Showing 27 results for Akbari
Gh. A. Akbari, H. Jabbari, J. Daneshian, I. Alahdadi, N. Shahbazian,
Volume 12, Issue 45 (fall 2008)
Abstract
In order to investigate the limited irrigation impact on physical characteristics of seed in nine sunflower hybrids, three 3-replicate field experiments RCBC were conducted under three irrigation regimes (irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan, respectively) at the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Iran. The results showed that the Maximum length, width and seed diameter were obtained from irrigation after 60 mm cumulative evaporation from pan, and irrigations after 120 and 180 mm evaporation caused to decrease the length by 11% and 16%, width by 21% and 26% and seed diameter by 22% and 28%, respectively. There fore the seed diameter in comparison with width and seed length was most susceptible to limited irrigations levels. The Maximum length was seen in hybrid of A74×R95, and the maximum width, and seed diameter were observed in hybrids of Allstar. Also, A74×R95 under irrigations after 60 and 120 mm evaporation and Azargol under irrigation after 180 mm evaporation had the highest seed weight.
A Akbari, M Shahedi, N Hmadami, Sh Dokhani, M Sadeghi,
Volume 13, Issue 47 (4-2009)
Abstract
Sun drying is a well-known food preservation technique that reduces the moisture contents of agricultural products. Shrinkage, rehydration ability and color of food materials during air drying adversely affect the quality of the dried products. Since all fresh tomatoes can not be consumed at the time of harvest, preservation provides a larger market, allowing consumers to buy the preserved tomato through the year. A natural convection solar dryer consisting of a solar air heater and a drying chamber was manufactured in this research. Tomato slices were dried in the solar dryer and compared with open sun drying. Also, tomato slices were dried in a laboratory oven (operated at temperature 50, 60, 70, 80°C). With increasing the temperature, the time required to arrive certain moisture content is decreased. Also results showed that drying time in the solar dryer is shorter than open sun drying. In other words, drying time was reduced 17 to 45% by the solar drying in comparison to open – sun drying. The experimental shrinkage data showed a linear behavior with moisture content. Also, the experimental data didn't show a strong effect of temperature on the rehydration ability of the product. Thus, the effect of temperature and method of sun drying on the shrinkage phenomenon and the rehydration ability can be neglected. Tomato slices dried at 50°C had better appearance (lightness and red color) than at 80°C.
M Malakouti, M Babaakbari, S Nezami,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (Water and Soil Science 2009)
Abstract
To increase grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen apparent recovery fraction (NARF) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), an experiment was carried out in Karaj Soil and Water Research Station farm for two consecutive growing seasons in 2004-05 and 2005-06. The experimental design was RCBD with 6 treatments (T1= Control T2= 150 kg ha-1 of N as urea in 3-split applications T3= 1/3 N as SCU as the base fertilizer + 2-split urea applications T4= 150 kg ha-1 N as SCU as the base fertilizer T5=150 kg ha-1 of N as urea in 2-split applications and T6=1/3 N as complete fertilizer as the base fertilizer +2-split urea applications) in the first year and 7 treatments (T1= Control T2= 180 kg ha-1 of N as urea in 2-split applications T3= 180 kg ha-1 of N as urea in 3-split applications T4= 180 kg ha-1 N in 5-split urea applications T5 = pre-plant urea + 4-split urea applications T6= 1/3 N as SCU as the base fertilizer +4-split urea applications and T6=1/3 N as complete fertilizer as the base fertilizer +4-split urea applications) in the second year with 3 replications. In the second year, N rate was increased from 150 to 180 kg ha-1, adding the existing extra nutrients in complete macro and fertilizers to other treatments and N split-application was increased up to four times. After harvesting, grain yield, NUE and NARF were measured. The results of first year revealed that the yield, NUE and NARF for T2 (5145 kg ha-1, 13.8 kg kg-1, 41.2%, respectively) and T6 (5067 kg ha-1, 13.2 kg kg-1, 38.2.2%, respectively) were increased significantly at 1% level. In the second year, the maximum grain yield (6335 kg ha-1), NUE (16.2 kg kg-1) and NARF (50%) were obtained again from T6 treatment. Higher yield, NUE and NARF in the second year were mainly due to higher N rates and more N split applications. The economic returns for these substitutions, even without considering any fertilizer subsidies, the averages turned out to be 14, 8 and 4 in these treatments, respectively. Overall results revealed that the substitution of complete macro and SCU fertilizers with pre-plant urea is advisable in wheat production areas. Therefore, it is recommended that the experiment be further tested and evaluated in some wheat growing provinces.l results.
