H. Shariatmadari, N. Baghestani,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (Summer 2017)
Abstract
The adaptability of Haloxylon appilium to adverse environmental conditions and especially its capability for an appropriate establishment in saline and desert soils has introduced this plant as a suitable means for biological methods to stabilize sand dunes, control erosion and prevent desertification in arid regions. In order to evaluate the ecophysiological characteristics of Haloxylon appilium some characteristics of soils under the long term establishment, survival and development of this plant and ion composition of this plant growing in Yazd province in thirty two growing trees of similar ages and traits within 8 locations of Chah Afzal and Ashkezar were investigated and their height (H), crown diameter (CD) and the above ground biomass index (Yi) were measured. Also, after cutting the trees from their collars, soil profiles were dug underneath the tree locations and soil samples were taken at depths of 0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120cm from four sides of each profile. The samples were then analyzed for Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH and Cl, Na, Ca, Mg, K concentrations in 1:5 soil to water extracts. The results showed statistically significant differences in soil parameters between the two regions, except for pH and Mg concentrations. The ion concentration of the plants in the two regions showed statistically significant differences for only Cl in shoots and Ca in roots. Based on the plant growth indices the Chah Afzal and Eshkezar regions were respectively evaluated as suitable and unsuitable for Haloxylon appilium growth. In spite of a higher salinity, the higher Ca and K concentration and lower Na/K ratio of Chah Afzal soils may explain the better plant performance in this region against Eshkezar, however, comprehensive researches on application of Ca and K fertilizer are needed to confirm this hypothesis
A. R. Keshtkar, H. Shariatmadari, H. R. Naseri, M. Tazeh,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (Winter 2018)
Abstract
Nowadays, inappropriate land use and degradation of natural resources have led to increase of flood, soil erosion etc. In such critical conditions, an integrated planning in natural resource management with the goal of control, reclamation and conservation seems to be necessary and these kinds of purposes can be reached by an integrated watershed management. Comprehensive management of watersheds is a coordinated and harmonic management of physical, biological, social and economic systems, which provides conditions that minimize the negative impact on resources while safeguarding the interests of the community. In this research, in line with the goals of resource management, the impacts and consequences of physical, economic and ecological criteria on vegetation condition changes were evaluated with focus on elimination of flood and soil erosion issues in Nahrein watershed (with the area of 18800 ha located in Tabas). The evaluation was done by considering four management activities: management of grazing, planting, seeding, and sowing. The prioritization of the scenarios was carried out using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Then, based on the suggestions and comments from relevant experts, the evaluation of available options was done by pairwise comparison matrix method. After calculations, economic criteria was selected as the most important criteria and management activity of sowing and scenario No. 16 were introduced as the most appropriate reform plan and scenario for the study area which is selected based on available criteria
V. Shahrokh, H. Khademi, H. Shariatmadari,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (Summer 2019)
Abstract
Despite the great importance of potassium applied as a fertilizer in the orange orchards, no information is currently available regarding the rate of potassium release from rhizosphere and the bulk soils of such trees. The objectives of this study were to investigate the weathering of micaceous minerals and their non-exchangeable K release and also, to examine the status of different forms of K in the rhizosphere and bulk soils of orange orchards with different ages in Darab, Fars Province. Samples were, accordingly, taken from the rhizosphere and bulk soils of orange orchards with the ages of 5, 10 and 20 years; also, virgin soils (control) were obtained from three soil depths including 0–30, 30–60, and 60–100 cm. Water soluble, exchangeable and nonexchangeable K, and the clay mineralogy of the soils were determined. The results demonstrated that the concentration of soluble and exchangeable K in the cultivated soils was less than that in the control soil and that the concentration of nonexchangeable K in the soils of 20-year-old orchards was less, than that in other soils. Soluble and exchangeable K values decreased with depth in all soils. Clay mineralogy investigation also showed that the quantity of illite decreased and that of smectite and illite-smectite increased as the age of orange trees was raised. With increasing the age of orange trees and root development, more potassium could be taken up from soil and more changes occurred in the soil minerals. In order to avoid a very high decline in the reserved K in the soils under orange trees, particularly in the orchards with older trees, K fertilization has to be taken more seriously based on the soil testing results.
F. Jafari, H. Khademi, H. Shariatmadari, S. Ayoubi,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (winter 2020)
Abstract
The production of compost and vermicompost from manure and different organic residues and also, their enrichment with some fertilizers and other treatments have been extensively investigated. However, no study has yet been conducted on the enrichment of composted and vermicomposted manure with clay minerals. This research was, therefore, carried out to investigate the selected properties of phlogopite enriched manure during the composting process with and without earthworm activity. The experiment was conducted in plastic containers with the lid under an average temperature of 27.5°C and the humidity of 42.5% using a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Factors included levels of phlogopite addition (0%, 20% and 40% by weight), with or without the earthworm Eisenia fetida for different time periods of 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 months. At the end of the experiment, the total of organic carbon, nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, and iron, as well as the contraction the available magnesium, potassium and iron, was determined. The results showed that the percent of organic carbon was decreased while the total nitrogen, the total and available potassium, iron and magnesium were increased with time. The results also indicated that a significant percentage of the total content of the elements in all treatments without phlogopite was available. However, in treatments containing phlogopite, the amount of the available elements was increased slowly with time. This was Due to the weathering of phlogopite mineral and the decomposition of manure. In general, it seems that the enrichment of composted and vermicomposed manure with phlogopite can guarantee the supply of nutrients such as potassium, iron and magnesium in a longer period, as compared with the ordinary composts.
Sh. Shahmansouri, M.r. Mosaddeghi, H. Shariatmadari,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
According to the rapid population growth, the challenging issue of production of economic and suitable food sources has led to greater attention to soilless culture greenhouse production systems. Components of growth media in horticulture are usually selected based on physical and chemical properties and their abilities in providing enough water and oxygen for roots. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using some agricultural wastes (i.e., sawdust and wheat straw) and three rockwool types (i.e., raw, ground, ground, and sieved) as substitutes for commercial greenhouse growing media such as cocopeat and perlite. Several hydraulic, aeration, and chemical properties including easily available water (EAW), air after irrigation (AIR), water holding capacity (WHC), water buffering capacity (WBC), saturated water content (θs), bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), water drop penetration time (WDPT), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured and scored in the growth media. Raw rockwool had larger particles compared to ground rockwool, which resulted in its faster water release. Processing of the rockwool decreased the saturated water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity due to the decrease in particle size. Four growth media were scored as very good and one was scored as good. The highest and lowest scores belonged to sawdust (34) and ground rockwool (30), respectively. The studied growth media with high TP, EAW, and WHC and low BD, EC, and WDPT can be used individually or combined with other commercial substrates for greenhouse growth media.
