Showing 42 results for Wet
M. Montaseri, M. Hesami Afshar, O. Bozorg Haddad,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (8-2017)
Abstract
Nowadays, urbanization is a common process which replaces vegetation cover with impervious areas. This process increases urban stormwater. A new tendency in urban stormwater management endorses ‘source control’, whereby distributed water sensitive urban design systems are built throughout the subdivisions to alleviate the effects of land use changes. Various costs and functions are considered for different urban stormwater treatment measures methods. The present study introduced a legal optimization approach, to minimize the costs of urban stormwater treatment measures. For this purpose, the MUSIC model and Genetic Algorithm were combined in the Matlab environment. The Results of application of MUSIC-GA model, to optimize urban stormwater treatment systems, at 2.8 hectares of industrial areas near Rowzehchay River in Lake Urmia basin, showed that the developed MUSIC-GA model has an efficient performance for finding the optimal urban stormwater control. The results also indicated that the optimized treatment measure in the post development scenario decreased at least 45 percent of pollutants from urban stormwater runoff. Moreover, very small values of coefficient of variation (0.00007) among different results of multiple runs indicated that there was a high convergence between result of MUSIC-GA and the global optimal solution.
S. Shakeri,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Potassium fixation is one of the most important factors influencing the availability of this ion for plants. This research was carried out to evaluate the relationship between potassium (K) fixation with some physical and chemical characteristics of soils and clay minerals and to investigate the effect of the dry and wet cycle on potassium fixation in Kakan Plain, in Kohgilouye & Boyerahmad Province. To measure the amount of Potassium fixation, four levels of K were added to the samples and the samples were shaken for 24 h and then dried in the oven at 50°C for 24 h. The drying and wetting cycle was repeated three times. Another set of soil samples was similarly incubated for a period similar to the previous treatment, but drying was performed at room temperature in an equilibrium state. The results showed that potassium fixation was increased with the potassium concentration increment, whereas K fixation percentage was reduced. Also, potassium fixation showed a positive significant relationship with cation exchange capacity (CEC) as well as clay content, in both normal and dry and wet treatments, and a negative significant relationship with organic carbon. Moreover, potassium fixation was enhanced with the increase of smectite content in both normal and dry and wet treatments. Besides, due to more organic carbon and less smectite, surface horizons fixed K less than the subsurface horizons.
F. Saberinasab, S. Mortazavi,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Today, the growth of population, the excessive growth of cities and subsequently, the industries development in all parts of the planet are evident. Such development leads to the entrance of chemical martials with various compounds, particularly heavy metals, in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the contamination of the sediments around the Mighan wetland basin with heavy metals such as lead, zinc, copper and nickel was investigated using CF indexes (contamination factor), IGeo geo-accumulation indexes, and IPOLL sediment contamination severity. The results indicated a high concentration of copper and nickel metals, in comparison to zinc and lead metals, in the studied area. Also, regarding the location of sampling stations and their proximity of the industries around the wetland, the comparison of the results related to the measured metal concentration and the sediment quality indices, indicated a high concentration of the pollutants under examination in the southern part of the wetland, thereby emphasizing the need to control the pollutants in the wetland.
M. Barahimi, K. Shahverdi,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Determination of the required water for crop and irrigation programing is of major importance in the sustainable use of water resources. The national water document is the output of the ‘net irrigation required for crops’, which is presented for the optimum allocation of water resources for the demands. The Penman-Monteith-FAO method is used in the calculation. Updating the national water document is necessary to overcome its some limitations, and to provide more adaptation to the plains conditions of the country. The objective of this study was the recognition of the existing problems of the water national document and appropriate method development for implementing in the country plains. In this regard, the required water of different crop patterns was calculated using the Penman-Monteith-FAO method in the Ghazvin plain (as a dry plain), Ghazvin province, and Fomanat plain (as a wet plain), in Fomanat province, in the period of 1976-2005. The results were compared to the water national document. It was shown that annual potential evatranspiration varied between 1330 and 1587.1 mm in the Ghazvin plain, and between 743 and 809 mm in the Fomanat plain. The calculated evapotranspiration in the present study was about 40.6% more than water national document in the Takestan station, in Ghazvin plain, as a sample station.
