Showing 33 results for Bean
Gh. Khajouei Nejad, H. Kazemi, H. Alyari, A. Javanshir, M. J. Arvin,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (1-2006)
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of four levels of irrigation (irrigation of plants after I1 = 40, I2 =60, I3 = 80 , and I4 = 100mm of evaporation from class A pan) and four plant densities(D1 = 30, D2 = 40, D3 = 50 and D4 = 60 plants/m2) on the seed yield and seed quality in three soybean cultivars(V1=Hobit, V2=Williams and V3=Hill) in a split factorial design, based on the completely randomized blocks, with three replication for two years(2001 and 2002). The Irrigation treatments were assigned to the main plots, and the plant densities and cultivars to the sub plots. Results indicated that soybean seed yield was influenced by the different irrigation and plant density levels in the both years. Irrigation levels I2 produced the highest and I4 the lowest seed yield. It was also revealed that the plant density D3 produced the highest and D1 the lowest seed yields. Among the cultivars under investigation, V2 produced the highest and V3 the lowest seed yield . Seed oil and its protein contents both were affected significantly by the irrigation levels, plant densities and cultivars in both years. The plants receiving I1 treatment had the highest and those having I4, the lowest percentages of seed oil. Changes in the plant densities also affected seed oil and protein content. The plant density of D1 caused the seeds to have the highest oil and lowest protein percentages. However, D4 decreased oil and increased protein percentages. The highest water use efficiency was obtained from I3 and that of the lowest value from I1. The results also indicated that D4 had the highest and D1 the lowest water use efficiencies. Therefore, it could be concluded that the water use efficiency can be increased by increasing the plant density per unit area. The highest efficiency for biological and grain yield belonged to V2 and V1 respectively where as the lowest efficiency for those two mentioned characters belonged to V1 and V3, respectively. However, the treatment I2V2D2 is recommended for higer the seed yield production per unit area.
F. Vafaei, K. Haddad Irani Nejad, P. Talebi Chaichi, M. Valizadeh,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (10-2006)
Abstract
During years 2000 and 2001, biology and population changes of two- spotted spider mite (T. urticae) was studied on five bean cultivars of two species at 25±1ºC temp., 45±4% RH and 15: 9 (L:D) photoperiod, using leaf disks made from 2-, 6- leaf and flowering stages of the plants. The mite mass rearing was carried out on tomato plants under the same environmental conditions and the effects of feeding on 4 cultivars of phaseolus vulgaris namely Chiti Var. Zanjan, Picher, Sunray, Contender and Vigna unguiculata, Var. Kameran as host plants. Biological features as fertility, percentage of egg hatch, duration of embryonic and larval development, percentage were also Studied of lraval mortality, duration of nymphal stages, developmental period from lava to pre- oviposition stages, oviposition period, adult mite longevity, number of progenies, their percentage mortalities, and sex ratios were determined. The results indicated that the two cultivars Chiti Var: Zanjan, Contender, and species Vigna unguiculatat Var. Kameran at 2- leaf stage appeared to be suitable hosts causing higher egg production and hatches, lower embryonic and larval developmental time and lower rate of larval mortality, lower nymphal developmental period, lower duration from larval stage to preoviposition, extended oviposition period and higher adult longevity. In contrast, the cultivars, Sunray and Picker were shown to be unsuitable hosts. Regarding 6- leaf stage, the cultivar Contender and Vigna unguiculatat, were considered as suitable hosts in relation to embryonic developmental time, number of larvae, duration of larval stage, and rate of mortalities, nymphal developmental time and duration from larval stage to pre- oviposition, extended oviposition stage, sex ratio and adult longevity. But the cultivars Chiti, Picker and Sunray appeared to be unsuitable hosts. In relation to the number of eggs and percentage of egg hatch, number of larvae and nymphs, nymphal mortality rates and sex ratio, the cultivars, Picker and Sunray were considered as suitable hosts at their flowering stage but Vigna unguiculatat and Contender were identified as unsuitable ones.
