Showing 36 results for Sca
B Bakhtiari, A.m Liaghat, A Khalili, M.j Kjanjani,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (1-2010)
Abstract
In this study, the Penman-Monteith methods proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO-56) and American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) were used for hourly ETo estimation under the semiarid climate of Kerman, Iran. Hourly ETo estimations obtained from the proposed methods were compared with measured ETo values by using a large weighing electronic lysimeter during April to September 2005 (totally 3352 hourly ETo data cases). Simple linear regression and statistical factors such as root mean square error and index of agreement were used for estimated and observed value comparison. The average of measured and estimated hourly ETo values using these methods for integrated data were 0.28 and 0.23 mm hr-1, respectively, which means that average estimated ETo values were approximately 21 percent less than the measured ETo values. This analysis was also performed for hourly data of each month during the study period. The results showed that FAO-56 Penman-Monteith underestimated ETo values by 18.4, 19.3, 26.3, 20.4, 21.4 and 22.1 percent for April to September, respectively, when compared with the measured values. Similarly, the ASCE Penman-Monteith underestimated ETo values by 17, 19.6, 18.4, 18.2, 19.7 and 20.9 percent for the same period, respectively, when compared with the lysimetric data. Finally, a set of regression equation for transformation of the estimated hourly data into the measured hourly ETo values has been presented for each month.
A. Holisaz, B. Ahadi Dos, M. Kamangar, A.n Ameli1,
Volume 20, Issue 76 (8-2016)
Abstract
The last two decades have seen increasing applications of digital terrain modeling in hydrological, geomorphological, pedagogical, and biological research, aided by rapid advancement of geographic information system (GIS). Hydrologic models are sensitive to change in the input values to the model, so the change of pixel size input data affects the output values of the model and produces different significant results. In this study, using topographic maps 1:25000 and 1:50000 and choosing ten pixel sizes (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, 75, 80, 100, and 200) and software Arc GIS and HEC-HMS, output values of HEC-HMS model have been studied. Results of this study indicate that accuracy of peak discharge calculated by HEC-HMS model in the spatial scale map 1:50000 is more than the peak discharge calculated by HEC-HMS model in the spatial scale map 1:25000. Also accuracy of the calculated peak flows in a smaller pixel sizes (20 to 50) is more than the larger pixel sizes.
M. H. Zibaei, A. M. Akhoond-Ali,
Volume 20, Issue 78 (1-2017)
Abstract
Water scarcity is a major and structural problem in arid and semi-arid regions across the world that greatly concerns environmental policy-makers. The problem of adjusting the demand exceeding the sustainable supply has been mainly tackled with demand policies, particularly through investment in water saving technology and promotion of irrigation efficiency programs. However, there have been very few evaluations of these programs and many of those that exist raise serious doubt about the programs’ effectiveness in reducing the consumptive use of water, due to the occurrence of the rebound effect. In this study, a sample of 243 farmers in Fars province who have the sprinkler irrigation system installed in their farms was interviewed to collect needed data for investigating the rebound effect using AHP and ordered logit regression model. The results indicated that 74.5 percent of sampled farmers have experienced medium to large rebound effect. It was also found that the amount of dry and fallow land during installation of sprinkler irrigation system have a positive relationship with the probability of occurrence of the rebound effect. Finally, the results of this study can be used to determine the probability of the rebound effect occurrence after installment of the sprinkler system for farms where data is available. For example, in the farms with farm features 24, probability of the rebound effect as a result of water saving measures at the low, medium and high levels are 0.4, 32 and 67.4 percent, respectively. Therefore, we must apply specific water conservation and efficiency practices in such farms based on a combined use of technical, economic, social and political tools to reduce pressure on scarce water supplies.
Sh. Kouhestani, S, Eslamian, A. Besalatpour,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the changes of minimum and maximum temperature variables under the impact of climate change for time period of 2015-2100 in the Zayandeh-Rud River Basin. The outputs of 14 Global Climate Models (GCMs) under three green-house emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) are employed from the Fifth Assessment Report (CMIP5) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). A novel statistical downscaling method using a Bayesian Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) is used to project the impact of climate change on the temperature variables at regional scale. The results of the weighting average of the GCMs show that the various models have different accuracy in the projecting the minimum and maximum temperatures in the study area. The results demonstrate that the MIROC5 and CCSM4 are the most reliable models in projecting the maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively. The highest increase for both maximum and minimum temperatures was obtained in winter.