Z. Heidari, M. Farasati, R. Ghobadian,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
To design cost-effective and efficient drip irrigation systems, it is necessary to know the vertical and horizontal advance of the wetting front under the point source; also, the proper management of drip irrigation systems requires an awareness of the soil water distribution. Many factors influence wetting pattern dimensions, including discharge, land slope, irrigation time and soil texture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the applicability of the support vector machine in simulating the wetting pattern under trickle irrigation. After preparing a physical model made of Plexiglas with specific dimensions and filled with silty clay loam soils, experiments were conducted in the irrigation laboratory of Razi University, Iran, with emitters of 2, 4, 6 and 8 l/hour discharge during the irrigation intervals of 2 hours and 24 hours redistribution and 0,5,15 and 20% slope with three replications. In this study, the statistical indicators R2, RMSE, MBE and MEF were used. R2 values for the wet depth, width and area were 0.96, 0.96 and 0.92, respectively. Regarding the MBE value, the SVM model estimated the wet width and depth parameters to be 3% less than the actual value, and simulated the wet area 2.04% less than the real value. Also, according to the MEF and RMSE values, the SVM model simulated the wet area parameter with more error. Overall, the results showed that the SVM model had a high ability to estimate the wetting pattern parameters.
M. Ali-Soufi, A. Shahriari, E. Shir Mohammadi, B. Fazeli-Nasab,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (6-2019)
Abstract
Many studies have been done on various properties of dust and one of the most important characteristics of dust is the ability to carry different microorganisms from the source points. The aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial and fungal community of dust and to identify its dominance species in a single event of intense dust storm, in the northern regions of Sistan and Blauchestan Province (Sistan plain). Dust samples were accordingly collected by Siphon dust samplers after one of the most intense dust storms in 28-31 August, 2015, from 5 cities in the northern regions of Sistan and Blauchestan Province; after that, the microbial community of dust was determined by culturing in petri dish and its dominant bacterial and fungal species were identified. The results showed maximum aerobic and anaerobic bacteria population was observed in the Hirmand city dust (1875000 CFU/g and 156667 CFU/gr, respectively). The maximum aerobic fungi population was observed in the Zabol city (833 CFU/g) and the maximum anaerobic fungus population was observed in Zahak city (2167 CFU/g). The most frequent type of bacteria was Bacillus sp, which was followed by Streptomyces pactum. The most frequent type of fungi in this research was Penicillium sp and the second one was Aspergillus. The results showed the high and variated microbial community, especially pathogenic fungi associated with dust in this region.
A. Sheykhan, M. Shayannejad, V. Arab-Nasrabadi,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Today, the use of refined urban wastewater for agriculture is growing considerably. One of the methods for the natural treatment of wastewater is the constructed wetland. In this study, the effects of three and six days retention time on the vertical, horizontal and hybrid constructed wetland (first vertical and then horizontal) with perlite beds and Cyperus plants on the urban wastewater were investigated. In this study, horizontal wetlands were designed with 0.75 m width, 0.5 m depth and 6 m length; the vertical wetlands were designed as cylinders with a diameter of 0.7 m and the height of 1.2 m. On average, for the three days retention time, in the wetland with the vertical flow, 5the horizontal flow and the hybrid wetland, nitrate was 31.0, 36.7 and 56.3 percent, ammonium was 7.6, 32.7 and 37.8 percent, and the fecal coliform was decreased by 53.3, 93.4 and 96.9 percent, respectively. Also, during the six days retention time in the wetland with the vertical flow, the horizontal flow and the hybrid wetland, nitrate was 45.7, 58.5 and 77.5 percent, ammonium was 16.8, 75.2 and 79.4 percent, and fecal coliform was decreased by 58.0, 97.5 and 99.0 percent, respectively. Overall, the results showed that constructed wetland with perlite beds and Cyperus plants had a good function in removing pollutants, especially fecal coliform.