S. A. Ghaffari Nejad, N. Karimian,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (4-2007)
Abstract
In order to investigate mineral manganese forms and their relations with plant responses, 22 soil samples from Fars province (0-20 cm) were in a greenhouse experiment filled in 3 liter pots, and soybean (Glycine max (L.) merr.,CV.Williams) was grown for 7 weeks. Chemical forms of manganese were determined in soils by warden and Reisenauer sequential extraction method (readily soluble, weakly adsorbed, carbonate bound and oxide bound extracted with Ca(No3)2, Ca DTPA +Na2B4O7, HNO3 and NH2OH. HCl, respectively) after harvesting the plants. Results showed that the amount of Mn in different forms was in the following order: Carbonatic Mn >Mn Oxides >Weakly adsorbed Mn > Soluble Mn. Regression equations between soil properties and Mn forms showed a significant correlation between calcium carbonate equivalent and carbonate bound Mn. Significant correlation between Carbonate bound Mn and concentration of Mn in the aerial part of soybean showed that this fraction plays an important role in plant nutrition.
L. Rasipour, N. Aliasgharzadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (7-2007)
Abstract
Certain microorganisms in soil have phosphate solubilizing ability. Phosphorus has an important role in plant nutrition and N2 fixation in legumes. The interactive effect of three phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on yield and N, P, K uptake and nodulation of soybean root (Glycin max L. CV. Harcor) was studied under greenhouse conditions. In greenhouse experiment treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four levels of PSB (without PSB M0 ,Pseudomonas putida M1 , Aeromonas hydrophila M2 , Pseudomonas fluorescens M3) and two levels of B.japonicum (without bacterium B0 and with bacterium B1) and three levels of P(P0 = 0 , P1=29, P2 = 58 mg triple superphosphate/Kg soil) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. At harvest, shoot dry weight, seed weight, nodule number, dry and fresh weight of nodules and concentrations of N, P, K in shoot dry matter were measured. PSB significantly increased shoot dry weight, N, P, K concentrations in shoot, fresh and dry weight and number of root nodules. B.japonicum had positive significant effect on these parameters as well as on seed weight. Dual inoculation of plants with PSB and B.japonicum had significant effect on shoot dry weight, P and N concentrations in shoot. Increasing phosphorus levels significantly increased plant dry weight, shoot P concentration and seed weight. Highest P concentration in shoot was obtained at P2 level but in plants inoculated with P.putida, dry weight at P1 level was not significantly different from P2 level.
V. Narjesi, H. Zeinal Khaneghah, A. Zali,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (10-2007)
Abstract
Thirty soybean cultivars from different maturity groups were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in Research Station of College of Agriculture at Tehran University in Karaj in 2004. The purpose was to determine genetic relationship of some important agronomic traits related to seed yield. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among varieties for the traits under study, indicating the existence of genetic variation among varieties. Number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant and 100-seed weight, all of which are considered yield components, had the highest genotypic correlation with seed yield. Using stepwise regression analysis, 85.6 % of seed yield variation was attributed to four traits, including harvest index, biological yield, protein precent and number of seeds /plant. Harvest index was more important for predicting seed yield compared to other traits based on standardized ßs. Results of path analysis showed that the harvest index and protein precentage had the highest and lowest direct and positive effect (p=0.536), (p=0.008), respectively. Therefore, harvest index may be considered as a selection criteria to improve seed yield in breeding programs. Results of factor analysis showed five independent factors accounted for 80.2 % of total variations in data. The first principle determined 28.2 % of total variation and was designated as phenologic factor.
A. Hosseinzadeh Colagar, A. Mostafaie, M. Motallebi, M.r. Zamani,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (10-2007)
Abstract
Plant pathogenic microorganisms produce a variety of enzymes capable of degrading different polysaccharides of the plant cell walls. Pathogens use these enzymes to penetrate and colonize host cells. Polygalacturonases are thought to be the first cell wall-degrading enzymes secreted by pathogens when they grow on plant cell walls. Oligogalacturonic acids with the polymerization degrees of 10 to 13 are intermediate products of pectin degradation by the action of polygalacturonases and are known to activate plant defense responses. PG- inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) present in the cell wall of many plants increase the stability of oligogalacturonic acids in the tissues by modulating fungal PG activities. These glycoproteins of the plant cell extracellular matrix retard the advancement of fungal hyphae, reduce tissue maceration, and prevent colonization of pathogen. In this study, Phaseolus vulgaris PGIPs were extracted from hypocotyle of Derakhshan and Naz bean cultivars. PvPGIPs were purified by afinity chromatography and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Three major bands in the range of 47-55 kDa were detected. Average yield of The affinity-purified PGIPs was 1.68 mg per 100 gram of fresh bean hypocotyle. The inhibitory effect of PGIP was assayed on the PG activities of highly virulent isolates of Fusarium oxysporum (F15) and Ascochyta rabiei (IK04). The inhibitory activity of crude PGIP from Naz and Derakhshan cultivars on polygalacturonase activity of F. oxysporum was 18 and 28 units, respectively. These inhibitory activities increased to 40 units after purification. The inhibitory effect of crude PGIPs from both these two cultivars on PG activity of A. rabiei was 9 units, while purified PGIPs inhibited this PG activity to 18 and 29 units, respectively.