R. Bagheri, Gh. Akbari, M. H. Kianmehr, Z. Tahmasebie Sarvestani,
Volume 16, Issue 59 (spring 2012)
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of nitrogen slowly released from pellet, composed of manure and urea fertilizer on the Nitrogen efficiency and morphological Characteristics and grain yield of corn hybrid (S.C704), a field experiment was carried out in Aboureihan research farm of Tehran University in 2009. The factorial design of the study comprised a randomized complete block with three replications. The application rates of N at four levels (46, 92, 138 and 184 kg N. ha-1) and two levels by methods of N distribution (pellet and mixed with soil) were applied. In this research, a Screw Extruder setup was designed and manufactured. Statistical analysis indicated that NUE, as well as agronomic efficiency (AE) was reduced while physiological efficiency (PE) increased with increasing N rates. Also, most plant length and stem diagonal and cob diagonal pellet belonged to the treatment. But, the number of leaves per plant did not affect the distribution method of fertilizer.The results showed significant differences among various rates of nitrogen and methods of N distribution considering grain yield and grain protein. The higher rates of N increased grain protein, grain yield and yield components (except for number of rows per ear). Maximum grain yield (11.1 t. ha-1) was obtained with 184 kg N. Ha-1 treatment.
M. Akbari, B. Nazari, M. Parsinezhad , H. Ebrahimian,
Volume 16, Issue 62 (Winte - 2013 2013)
Abstract
This study was conducted on subsurface drainage network under operation in Behshahr. DRAINMOD model was used to simulate drainage system using measured data in 2006. The model was evaluated to estimate soil hydraulic conductivity by comparing the measured and predicted values of water table depth and drain discharge for different values of hydraulic conductivity. The results of this method were compared with the results of output drainage water method (as a baseline method). Use of water table depth simulation results in estimating hydraulic conductivity model resulted in considerable error, while the simulation results of drain discharge rate could be used with good accuracy for estimating it. There was a small difference between the output drainage water method and the inverse solution of DRAINMOD model to estimate soil hydraulic conductivity (2.3 and 2.5 cm/h, respectively). Thus, the comparison between the measured and predicted values of drain discharge could be a good criterion to estimate soil hydraulic conductivity using the inverse solution of the DRAINMOD model
A. Talebi, Z. Akbari,
Volume 17, Issue 63 (Spring 2013)
Abstract
The real estimation of the volume of sediments carried by rivers in water projects is very important. In fact, achieving the most important ways to calculate sediment discharge has been considered as the objective of the most research projects. Among these methods, the machine learning methods such as decision trees model (that are based on the principles of learning) can be presented. Decision tree method is a hierarchical multi step method which is a recursive data collection technique to binary and smaller sub-divisions until the final analysis cannot be divided. Decision trees consider a priori known set of data and derive a decision tree from it. Then, tree can be used as the set of laws to predict unknown features. In this research, the efficiency of this technique for predicting the suspended sediments in Ilam dam basin has been investigated. To evaluate the accuracy of the methods (written by MATLAB software), statistical criteria such as R, BIAS, RMSE, r2 and MAE were computed. The results showed that based on all the statistical criteria, decision tree in comparison with the sediment rating curve had most consistency with the observed data. Meanwhile, the most important factors for creating tree in the model (that had high correlation with sediment data) are the corresponding discharge and daily rainfall.