On the annual basis, the maximum temperature will increase by 0.18-0.76 °C and 0.25-1.67 °C, respectively, in the near and long-term future periods under different emission scenarios. The annual minimum temperature will increase by 0.28 to 0.82 °C and 0.24-1.56 °C, respectively, in the near and long-term future periods. In a general view, changes in maximum temperature will be slightly higher than minimum temperature changes in the future.
Dr. S. Akhavan, N. Delavar, Dr. A. M. Mehnatkesh,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (8-2017)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the climate change impacts on some factors affecting rainfed wheat growth such as effective rainfall, planting date and length of growing season in four stations located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Firstly, it is necessary to predict future (2046-2065) climatic conditions. For this purpose, the output of HADCM3 general circulation model was used under three scenarios of A1B, A2 and B1. The data were downscaled by LARS-WG model. After simulating the climatic parameters in mention period, the effective rainfall during the wheat growing season was calculated by Food and Agriculture Organization method. Also, the optimum planting date was defined according to the date of the first rain (at least 10 mm in case of continuing for next days). The wheat's growth stages were determined by Growing Degree Days method. The results indicated a rise in temperature for four stations. On average, it is expected that the annual temperature increase by 1.8°C compared with the baseline period (2010-1990). Total annual precipitation in Shahrekord, Koohrang and Borujen will decrease 2.2, 7.8 and 3.6 per cent respectively. About Lordegan it will increase by 2.7 per cent. Also, the results showed that in three stations of Shahrekord, Koohrang and Borujen, the amount of effective rainfall in November will increase compared to baseline, but in Lordegan it will reduce. So, in the first three stations, in most years, planting date was obtained earlier than baseline, but in Lordegan it was later than baseline. The Length of growing season will reduce in Shahrekord, Borujen and Lordegan stations, 12 days on average and in Koohrang about 13 days.
K. Shirani,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (11-2018)
Abstract
The persistent scattering interferometry (PSI) technique is a valuable tool in displacements' monitoring of earth's surface. The persistent scattering interferometry (PSI) based on persistent scatterrer (PSInSAR) is one of the techniques used to reduce constraints (temporal and spatial incoherency). It is based on persistent scatterer and monitor displacement of only the pixels with timely-constant properties of scatterer. In order to detect and monitor landslides, two time series SAR data sets including PALSAR ascending images from 2007 to 2010 and ASAR images from 2003 to 2010 with C-band and L-band wavelength were applied, respectively. Also, the PSI technique was implemented in a landslide near Noghol village, Padena, Semirom of Isfahan province. The results revealed that both PALSAR and ASAR data set were efficient in identifying Noghol landslide. The results obtained from ASAR and PALSAR images processing (with the values of 1253 mm and 1578 mm in two stages of time 4 and 7 years, respctively) were compared. The obtained vertical displacement's rate of the landslide by using ASAR data was more suitable because of its descending orbit. However, PALSAR images that indetified more persistent scatterrer points were better in the detection of the landslide area. The results of GPS and PSInSAR techniques revealed that landslide displacement values and aspect were the same, confirming 135 centimeters of displacement to the west aspect. Finally, a combination of radar data in two different passes provided the possibility of monitoring the mechanism of landslide and its movement direction.