M. Sabokdast , F. Khyalparast,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (1-2008)
Abstract
This research was conducted in order to determine the relationship between grain yield and yield components, using 30 common bean varieties in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Agricultural filed faculty of Agriculture,Tehran university In this study 18 traits were assessed on 10 random plants from each plot. The result showed that there were significant differences among varieties in terms of trait under study, indicating the existence of genetic variation among varieties. Also results showed that the grain yield had a positive and significant genotypic correlation with number of seed/pod, pod weight, number of pod/plant, biological yield, days to flowering and maturity. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the maximum variation in grain yield could be attributed to the number pod/plant, number seed/plant, 100 seed weight and pod length. The results of path analysis showed that the highest direct effect, being positive, was related to number seed/plant and the lowest direct effect, which was related to number pod/plant. Factor analysis resulted in three factors that accounted for 78/7% of total variation. The first factor accounted for 38.39% of total variation and was designated as yield and yield component factor. This factor is comprised of pod weight, biological yield, grain yield and number of pod/plant traits.
Y. Raei, M. Sedghi, R. Seied Sharifi,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2008)
Abstract
A factorial experiment, based on RCB design, with three replications was conducted to evaluate the effects of rhizobial inoculation, urea, and weeds on soybean performance in the field. The factors under study consisted of inoculation and non-inoculation, three levels of 0, 150, and 300 kg/ha urea, and weed-control and weed-infestation. Results showed that weed-control, inoculation and urea application increased biological and seed yield. The highest effect on yield was due to weed control, followed by inoculation and urea application. Inoculation, weed-control and urea application of 300 kg/ha enhanced protein percentage in soybean grains. In this case, inoculation had the highest effect on protein percentage, followed by urea application and weed control. In contrast, only weed-control significantly increased seed oil percentage. Seed filling rate increased as a result of inoculation, but, seed filling duration was not affected by inoculation. Weed-control improved seed filling rate and duration. Urea application induced seed filling duration, but had not any effect on seed filling rate.
M. Salehi , R. Akbari , M.b. Khorshidi Benam,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2008)
Abstract
In order to determine the response of yield and seed yield components of red bean )Phaseolus vulgaris L. ( genotypes to delay in planting, this study was conducted in Factorial experiment based on a RCB design with 3 replications in the Jahad-Keshavarzi Research farm of Miyaneh in 2006. Factors included cultivars in three levels(Naz, Gole and Sayad) and planting date in three levels (5 and 20 April, and 5 May). Results of variance analysis showed that the cultivars and planting dates had significant effects on all the characteristics. The interaction between cultivars and planting dates had significant effect on stem height, number of pod per plant, 100 seed weight, biological yield, grain yield and number of seed in pod. The Results of mean comparison indicated that SAYAD cultivar in the first planting date with 4033.3 kgha-1 and Gole cultivar in the third planting date with 1500.2 kgha-1 had the highest and lowest grain Yield, respectively. Total yield with all traits, except for the stem height, 100 seed weight and cultivar protein percentage showed a positive and significant correlation.