M. Ghorchiani, Gh. Akbari, H. A. Alikhani, M. Zarei, I. Allahdadi,
Volume 17, Issue 63 (Spring 2013)
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria on phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency, mycorrhizal dependence and grain yield and dry matter yield of maize under water deficit conditions, a field experiment was conducted as split-split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments in this experiment were included as follows: irrigation (normal irrigation and water deficit stress based on evaporation from class A pan evaporation) combined different seed inoculations with AM and Pseudomonas fluorescens and treatment of chemical phosphate fertilizer (non- consumption of phosphate fertilizer, consumption of 50 percent of triple superphosphate fertilizer needed, and consumption of rock phosphate, based on the quantity of consumed phosphorus of triple superphosphate source). The results showed that effects of irrigation, seed inoculation with AM and Pseudomonas fluorescens biological phosphate fertilizer and chemical phosphate fertilizer were significant on yield and yield components, dry matter yield, relative agronomic efficiency and root colonization. Mild stress significantly reduced grain yield, relative agronomic efficiency and fertilizer agronomic efficiency compared to optimum irrigation. Results showed that grain and dry matter yield are highly correlated with root colonization under mild stress condition. Maximum mycorrhizal dependence was obtained in mild stress condition. Maximum relative agronomic efficiency, fertilizer agronomic efficiency, yield and yield components was related to seed inoculation with AM and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The use of triple superphosphate fertilizer were increased grain yield in comparison with rock phosphate along with inoculation of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. However, maximum root colonization and mycorrhizal dependence was achieved in non- consumption treatment of phosphate fertilizer.
S. A. Mohseni Movahed, M. Akbari, P. Salehi Moghadam,
Volume 17, Issue 66 (winter 2014)
Abstract
As pressurized irrigation is not possible for all circumstances, the use of modern techniques in surface irrigation is essential. In this paper, BISEDOM, a new mathematical model for evaluation, design and optimization of border irrigation is introduced. The effects of weighting coefficients of indicators are investigated based on the potential to improve and the most appropriate weighting scheme in optimization process is presented. In this model, volume balance equations for hydrodynamic simulation and SA method for optimization steps are used. Due to the nature of the SA, its parameters are determined by the method of sensitivity analysis. In this model, evaluation of different combinations of decision variables (inlet flow, length, width and slope of the strip) and consequently the performance of irrigation efficiencies reagent strip in an objective function is possible. Finally, the results indicate that the proposed method for weighted indicators has significant effects on improving performance of border irrigation. Model validation results in three parts of design, evaluation and optimization in comparison with SIRMOD and asymptote method showed that the results are very close to each other. The results also indicate that the proposed model has a good efficiency in comparison with other existing models especially for optimization purposes.
H. Akbari Mejdar, A. Bahremand, A. Najafinejad, V. Sheikh,
Volume 18, Issue 67 (Spring 2014)
Abstract
Over-parameterization is a well-known and often described problem in hydrological models, especially in distributed models. Therefore, using special methods to reduce the number of parameters via sensitivity analysis is important to achieve efficiency. This paper describes a sensitivity analysis strategy that graphically assigns for each parameter a relative sensitivity index and relationship of the parameter and the outputs of the model. The method is illustrated with an application of SWAT model in the Chehelchai catchment, Golestan province. In this study, total water yield, along with four major parts of water budget including surface runoff, lateral flow, groundwater and evapotranspiration was selected as objective function. SWAT is a river basin model that can be used to predict the impact of land management practices on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yield in watersheds. A relative sensitivity index was used for ranking the sensitivity of parameters. The results showed that soil evaporation compensation facto (ESCO), CN, soil available water capacity (SOL-AWC), deep aquifer percolation fraction (RCHRG-DP) and soil bulk density (SOL-BD) have the most influence on river flow. These parameters are generally stated as the most sensitive parameters of SWAT model in most of the same researches worldwide
D. Akbari Nodehi,
Volume 18, Issue 70 (winter 2015)
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of furrow irrigation and amount of irrigation water on yield and water use efficiency of corn, an experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications for a period of two years at Agriculture Center of Mazandaran. Treatments included three levels of 100, 80 and 60 percent water requirement as the main treatments, and three irrigation methods included fixed every-other- furrow, alternative every-other- furrow and every-furrow irrigation as the subsidiary treatments. Statistical analysis of the results of two years' data showed that treatment with 100% water requirement with every-furrow irrigation and treatment with 60% irrigation water requirement with fixed every-other-furrow had the highest and lowest yield, respectively. The highest water use efficiency was in 60 percent irrigation water requirement with a fixed every-other- furrow treatment and the lowest water use efficiency was related to the treatment with 100 percent irrigation water requirement with alternative every-other- furrow. The value of ky was obtained 0.8 for the total growth stage.