H. Asakereh, A. Shahbaee Kotenaee, M. Foroumadi,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (6-2019)
Abstract
In the vast majority parts of the Earth, a prospect now visible is the mostly synthetic thinking and fabrication by the human hand. Collision and impact of humans on the natural environment in the short and long-term courses for obvious geographical features have changed a variety of spaces. One of the consequences of human impact on the natural environment during the current period is the phenomenon of climate change. One of the climatic parameters that plays an important role in agriculture, energy, urban, tourism and road transport is the minimum temperature. In this study, an attempt was made using the minimum temperature data from 5 meteorological stations in the West Mazandaran province, as well as HADCM3 model data, to show how to change this parameter in the future periods based on simulation by the SDSM model. Accordingly, after selection of the suitable climate variables and model calibration, the accuracy of the created model in the base period was evaluated; after ensuring the sufficient accuracy of the model according to A2 and B2 scenario, data minimum temperature in 2100 was simulated. Based on the simulation results showed that the values of minimum temperature in the region over the coming years would increase. This parameter was such that the average seasonal periods 2016 to 2039, 2040 to 2069 and 2070 to 2099, as compared to the baseline period would increase, on average, by 1.8, 3.5 and 6 percent. The largest increases in the minimum temperature in the western and southern parts of the region could occur. It was also found that unlike other months of the year, the minimum temperature in January would be a decreasing trend.
M. Zeraatpisheh, Sh. Ayoubi, H. Khademi, A. Jafari,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (6-2019)
Abstract
Landscapes are considered as a series of different land units with a size, shape and location arrangement that are permanently under the influence of natural events and human activities. Understanding the dynamics and heterogeneity of landscapes and environmental changes is of great importance. In order to quantitatively analyze and interpret the factors affecting the changes in the environment and terrain diversity, diversity indices were used to analyze the ecosystem. In this study, the relationships between soils evolution and geomorphic surfaces were investigated by applying pedodiversity indices in a part of a semi-arid region of Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiyari Province. In the studied area, three orders were recognized: Mollisols, Inceptisols, and Entisols. The results showed that soil evolution in the studied area was mostly influenced by topography, parent material and the underground water level; that is, in the higher lands, the lowest evolution was observed while in the plain ones, the soil of the higher evolution observed. In addition, the effect of geomorphic surfaces were obvious. Pedodiversity indices increased under the decrease of the hierarchy levels. In addition, the obtained equations revealed the nonlinear relationships in the area of geomorphic surfaces. The positive and nonlinear relationship between pedodiversity indices confirmed the nonlinear dynamic system in the studied soils.
M. Zabardast, F. Daneshvar Vousoughi,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Seismic study of canyon sites has always been one of the important fields of seismic studies because of massive structures such as dams that are built in such sites. Jointed rock mass in rock canyon sites is one of the main site effects that can change the seismic waves. In this research, we studied the influence of this factor on the scattering of seismic waves. To fulfil this goal, we employed a coupled method combining the finite element method in the near field with boundary elements in the far field. To simulate the behaviour of jointed rock mass, we used the linear elastic model. Based on the results of the numerical analyses, jointed rock mass could have significant effects on the seismic waves in some special conditions. These conditions are the angle of incident wave, the thickness of layers and the material properties of the jointed rock mass. So it is necessary to consider this factor in the seismic structure design in the canyon sites.
H. Aalipour, A. Nikbakht, N. Etemadi, M. Soleimani, F. Rejali,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Trees decline is a complex physiological disease that results from the interactions between several factors, one of which is heavy metal stress that ultimately leads to the death of trees. This experiment, which was conducted during 2016-2017 at the campus facility of the Department of Horticulture at Isfahan University of Technology, was conducted to investigate the effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae inoculated, and the combination of both species) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), Pseudomonas Flourescens, on the growth responses of Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica G) to different concentrations of cadmium (0, 5, 10, 15, 20); this was done as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design, with three replications. The interactions between AMF, PGPR, and cadmium on potassium and iron concentration, height, and dry weight of Arizona cypress seedlings were significant. By increasing the concentration of cadmium in most of the treatments, the colonization, phosphorus, potassium and iron concentrations, height and dry weight of the shoot Arizona cypress seedlings were decreased, while the percentage of electrolyte leakage and proline content were increased. The AMF-inoculated plants increased phosphorus, potassium and iron concentrations, Height, shoot dry weight, proline content and reduced electrolyte leakage percentage, as compared to non-mycorrhizal (control) plants. In plants inoculated with both microorganism (mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas), there was a positive effect regarding the concentration of nutrients such as potassium and iron; there was also the improvement of growth characteristics such as height and dry weight of the seedlings, as well as the appearance and freshness of the plant. The results, therefore, showed that inoculation of Arizona cypress seedlings with the combination of mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria could have a positive effect on the growth and survival of this tree under Cadmium stress condition.