M. Saeidipour, F. Radmanesh, S. Eslamian, M. R. Sharifi,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
The current study was conducted to compute SPI and SPET drought indices due to their multi-scale concept and their ability to analyze different time-scales for selected meteorological stations in Karoon Basin. Regionalization of SPI and SPEI Drought indices based on clustering analysis was another aim of this study for hydrological homogenizing. Accordingly, to run test through data and determine similar statistical periods, 18 stations were selected. SPI and SPEI values were plotted in the sequence periods graphs and their relationships were analyzed using the correlation coefficient. The results were compared by Pearson correlation coefficient at the significance level of 0.01. The results showed that correlation coefficients (0.5-0.95) were positive and meaningful for all stations and the correlation coefficient between the two indices were increased by enhancing the time-scales. Also, time-scales enhancement decreased the frequency of dry and wet periods and increased their duration. Through regionalization of basin stations based on clustering analysis, the stations were classified into 7 classes. The results of SPEI regionalization showed that the frequency percentage of the normal class was more than those of dry and wet classes.
R. Mousavi Zadeh Mojarad, S. H. Tabatabaei, B. Ghorbani, N. Nourmahna,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Soil water content is the most effective factor associated with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic changes in a soil. Water repellency in soils, is not a permanent feature; it can be reached in the dry season and reduced or eliminated in the wet season It can be said that in terms of moisture, there is a critical region that is defined as the threshold moisture content, where in lower moisture, the soil is repellent and in higher moisture, the soil is wet able. The purpose of this study was to investigate soil moisture variations on degree of hydrophobicity and determine the amount of threshold water content in soil samples of wetland around Shahr-e-Kord. In this study, some samples of Shahr- e-Kord wetland were investigated. After determining the initial moisture content of the soil, the soil hydrophobicity conditions were determined by determining the time of water droplet penetration (WDPT). Soil moisture variations were carried out using soil wetting and drying method, and in each step the soil hydrophobicity conditions were tested. Reducing water content in soil samples, led to a change in the degree of hydrophobicity in hydrophobic samples, in one soil hydrophilic soil sample, Reducing water content changed hydrophilic soil to hydrophobic soil. The threshold water content was also observed up to a maximum of 54% volumetric water content at a given point. Based on this, the higher moisture content of the threshold at this point indicates the higher soil potential for runoff generation. Soil analysis showed that soil organic matter had a positive correlation with threshold water content.
A. Ebrahimi, M. Shayannejad, M. Reza Mosaddeghi,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (2-2020)
Abstract
Wetting pattern in a trickle irrigation system is one of the most important characteristics that should be taken into consideration for designing the irrigation systems. Improving the dimensions of the wetting pattern will increase the water use efficiency and irrigation systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of rice husk and its biochar application on the wetting pattern in a silty clay soil under surface trickle irrigation. A box with the length of 200, the width of 50 and the height of 100 cm was used. To easily fill and empty the model, it was filled up to a height of 50 cm. The rice husk and its biochar were added to the soil at the rates of 0, 1 and 2 mass percentages based on a factorial arrangement of the treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications. Biochar was prepared in a special furnace at 500°C without oxygen. The experiments were done with a flow rate of 4 liters per hour with the irrigation time of 3 hours. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the organic treatments increased the soil water content in the range of field capacity to a permanent wilting point; the highest increase was observed for the biochar 2% treated soil. Also, the addition of rice husk and biochar in the silty clay soil reduced the horizontal advance and increased the vertical advance wetting pattern.
A. Lotfi, M. Mamaghninejad,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (2-2020)
Abstract
Constructed wetland as a purification system plays an important role in water and wastewater treatment and so many research studies have been conducted to examine their efficiency for wastewater treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of constructed wetland for Arak wastewater treatment plant. In this research, the efficiency of three horizontal subsurface constructed wetlands built with 3*12 meters in dimensions and 1 meter in depth was examined. In these constructed wetlands, two plants including Common reed (Phragmites australis) and Cattails (Typha latifolia) were planted and one unit was left unplanted. TSS, COD, BOD and TC parameters were measured in the 2 week samples and the results were analyzed by SPSS and Excel. The results showed that the type of vegetation had no significant influence on the organic matter removal in the subsurface constructed wetlands; however, the removal efficiencies in the planted constructed wetlands were more than those in the unplanted control one. The TSS, COD, BOD, FC and TC removal efficiency in the constructed wetlands changes was 79%, 60.7%, 45.6%, 86.1% and 90.1%, respectively, for Common reed wetland and 77%, 61.4%, 59.8%, 92.4% and 93.1%, respectively, for Cattails wetland; thee were 69%, 44.5%, 43%, 83.6% and 88.8% for the unplanted wetland, respectively. The results of this research also showed that the organic matter removal was dependent on the influent organics nature and biodegradability. The organic concentration in the wetland effluents met the Iranian regulation limits for different reuse applications, showing the constructed wetland could be a suitable technology for wastewater treatment in Iran.