M. Vaghefi, M. Ghodsian, M. Akbari,
Volume 20, Issue 75 (Spring 2016)
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the secondary flow strength and vorticity on variations of bed shear stress for different positions of spur dike are compared through a mild 90˚ bend along with a T-shaped spur dike in a rigid bed. To carry out these experiments, three dimensional velocimeters (ADV) have been used for measuring velocity. Moreover, a comparison has been made between velocity vectors and variations of streamlines along the bend; the secondary flow strength and vorticity values are estimated for various positions of spur dike, and their effects on bed shear stress variations have been analyzed. It is concluded that the maximum secondary flow strength is evident in a distance of 0.6 of spur dike’s length at upstream under all these different positions of spur dike. Also the maximum vorticity position corresponds to the position of the maximum secondary flow strength, in front of spur dike’s wing. According to these results, it is predicted that the maximum scour occurs near the position of maximum secondary flow strength and maximum vorticity. Besides, the path of sediments motion coincides with the maximum shear stress points locus.
A. R. Vaezi, S. Rezaeipour, M. Babaakbari,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (Fall 2019)
Abstract
Limited information is available on the effect of residues rates and slope direction on dryland wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) yield. This study was carried out to determine the effects of residues rates and tillage direction on grain yield and yield components of the Sardary wheat in a dryland region in Zanjan. Five wheat residues rates (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% surface cover) were applied and incorporated into soil in two slope directions (along the slope and on contour lines) using the randomized complete blocks design with three replications in a land with 10% slope steepness. Overall, thirty plots with 2m × 5 m dimensions were installed in the field and wheat grain yield and yield components were determined for growth period from 2015-2016. Results indicated that grain yield and yield components were significantly affected by the residues rates and slope direction and their interaction. In contour tilled plots, wheat grain yield (1.78 to per hectare), thousand grain weight (42.26 kg) and wheat height (55.11 cm) were 5.32, 5.01, 16.19 and 1.36 percent more than the plots tilled along the slope. The highest grain yield was found in 75% of residue (2.45 ton per hectare) under contour line direction which was about 53% bigger than control treatment (0% straw mulch) under along the slope. This study indicated that the application of straw mulch before cultivation and incorporating into soil using contour line tillage are proper soil management methods to obtain higher wheat yield in this dryland region.
T. Yousefi Babadi, M. Lotfalianand, H. Akbari,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (Special Issue of Flood and Soil Erosion, Winter 2019)
Abstract
Soil erosion and its consequences are important factors in forest road network management. Cutslopes are the most important source of making sediment among different parts of the forest roads structure. For this research, a new and bare road in district No. 2, series No. 5 of NekaChoob forest, was selected; then the study data was measured. The study design was a completely randomized design in 10 plots with the size of 2 m2 along 500 meters of road with the 8 natural rainfall events. The results of the Pearson correlation showed that among soil properties, the contents of the liquid limit at the 5% confidence level and the plastic limit at the 1% confidence level had positive correlations with runoff and soil loss. Also, organic matter at the 1% confidence level and the contents of the sand at the 5% confidence level had negative correlations with runoff and soil loss. With increasing the soil moisture and bulk density, runoff and soil loss were enhanced. The results of the multivariate model showed that soil loss could be estimated using the Plastic Limit and sand percentage variables with a the correlation coefficient of 0.948.
M. Akbari,
Volume 24, Issue 4 (Winter 2021)
Abstract
The objective of this research was the development of a hydraulic-economic simulation-optimization model for the design of basin irrigation. This model performed hydraulic simulation (design of basin irrigation), using Volume Balance model, economic simulation through calculating sum of four seasonal costs and optimization using NSGAII multi-objective meta-heuristic algorithm. For programming, MATLAB programming software was applied. The optimizations of functional, multi-dimensional, static, constraint, continuous, multi-objective and meta-heuristic were applied for the optimization of the objective functions. Decision variables selected from simulation inputs were calculated in such a way that the hydraulic objective function (minimizing linear combination of seven performance indicators) and economic objective function (total seasonal cost based on sum of water cost, labor cost, basin preparing cost and channel drilling cost) were minimized. Data of one the experimental field was used for the purpose of simulation. After initial simulation, optimization of the experimental field was done using NSGAII multi-objective meta-heuristic algorithm with tuned parameters. Optimization using the suggested model shoed the decrease (improvement) of objective functions rather than initial simulation performance. As a result, the suggested model could be regarded as is a specialized tool for basin irrigation, showing a good performance, despite its simplicity.