P. Shojaei, M. Gheysari, H. Nouri, H. Esmaeili, S. Eslamian,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Creation and conservation of urban parks is challenging in arid environments where daily thermal extremes, water scarcity, air pollution and shortage of natural green spaces are more conspicuous. Water scarcity in the arid regions of Iran is major challenge for water managers. Accurate estimation of urban landscape evapotranspiration is therefore critically important for cities located in naturally dry environments, to appropriately manage irrigation practices. This study investigated two factor-based approaches, Water Use Classifications of Landscape Species (WUCOLS) and Landscape Irrigation Management Program (LIMP), to measure the water demand in a botanic garden. The irrigation water volume applied was compared with the gross water demand for the period from 2011 to 2013. On average, WUCOLS estimated an average annual irrigation need of 1164 mm which is 15% less than the applied value of 1366 mm while the LIMP estimate of 1239 mm was 9% less than the applied value. Comparison of estimated and applied irrigation showed that a water saving of 9% can be made by the LIMP method. The outcomes of this research stressed the need to modify the irrigation requirements based on effective rainfall throughout the year, rather relying on long-term average data.
F. Hadian, R. Jafari, H. Bashari, M. Tarkesh,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
Soil moisture is one of the most important factors that can affect productivity in ecosystems in arid and semiarid regions. The aim of this study was to investigate soil moisture and vegetation changes in the Isfahan province at the seasonal scale. For this purpose, MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST) and NDVI data were used to calculate the TVDI index, and the rate of soil moisture content was also measured at several soil depths including 5, 10, 20, 30 cm. in the growing season. Seasonal changes of LST and NDVI indices were also studied in different climate regions ranging from humid to hyperarid. The results showed that the changes in NDVI and LST in this region were different, depending on the climate type and soil conditions; the LST and its changes mostly depended on the amount of vegetation cover NDVI changes based on the plant phenology in humid regions, which was were greater than that in arid and semi-arid climates. Soil moisture monitoring indicated that the relationships between TDVI and different soil depths varied based on the seasonal conditions. In the early growing season, the soil moisture at the depth of 0-5 cm had a higher correlation with TVDI, but in the middle of growing season, the deeper soil moisture (10-30 cm) showed the highest correlation. Therefore, the findings of this research indicated the importance of the growing season, soil conditions and vegetation percentage and types in the soil moisture studies by using satellite data.
M. Maleki-Kakelar, M. Yavari,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (5-2020)
Abstract
Biocementation through microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a recently developed new branch in geotechnical engineering that improves the mechanical properties of bio-treated soils. The potential application of MICP to handle problems such as liquefaction and erosion has been established; this technique offers an environmentally friendly, cost-effective and convenient alternative to traditional soil improvement approaches. Nevertheless, in spite of the widespread demonstration of the process at laboratory scale, few field and practical applications have been implemented to assess the efficiency of the biochemical process. Therefore, this paper presents a review of the utilization of MICP for soil improvement and discusses the treatment process including the key constituents involved and the main affecting factors, especially in field scale applications. The major contribution of this research is to identify the main parameters restricting the application of this method on site. Finally, technical and commercial progress in the industrial adoption of the technology and the main challenges that are ahead for the future research prior to real practical application are briefly discussed.