Y. Raei, K. Ghasemi Golezani, A. Javanshir, H. Aliari, A. Mohammadi,
Volume 12, Issue 45 (10-2008)
Abstract
Concerning the effects of increasing the species number on the maintenance of ecological stability and agricultural ecosystems sustainability, two field studies were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to evaluate the effects of plant population densities on soybean and sorghum intercropping at the Research Center, the Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. Cultural pattern was an additive series. The factorial set of treatments was arranged within a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor comprised soybean densities of 20, 30, 40, and 50 plants/m2, and the second factor consisted of sorghum densities of 0, 4, 8, and 12 plants/m2. The results indicated that both soybean and sorghum yields were significantly affected by soybean and sorghum densities. Soybean yield increased as density increased up to 40 plants/m2, and then decreased with increasing soybean density from 40 to 50 plants/m2. With increasing soybean density, sorghum yield was decreased. Sorghum and soybean yields, respectively, increased and decreased as sorghum density increased. On the other hand, Soybean and sorghum densities of 20:4 (1.6) and 50:12 (0.8) had the highest and the lowest LER (Land Equivalent Ratio), respectively. It was, therefore, concluded that intercropping of Soybean and sorghum, is more advantageous, compared to their pure cultivation in the same conditions.
M Ebrahimi, S.m Khayam Nekoei, S Kadkhodaei,
Volume 12, Issue 46 (1-2009)
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is affected by several factors. In this research project, we studied the effect of explant size, wounding and desiccation treatments on somatic embryogenesis and their conversion into plantlet among three genotypes of soybean. The explants were sampled from immature embryos of soybean in three different sizes (3, 5 & 7 mm) with wounding treatment on half of each, and then were cultured on the somatic embryogenesis medium. In order to determine desiccation effect on conversion amount of embryos into plantlets, the produced embryos were affected by three levels of desiccation treatments (2, 4 & 6 days). The increase ratio of callus mean weight, percentage of embryogenic calli, embryo number per explant and percentage of embryo conversion to plantlet were used for treatment evaluation. Variance analysis of the data showed significant differences (P<0.01) between treatments regarding the variables. The results indicated that BP was a superior genotype with embryogenic capability (24.19 %) and the best explant size for somatic embryogenesis was immature embryo with 3 mm length. The six day desiccation treatment caused highest percentage of embryo conversion into plantlet (74.7 %). Wounding increased callus production on explants and number of embryos per explant (20.28), but it did not show any significant effect on percentage of embryogenic calli. Germinated somatic embryos were transferred to pots containing peat-moss. Somatic embryogenesis is an efficient method for the plant regeneration and genetic transformation. However, this method still offers low percentages of plant regeneration, and is perhaps related to the maturation process and high morphological abnormalities of the matured embryos. This study aimed to find some solutions for soybean somatic embryogenesis problems.
A Akhavan, M Bahar, Gh Saeedi, M Lak,
Volume 13, Issue 47 (4-2009)
Abstract
To understand the role of relative humidity rate, host genotype, inoculation method and growth stage in epidemiology of bean common blight, two greenhouse experiments were carried out monitoring epiphytic population size of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) and disease severity. The result showed significant differences among genotypes, inoculation methods and growth stages for epiphytic population size and sam effects except genotypes for disease severity. The epiphytic population size was significantly higher on spray inoculated Khomein cultivar of bean during flowering (R6). However, the relative humidity rates did not significantly affect population dynamics of epiphytic Xap and the disease severity. Two field experiments were also carried out to determine the effects of irrigation systems (furrow irrigation and overhead sprinkler irrigation), inoculation method, growth stage and their interactions on epiphytic population size of Xap and disease severity. The result showed that the epiphytic population size and disease severity were higher on spray inoculated plants irrigated with overhead sprinkler system during pods filling (R8). In this study, a significant positive correlation was found between epiphytic population size of Xap and bean common bacterial blight severity.
M Sarai Tabrizi, H Babazadeh, M Parsinejad, S.a.m Modares Sanavi,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (7-2010)
Abstract
Deficit irrigation is one of the irrigation management methods that is used to increase Water Use Efficiency. Considering the internal plant adaptability characteristic to water shortage, Partial Root Drying method has been introduced in recent years. In this field research improvement of Water Use Efficiency for Soybean was determined. This experiment which was conducted at four furrow irrigation treatments at the Research Field of Tehran University in Karaj in 2008, consists of full irrigation (100% soil moisture deficit compensation), conventional deficit irrigation at 50 and 75 percent soil moisture deficit compensation and Partial Root Drying at 50 percent soil moisture deficit compensation with three replications. The amounts of irrigation used were exactly compensation level (negligible loss). Results indicated that Water Use Efficiency according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test at the five percent level of probability there was a significant difference between partial root drying treatment (PRD50%) and conventional deficit irrigation treatment at fifty percent soil moisture deficit compensation (DI50%),. Water Use Efficiency in PRD50% compared with DI50%, DI75% and full irrigation increased by 48.3%, 61.9% and 70.1% respectively.