M. Ghodspour, M. Sarai Tabrizi, A. Saremi, H. Kardan Moghadam, M. Akbari,
Volume 25, Issue 3 (Fall 2021)
Abstract
The application of simulation-optimization models is a valuable tool for selecting the appropriate cropping pattern. The main objective of this research is to develop a two-objective simulation-optimization model to determine the pattern of cultivation and water allocation. The model performs the optimization with the multi-objective metamorphic algorithm (MOALO) after simulating different states of the cultivation pattern. The decision variables including land and water allocated to ten-day periods of plant growth were designed in a way that the minimum utilization of water resources and economic maximization were identified as target functions. The developed model was used to simulate and optimize the cultivation pattern with an area of 5500 hectares and water allocation of Semnan plain with renewable water at the rate of 60.8 million cubic meters. Harvesting scenarios of 80 (GW80) and 100 (GW100) percent of renewable groundwater and scenarios of change in existing cropping pattern of 30 (AC30) and 60 (AC60) percent were considered and each scenario was simulated with the MOALO algorithm. Optimization using the proposed model in four scenarios improved the water and economic objective functions compared to the initial simulation performance. The results showed that the four proposed scenarios were obtained by minimizing the water objective function and maximizing the economic objective function relative to the current situation (simulation). In general, the proposed model had a good performance despite its simplicity, which is a specialized tool to optimize the crop pattern with water allocation.
N. Pourabdollah, J. Abedi Koupai, M. Heidarpour, M. Akbari,
Volume 25, Issue 4 (Winiter 2022)
Abstract
In this study accuracy of the ANFIS and ANFIS-PSO models to estimate hydraulic jump characteristics including sequence depth ratio, the jump length, the roller length ratio, and relative energy loss was evaluated in stilling basin versus laboratory results. The mentioned characteristics were measured in the stilling basin with a rectangular cross-section with four different adverse slopes, four diameters of bed roughness, four heights of positive step, three Froude numbers, and four discharges. The average statistical parameters of NRMSE, CRM, and R2 for estimating hydraulic jump characteristics with the ANFIS model were 0.059, -0.001, and 0.989, respectively. While, the mean values of these parameters for the ANFIS-PSO model were 0.185, 0.002, and 0.957, respectively. The results indicated that these models were capable of estimating hydraulic jump parameters with high accuracy. However, the ANFIS model was moderately more accurate than the ANFIS-PSO model to estimate the sequence depth ratio, the jump length, the roller length ratio, and relative energy loss.
V. Habibi Arbatani, M. Akbari, Z. Moghaddam, A.m. Bayat,
Volume 26, Issue 4 (Winiter 2023)
Abstract
In recent years, indirect methods such as remote sensing and data mining have been used to estimate soil salinity. In this research, the electrical conductivity of 94 soil samples from 0 to 100 cm was measured using the Hypercube technique in the Saveh plain. 23 types of input data were used in the form of topographic and spectral categories. Land area parameters such as the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), Terrain Classification Index (TCI), Stream Power Index (STP), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and Length of Slope (LS) were considered as topographic inputs using Arc-GIS and SAGA software. Also, salinity spatial and vegetation indices were extracted from Landsat 8 images and were considered spectral inputs. The GMDH neural network was used to model salinity with a ratio of 70% for training and 30% for validation. The results showed that the soil salinity values were between 0.1 and 18 with mean and standard deviation of 5 and 4.7 dS/m, respectively. Also, the results of modeling indicated that the statistical parameters R2, MBE, and NRMSE in the training step were 0.80, 0.06, and 42.1%, respectively. The same values in the validation step were 0.79, 0.13, and 48.7%, respectively. Therefore, the application of spectral, topographic, and GMDH neural network indices for modeling soil salinity is effective.