S. Mehri Babadi, M. Afyuni, Sh. Ayoubi,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (5-2020)
Abstract
For sustainable soil management, the effects of slope position and land use change on soil and water resources are essential. In this research, three land uses including degraded pasture, drought and apple gardens were selected to determine the effect of slope position and land use on some physical and chemical properties of soil in the Koohrang area of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Each of the applications was divided according to the position of the slope, and from three applications and organic matter (OM), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), water repellency (RI), dispersible clay (DC) and weighted average aggregate diameter (MWD) were studied as the physical and chemical properties of soil. The results showed that Ks had the greatest coefficient of variation. Also, the results of the mean comparison revealed that all of the measured physical and chemical properties had a significant difference in different slope applications and positions at 5% level. In general, the garden and the base position of the slope had better qualitative conditions than other land uses and slope positions. Rangeland degradation and change in the use of pasture from dryland cultivation led to a decrease in soil quality, which could reduce soil utilization and exhaust some of the land from the production cycle. The results of the correlation between chemical and physical properties of soil showed that in general soil organic matter had the highest correlation with other parameters.
M. Farokhi, H. Ansary, A. R. Faridhosseini,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (5-2020)
Abstract
Estimation of soil moisture at various temporal and spatial scales is a key to the strategic management of water resources. Satellite-based microwave observations have coarse spatial resolution despite widespread and continuous of the provision surface soil moisture (SSM). In this study, the SSM data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) 25km resolution were used and these products were downscaled by three parameters retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to 1km resolution. In the next step, the integration of the SSM downscaling model with SMAR model was used to monitor the root zone soil moisture(RZSM) in the study area (Rafsanjan plain). In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the SSM and the soil profile moisture were measured at 10 points in the Rafsanjan plain. Comparison of AMSR2 25k SSM and downscaled SSM with the field measurement data showed that the mean of total stations for the correlation coefficient(R) was increased from 0.540 to 0.739 and the mean absolute error(MAE) and the root mean square(RMSE) were reduced from 0.039 and 0.040 to 0.018 and 0.020, respectively. Moreover, the results obtained from the validation of the RZSM values showed that the proposed method could estimate the RZSM with high accuracy and indicate the variations.
E. Masoumi, R. Ajalloeian, A.a. Nourbakhsh, M. Bayat,
Volume 26, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
Since clay is widely used in most construction projects, the issue of improving clay soils has considerable importance. This study aimed to optimize the variables affecting the properties of geopolymer and improve their mechanical properties using Isfahan blast furnace slag. Taguchi's statistical design method was used to model three process variables (blast furnace slag, water, and alkali sodium hydroxide agent) with four different values in the mixing design. Geopolymer was used to optimize the uniaxial compressive strength. Sixteen geopolymer compositions determined by mini-tab software were prepared and their uniaxial compressive strength was measured. The obtained results were modeled by analysis of variance, and then the interactions of the three variables on the uniaxial compressive strength of geopolymer were investigated using two and 3D diagrams. Then, the variables were optimized and the proposed values for the optimal sample were examined at temperatures of 25, 50, and 70°C and at times of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days of operation. A comparison of the results predicted by the models and the results of the experiments confirmed the validity of the models. Also, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the porosity will reduce from 7 to 28 days. It indicated that the use of the geopolymerization method has a significant role in stabilizing weak clay soils with low plasticity. The effect of fibers and geopolymer to reinforce was also investigated and for better evaluation, it was compared with soil stabilization with Portland cement. The results showed that in the most optimal geopolymer composition, the bearing resistance of clay has increased by more than 3400%. Meanwhile, fibers along with geopolymer with optimal percentage and length (0.1% by weight of geopolymer composition and length of 12 mm) were able to increase the uniaxial compressive strength of clay by nearly 4000%, which shows the excellent effect of using cellular fibers parameter whit the geopolymer in this research.
F. Fathian, M. Ghadami, Z. Dehghan,
Volume 26, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
In this research, the trend of spatial changes in extreme indices of temperature related to the health and agriculture sectors such as the number of frost days, number of summer days, number of icing days, number of tropical nights, growing season length, diurnal temperature range, cold spell duration index, and warm spell duration index were investigated for 54 synoptic stations throughout Iran for observational (1976-2005) and future (2025-2054) periods. Daily maximum and minimum temperature data of three regional climate models namely, CCSM4, MPI-ESM-MR, and NORESM1-ME from the CORDEX project under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were downscaled for each station using a developed multiscale bias correction method. Then, trends and changes of extreme temperature indices were investigated using Mann-Kendall and Sen’s trend line slope methods. The results indicated that the warm indices such as the number of summer days and tropical nights indices have had a positive trend at most stations in both observational and future periods. In contrast, cold indices like the number of frost days have had a decreasing trend in most stations. The results of cold and warm spell duration indices showed that most stations have had no trend for both periods. The growing season length has increased in more than 60% of stations (45% having a significant trend) mainly located in the northern, northwestern, and western regions of the country. Based on the results, it can be concluded that without considering thoughtful climate adaptation measures, some parts of the country may face health risks and limited habitability and agriculture in the future.