F. Salehi, M. J. Bahrani, S. A. Kazemaini, H. Pakniyat, N. A. Karimian,
Volume 15, Issue 55 (4-2011)
Abstract
Crop residues are beneficial substances that can bring about important changes in soil biological, chemical and physical properties and can also increase or stabilize crops yield. A field experiment was carried out at Research Station of College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, to determine the effects of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue rates in combination with N levels on some soil properties in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation for two years (2008-2009). The experiment was conducted as split split-plot arranged in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Treatments were two red bean cultivars as main plots, N levels (0, 34.5, 69, and 103.5 kg ha-1) as sub-plots and residue rates (0, 25, 50 and 75%) as sub sub-plots. The results showed that application of crop residues significantly increased soil organic carbon, N, K, and P contents. Heavy crop residue (75%) application had no effects on these soil properties. Thus, retaining 50% crop residue was optimum for proper soil quality. Increased N application increased soil N, decreased P and K contents, and had no effects on organic carbon.
Y. Habibzadeh, M. R. Zardoshti, A. Pirzad, J. Jalilian,
Volume 16, Issue 60 (7-2012)
Abstract
To evaluate effect of different irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and yield of mungbean NM92 [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczk], a field experiment was conducted in split plot arrangements using randomized complete block design (Irrigation after 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm evaporation from pan class A as main plots and mycorrhiza species, Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices and a non-inoculated treatment as sub-plots) with three replications at the Research field of Urmia university in 2009. Results showed that irrigation after 50mm evaporation from pan class A, and plant inoculated with G. intraradices produced the highest grain yield (1678.5 kg/ha and 1537.6 kg/ha, respectively), total dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. In Contrast, irrigation after 200 mm evaporation from class A pan and non-inoculated treatment produced the lowest grain yeild (1159.2 and 1301.9 kg/ha, respectively). Reducing the irrigation distance led to an increase in total dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. Despite lower grain yield in water deficit condition, AM fungi inoculation significantly reduced the effect of stress on grain yield. All inall, both mycorrhizae species significantly (P 0.05) increased the grain yield of mungbean under well-watered and water deficit conditions
P. Shahinrokhsar, M. E Asadi,
Volume 16, Issue 61 (10-2012)
Abstract
Modification of irrigation scheduling and management improvement of irrigation systems are two essential factors that have significant impact on agricultural water use efficiency. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tape drip irrigation (T) and furrow irrigation systems (S) under different irrigation regimes on yield and yield components of soybean in growing season of 2006-2007 at Gorgan Agricultural Research Station in north part of Iran. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design in a randomized complete form where each treatment was replicated three times. The main plots were irrigation systems of tape and furrow, and three irrigation regimes 100 (I100) , 75 (I75) and 50 (I50) percent of total irrigation requirement were chosen as secondary plots. Results showed that thousandgrain weight (gr) and plant height (cm) in furrow irrigation were significantly more than the tape drip irrigation method. Also significant differences between different irrigation regimes in terms of plant height, node numbers and yield were observed. So, I100 and I50 had highest and lowest values, respectively. In terms of irrigation system, 63 percent of water consumption was reduced in tape drip irrigation method. Also, the results indicated that higher and lower water use efficiencies were obtained from tape drip irrigation method with I50 treatment (1.09 kg m-3) and furrow irrigation with I100 treatment (0.50 kg m3), respectively.