R. Rakhshani, M. Farasati, A. Heshmatpour, M. Seyedian,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (5-2020)
Abstract
In this research, the impact of the Alagol wetland on the water treatment of Atrak River was studied. From June, 2016, to May, 2017, on the fifteenth day of the month, four samples of water were collected from the middle and the outlet of the wetland. Also, the wetland was fed only in the months of September, November and February. The parameters of acidity, electrical conductivity, phosphate, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen and ammonia were measured. The water pH at the entrance and exit was significantly different. EC was higher at the entrance, and its value was decreased in the middle and output. DO in the outlet of the wetland was higher than that in the middle and inlet, indicating the improved water quality and high dissolved oxygen in the wetland output. NO3, NH4, PO4, BOD and COD were higher at the entrance to the wetland; also, it was decreased in the outlet and middle, and the difference was significant. Further, according to the results of September, November and February, which were fed to the wetland, water quality in the middle and outlet of the wetland was improved toward the entrance of the wetland. According to the results, Alagol wetlands could reduce the phosphorus, ammonia, BOD, COD and DO, and their concentrations were lower than the limit. However, given that the salinity at the entrance of wetland was too high, its amount in the output was higher than the standard limit and the wetland could not significantly reduce salinity. The results of this study showed that that of water pollution in the inlet, except that the dissolved oxygen parameters and the temperature were high and decreased in the middle outlet. Due to the quality of the wetland outlet, Alagol wetland water could be used for fish farming centers.
R. Daneshfaraz, M. Majedi Asl, A. Bazyar,
Volume 24, Issue 2 (7-2020)
Abstract
Inclined drop is one of the supercritical flow producers used in open channels to reduce slope and elevation of the ground. Given that the application of horizontal and vertical screen in the downstream of this drop as an energy dissipater can be effective in the n energy dissipation of flow, in the present study, 180 different experiments were performed to investigate the energy dissipation of flow. The results showed that the angle of the drop had no marginal impact on energy dissipation and the relative depth of downstream of inclined drop equipped with a vertical screen, but increasing the porosity of screen caused enhancement in both parameters. Also, for the inclined drop equipped with a horizontal screen, by increasing angle and decreasing the porosity of screen, the energy dissipation and relative depth of downstream were raised. Also, for inclined drop equipped with a horizontal screen, by increasing the angle and decreasing the porosity of screen, the energy dissipation and relative depth of downstream were enhanced. For a constant relative critical depth, the relative depth of downstream and the energy dissipation of the inclined drop equipped with a horizontal screen considered the function of the wetted length of screen and length of the drop. For vertical screen, it is only a function of screen porosity.
S. Toghiani Khorasgani, S. Eslamian, M.j Zareian,
Volume 25, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Abstract
In recent decades, water scarcity has become a global problem due to the growth of the world's population as well as the increase in per capita water consumption. Therefore, planning and managing water resources to prevent potential risks such as floods and drought in the future is one of the important measures of water resources management. One of the important measures to avoid potential risks and predict the future is rainfall-runoff modeling. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the WetSpa hydrological model in estimating surface runoff in the Eskandari watershed, which is one of the important sub-basins of the Zayandehrood watershed. In this study, Daran and Fereydunshahr synoptic stations have been used to collect meteorological information in the Eskandari watershed. Also, to study the flow of the Plasjan river, daily data of Eskandari hydrometric station, located at the outlet of the basin, have been used. Climatic data along with digital maps of altitude, soil texture, and land use were entered as input to the WetSpa model. Finally, the ability of the WetSpa model was evaluated in estimating river surface runoff. The observed flow at the basin outlet in the hydrometric station was used to evaluate and calibrate the model. The model was calibrated for the statistical period (1992-2000) and its validation was performed for the statistical period (2001-2004). In the calibration period, the trial and error method were used to calibrate the model parameters. The simulation results showed a good correlation between the simulated flow and the measured flow. In the present study, the Nash Sutcliffe coefficient in the calibration and validation stages was equal to 0.73 and 0.75, respectively which shows the good and acceptable ability of the model in estimating the surface runoff of the study basin.