F. Esmaeili, M. Vafakhah, V. Moosavi,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (5-2023)
Abstract
Digital elevation models (DEMs) are one of the most important data required in watershed modeling with hydrological models and their spatial resolution has a significant impact on the accuracy of simulating hydrological processes. In the present study, the effect of spatial resolution of five DEMs derived from the topographic map (TOPO) with a scale of 1:25000, ALOS PALSAR, ASTER, SRTM, and GTOPO with a spatial accuracy of 10, 12.5, 30, 90, and 1000 m, respectively, on the estimation of parameters of geomorphological and geomorphoclimatic unit hydrographs models has been evaluated in Amameh watershed. Thirty-four single flood events were used during the years 1970 to 2015. The results showed that in the GUH method, the application of the TOPO and ALOS PALSAR DEMs had the best results with root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.7 and 1.8 m3/s and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.4 and 0.3, respectively. While the GTOPO DEM had the least efficiency with RMSE of 2.8 m3/s and NSE of -2. Similarly, the lowest and highest RMSE in the GCUH method belonged to TOPO and GTOPO DEMs with RMSE of 3.8 and 18 m3/s and NSE of 0.2 and -6, respectively. Generally, the GUH method had more favorable results than the GCUH method in all DEMs.
M. Naderi, V. Sheikh, A. Bahrehmand, C.b. Komaki, A. Ghangermeh,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
Greenhouse gases and the occurrence of climate change have occurred with the development of technology and the industrialization of human societies. long-term forecasting of climate parameters has always been interesting due to the importance of climate change for the earth and its inhabitants. General Circulation Models (GCMs) are one of the most widely used methods for evaluating future climate conditions. In the present study, the results of three general circulation models including the American model of GFDL-CM3, the Canadian model of CanESM2, and the Russian model of inmcm4ncml for the study area were evaluated and the CanESM2 model was selected as the superior model. The RCP scenarios 2.6, 4.5, and RCP 8.5 were used with the CanESM2 model to assess climate change conditions across the Hablehroud River basin for the period 2020-2051. According to the results, the total monthly precipitation shows an increasing trend in the coming decades 2020-2051 period compared to the period 1986-2017. The results of the study of temperature changes in the period 2020-2051 in the Hablehroud River basin also indicate an increase in the monthly average of maximum and minimum temperatures in the coming decades. The consequences of these conditions are of great hydrological importance in the study area, this condition necessitates the adoption of climate change adaptation policies in this watershed.
Nasrin Zamani, Jahangir Abedi Koupai, Saeid Eslamian, Afshin Soltani,
Volume 30, Issue 1 (3-2026)
Abstract
Water scarcity has made the agricultural water footprint a critical measure for sustainable resource management, particularly in water-stressed regions such as Iran. This index depends on various factors, including climate, crop yield, dietary habits, and irrigation/agricultural efficiency, which can be estimated more rapidly using modeling approaches. The SSM-iCROP2 model is a simulation model that has been parameterized and evaluated for over 30 crop species in Iran and has been widely used in studies related to crop yield. Since sugar is a key energy source in the food basket, sugarcane occupies vast cultivated areas in the country. Sugarcane is primarily grown in Khuzestan province. This study aimed to apply the aforementioned model to estimate the blue and green water footprint of this strategic crop, using upscaling methods for both potential and farmer-managed conditions from 1992 to 2022. The results showed that the total water footprint of sugarcane (sum of blue, green, and gray water footprints) was 2,251 and 3,134 cubic meters per ton for potential and actual (farmer) conditions, respectively.