A.r. Vaezi, S. Rezaeipour, M. Babaakbari, F. Azarifam,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (Fall 2023)
Abstract
Improving soil physical properties and increasing water retention in the soil are management strategies in soil and water conservation and enhancing crop yield in rainfed lands. This study was conducted to investigate the role of tillage direction and wheat stubble mulch level in improving soil physical properties in rainfed land in Zanjan province. A field experiment was done at two tillage directions: up to the downslope and contour line, and five stubble mulch levels: zero, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of land cover equal to 6 tons per hectare. A total of 30 plots (2 m×5 m) were created. The results indicated that water infiltration and water content were considerably affected by tillage direction, whereas its effect on water holding capacity was not significant. This physical property of the soil was influenced by the inherent properties of the soil, including particle size distribution. The change of up to down tillage direction to the contour line increased soil infiltration to 11% and water content to 6%. The physical soil properties were wholly influenced by mulch consumption. Soil water content increased in mulch treatments along with water holding capacity and infiltration rate. The highest volumetric water content was at 100% mulch level (10.62%) which was 11% more than the control treatment. However, there was no significant difference between 100% and 75% mulch treatment. This revealed that the application of 75% stubble mulch in contouring tillage is a substantial strategy for improving soil physical properties and controlling water loss in rainfed lands of semi-arid regions.
M. Farzamnia, M. Akbari, M. Heidarisoltanabadi,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (Winter 2023)
Abstract
The agricultural sector depends largely upon water and energy resources to fulfill sufficient water for producing adequate food for the rapidly growing world’s population. It requires great effort to improve water and energy productivity for agricultural products to provide consumers’ health as well as environmental protection. In this study, the volume of irrigated water, crop yield, water productivity, and the consumed energy for onion crops irrigated with sprinkler or surface irrigation methods under farmer management were measured and compared. The measurements were recorded from 2020 to 2021, on 17 farms across Esfahan Province where onion was a main crop in the region. The measured data from the foregoing two irrigation methods were statistically analyzed using t-test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The outcomes revealed that the volume of irrigated water as well as crop yield was greater for surface irrigation method compared to sprinkler irrigation, and the differences were statistically significant. Moreover, water productivity for onions irrigated with a sprinkler irrigation system was significantly higher (p<0.01) in comparison with onions irrigated with the surface method. In addition, the results indicated a significantly direct correlation between the volume of irrigated water and onion yield, whereas a significantly indirect correlation was observed between the volume of irrigated water and water productivity. A significantly inverse correlation was found between the productivity of energy for irrigation and energy consumption; so, an increase in the energy for irrigation resulted in a decrease in energy productivity. Based on the results of this study, the sprinkler method is more effective than the surface for irrigation of onion.
B. Akbari, H. Khademi,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (Winter 2023)
Abstract
Street dust enters the urban environments due to the resuspension of particles smaller than 100 micrometers. The magnetic properties of street dust and their relationship with the concentration of heavy metals have received less attention from researchers worldwide, and not much study has been performed on this issue in Iran. The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the spatial and seasonal changes in street dust, and (ii) to determine their relationships with the concentration of selected heavy metals in several cities in the Isfahan province. Sampling was carried out in the first half of the second month of each season including 20 samples from Isfahan city and 10 samples from Natanz, Shahreza, Falavarjan, Khomeinishahr, and Najafabad. The concentration of selected heavy metals was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Also, the magnetic susceptibility values of the samples at low and high frequencies were determined and frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility was calculated. The results showed that the presence of ferromagnesian minerals in the parent materials could be the reason for the high values of magnetic receptivity in Natanz City. However, the high level of this characteristic in the street dust of other cities could be due to human activities, especially in Isfahan city. Based on the results of principal component analysis, the high correlation of the first component with magnetic susceptibility and the concentration of zinc, copper, and chromium elements most likely indicates the absorption of these elements by particles close to superparamagnetic (SP). The high correlation of the second component with frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility and concentration of nickel and cobalt is most likely related to the adsorption of magnetic elements and heavy metals into coarse polyhedral particles that remained on the street floor after the re-deposition of street dust particles. Also, the high correlations between magnetic parameters and the concentration of copper and zinc confirm their anthropogenic origin. On the other hand, low or negative correlations of Pb, Ni, Cr, and Co concentrations with magnetic susceptibility might confirm their natural or non-anthropogenic origin. The higher values of magnetic parameters of street dust in the spring season reflect the significant contribution of magnetic minerals in this season, compared to autumn and winter, and indicate the higher influence of human activities.