J. Abedi-Koupai, V. Arab-Nasrabadi , A. Sheykhan,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
One of the ways to reduce the amount of wastewater pollution is the use of constructed wetlands. In this research, the performance of a hybrid constructed wetland with pumice ore and vetiver plant on urban wastewater has been investigated. Hybrid wetlands with these specifications were constructed in the vicinity of wastewater treatment at the Isfahan University of Technology. To evaluate the performance of constructed wetland the effects of three and six days of retention time on the removal efficiency were studied using a completely randomized design. On average, for three days of retention time, in the wetland with the vertical flow, the horizontal flow, and hybrid wetland, fecal coliform was 47.4, 98.3, and 99.1 percent, BOD5 was 7.6, 20.9, and 26.9 percent, and the COD was 4.6, 40.0, and 42.7 percent decreased, respectively. Also, during the six days of retention time in the wetland with the vertical flow, the horizontal flow, and hybrid wetland, fecal coliform was 61.6, 99.3, and 99.8 percent, BOD5 was 10.7, 29.9, and 37.4 percent, and COD was 16.0, 86.8, and 88.9 percent decreased, respectively. The combination of Pumice as a porous material with the ability to absorb the elements as well as vetiver as a plant capable of phytoremediation indicated a very suitable performance during low retention time.
J. Abedi Koupaei, M.m. Dorafshan, A.r. Gohari,
Volume 26, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
One of the most significant techniques for saline wastewater treatment is bioremediation. Halophytes are known as the plants that can tolerate the high concentration of salts, in such salinity common plants cannot be often able to survive. In this research, the feasibility of desalination by using halophyte (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) was studied. Quinoa plants were grown in the hydroponic system in 12 containers including 9 containers with plants and 3 containers without plants as control. Fifteen plants were planted in each container and three salinity levels including 2, 8, and 14 ds/m for two different periods (15 and 30 days) were studied in a multi-factors completely randomized design. Three replications of each salinity level were conducted and the Electrical Conductivity (EC) parameters, including Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, and Chloride ions were determined before and after treatment by Quinoa plants. The results showed that the Quinoa plants reduced 5.33%, 8.12%, and 9.35% of the EC at EC~2 dS/m (Marginal Water), EC~8 dS/m (Brackish Water), and EC~14 dS/m (Saline Water), respectively. Moreover, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, and Chloride ions decreased up to 10%, 7.62%, 5.60%, and 7.01%, respectively depending on the salinity levels. Therefore, the Quinoa plant has a relatively low potential in unconventional water treatment especially saline wastewater.
V. Habibi Arbatani, M. Akbari, Z. Moghaddam, A.m. Bayat,
Volume 26, Issue 4 (3-2023)
Abstract
In recent years, indirect methods such as remote sensing and data mining have been used to estimate soil salinity. In this research, the electrical conductivity of 94 soil samples from 0 to 100 cm was measured using the Hypercube technique in the Saveh plain. 23 types of input data were used in the form of topographic and spectral categories. Land area parameters such as the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), Terrain Classification Index (TCI), Stream Power Index (STP), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and Length of Slope (LS) were considered as topographic inputs using Arc-GIS and SAGA software. Also, salinity spatial and vegetation indices were extracted from Landsat 8 images and were considered spectral inputs. The GMDH neural network was used to model salinity with a ratio of 70% for training and 30% for validation. The results showed that the soil salinity values were between 0.1 and 18 with mean and standard deviation of 5 and 4.7 dS/m, respectively. Also, the results of modeling indicated that the statistical parameters R2, MBE, and NRMSE in the training step were 0.80, 0.06, and 42.1%, respectively. The same values in the validation step were 0.79, 0.13, and 48.7%, respectively. Therefore, the application of spectral, topographic, and GMDH neural network indices for modeling soil salinity is effective.