T. Raiesi, A. Hosseinpur,
Volume 19, Issue 71 (6-2015)
Abstract
The ability of different soil tests in predicting soil phosphorus (P) is important in soils amended with municipal sewage sludge. The objective of the present study was to evaluate several chemical extractants to estimate available P for bean growing in 10 calcareous soils amended with municipal sewage sludge from Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari province under the greenhouse conditions. For this purpose, the soil samples were incubated with sludge at a rate of 39-ton sludge ha–1. The amount of available P of the soil samples was determined by Olsen, Colwell, ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA, 0.01 M calcium chloride, BrayІ, ІІ, Mehlich І and ІІ methods. A pot experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted to evaluate the bean plant indices. The results showed that the amount of extractable P with the above methods decreased in the following order: Colwell> Bray ІІ> Mehlich ІІ> Olsen> Ammonium bicarbonate DTPA> Mehlich І> Bray І> 0.01M chloride calcium. The extractable P with 0.01M chloride calcium, Mehlich І, ІІ Colwell and Olsen methods correlated significantly with plant indices (P concentration and P uptake). Thus, mentioned methods could be used to estimate plant-available P in the soils amended with sewage sludge.
A. Hemmati, H. Asadi Rahmani,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
In order to study the effects of rhizobium bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on water use efficiency and the grain yield of bean, under drought stress conditions, two-year year field experiments were conducted during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. The experimental design was a split plot arranged in an RCBD with 4 replications. Three irrigations including S1= 95-100% AW (Normal irrigation), S2= 75-80% AW(Moderate drought stress) and
S3= 55-60% AW (severe drought stress) were assigned to the main plots and six bio fertilizer treatments including T1=177 rhizobium bacteria strain, T2=160 rhizobium bacteria strain used for seed inoculation, T3= mycorrhizal arboscular fungi used for soil inoculation, T4= T1+T2, T5= T1+T2+T3 and T6= control (no seed and soil inoculation) were randomized to the subplots. Based on the combined analysis of variances for two years, there were significant differences (p˂0.05) in the grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency between the irrigation stress and bio fertilizer treatments. The highest grain yield (2371 kg ha-1) and water use efficiency (522 g m-3) were obtained in the S2T2 treatment. In this treatment, 160 and 177 rhizobium bacteria (T2) in moderate drought stress (S2) were used. These results suggested that inoculation with the rhizobium of seed bean in arid and semi-arid areas could improve yield, water use efficiency and resistance to drought stress by increasing the growth in the root and shoot of the plant.
M. Askari, A. A. Kamgar-Haghighi, A. R. Sepaskhah, F. Razzaghi, M. Rakhshandehroo,
Volume 24, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of different levels of irrigation, organic mulch and planting method on the mungbean yield in Badjgah were investigated. The experimental plan in the first year was full randomized block, while in the second year, it was full randomized split-split plot block design, in three repetitions. The results showed that in the FI treatments, the yield was increased up to 2% for the first year and 5% for the second year by changing the planting method from on over-ridge planting method to the in-furrow planting one. Also, the results of the first year showed that there was no significant difference between the yield in the fully-irrigated treatments without mulch and the treatment with mulch and 0.75 FI. The amount of the irrigation water could be decreased up to 25% by adding organic mulch in both planting methods, as compared to the fully-irrigated treatments without mulch. The maximum water productivity equal to 0.4 kg/m3 was observed in 0.5 FI, in-furrow planting method with mulch treatment. It can be, therefore, concluded that the water productivity may be maximized with the application of both deficit irrigation and mulching strategies.
F. Zarei, M.r. Nouri Emamzadehei, A.r. Ghasemi Dastgerdi, A. Shahnazari,
Volume 26, Issue 4 (3-2023)
Abstract
The pattern of root distribution in layered soils is one of the significant issues in the calculations of soil water and irrigation management and planning. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern of root distribution of soybean in layered soils and its effect on water uptake. The research was conducted in a completely randomized design with 15 treatments consisting of three different textures of soil (light, heavy, and medium) in four replications. The pattern of root distribution was monitored by the sampling of columns at the end of the growth period of the soybean. It was observed that the presence of the layer with medium texture has led to better plant development and growth after comparing the treatments in terms of plant growth. In general, root length density decreased with increasing soil depth, except in cases where there were different layers of soil, and root length density takes place in the following order: root length density in layers with medium texture≥ heavy texture≥ light texture. The rate of root water uptake rate was highest in the sandy layers, intermediate in clay, and lowest in loamy texture. Also, the rate of root water uptake rate increased significantly with increasing depth regardless of treatments. It can be concluded that the pattern of root distribution and plant growth is significantly affected by soil texture and its stratification.