S. Najmi, M. Navabian, M. Esmaeili Varaki,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
The increasing need for water resources and controlling the discharge of wastewater into the environment shows the necessity of wastewater treatment. Green methods such as constructed wetlands and phytoremediation use biological processes in the environment for wastewater treatment. Considering the effect of cultivated constructed wetland performance from wastewater quality and climatic factors, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of hybrid and subsurface vertical and horizontal wetlands to improve the biological and chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater treatment plant in Rasht City. The effect of Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia plants on the treatment performance was investigated. Wastewater retention time in wetlands varies from monthly in winter and weekly in spring and summer. The results showed that the performance of wetlands in reducing biological oxygen demand (BOD) was more than chemical oxygen demand (COD). Plants improved the performance of the wetland by more than 50%, but no significant difference was observed between the performances of the two plants. The arrangement of the plant's cultivation was not effective in the amount of biological and chemical oxygen removal. The hybrid wetland was able to improve the wastewater quality twice as much as the vertical wetland. Comparing the concentration of the effluents from the wetlands with the standards showed that the effluents from the hybrid wetlands could only be used for agricultural consumption.
M. Salari, V. Rahdari, S. Maleki, R. Karami,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
the countries of Iran and Afghanistan. A long period of drought has happened in this area by human interventions after 1999. The objective of current study is to predict the Hamoun wetland situation in scenarios with and without human intervention using the Markov model-automated cellular for 2019 and the next forty years. Land cover maps of the study area using satellite images for 1987 as a normal year, 1991 as a wet year, and 2019 as a year with human effects were prepared. Then, prediction model for 2019 were prepared using 1987 and 1991 cover layers in four scenarios, prediction models were prepared for the next forty years in normal, drought, and wet conditions. If the natural process of watering of Hamoun wetland continues, lower than 362735 hectares of wetland should become watering in 2019, while, according this year land cover map, less than 50000 hectares of wetland have water. Also, by continuation of the current trend and the effect of human activities in the 40-year models, 11230 hectares of the area will be watering, and if the natural process of the wetland continued using the model of 2019 this amount was equal to 373311 hectares. The results of the research show the completely different situation of the Hamoun wetland in the case of no human intervention in the watering of this wetland in 2019 and the model of the next forty years.
A. Salar, M. Shahriari, V. Rahdari, S. Maleki,
Volume 28, Issue 2 (8-2024)
Abstract
Unbalanced development of different land use/cover in basins without considering the contribution of all components, can cause serious damage to the stability of the entire basin. The development of agricultural areas by increasing the amount of water use and creating dams upstream of rivers are the most important threats to wetlands in many places. Jazmorian wetland is one of the seasonal wetlands in the south-east of Iran. The most important source of water supply for this wetland is the Halil-Rood River. To investigate the land use/cover changes of Jazmurian wetland and
Halil-Rood River, the time series of Landsat satellite data for the years 1354, 1374, 1387, and 1401 were used in the present research. The Landsat satellite images were classified using a hybrid classification method and the land use/cover of the study area maps were prepared. The accuracy of the prepared maps for the latest image was calculated by preparing the error matrix, calculating the kappa index, and the overall accuracy of more than 0.8 and 9%, respectively. The investigation of the prepared maps showed that the area of land under water increased from 1354 to 1374 and then decreased from 119,552 hectares in 1374 to 723 hectares in 1401. The area of agricultural land increased from 2131 hectares in 1354 to 133913 hectares in 1387 and declined to 105795 hectares in 1401. The results of this study show that in this period, with the construction of a dam upstream of the Halil-Rood River, and the development of agricultural lands, the water volume level of the wetland decreased, and the wetland completely dried up in 1401. The present study indicates the necessity of considering different components of a watershed in development planning to achieve sustainable development.
