Showing 150 results for Irrigation
P. Papan, M. Albaji, R Kh. Peyghan,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (5-2023)
Abstract
Population growth and limited water and soil resources make it necessary to pay attention to the factors affecting food production, including the suitability of irrigation methods with agricultural lands. The objective of this study was to assess land suitability for surface, drip, and sprinkler irrigation methods based on a parametric evaluation system in an area of 250 hectares in the Shahid Rajaei plain of Khuzestan. Soil properties were analyzed, then suitability maps for different irrigation methods were prepared using a geographic information system (GIS). The results showed that for surface irrigation, 704 ha (31.3%) was marginally suitable (S3), 866 ha (38.5%) was currently not suitable (N1), and 680 ha (30.2%) was permanently not suitable (N2). For drip irrigation, 8 hectares (0.4%) are highly suitable (S1), 644 hectares (28.6%) are moderately suitable (S2), 52 hectares (2.3%) are marginally suitable (S3), 866 hectares (38.5%) were currently not suitable (N1), and 680 hectares (30.2%) were permanently not suitable (N2). For sprinkler irrigation, 652 hectares (29%) are moderately suitable (S2), 52 hectares (2.3%) are marginally suitable (S3), 866 hectares (38.5%) are currently not suitable (N1), and 680 hectares (30.2%) were permanently not suitable (N2). According to the results, sprinkler irrigation with an irrigation capability index of 29.9 to 60.7 in 2242 hectares (99.6%) is preferable to other irrigation methods. Drip irrigation in 8 hectares (0.4%) was found to be the most suitable method. The main limiting factors in using all three irrigation methods included salinity, alkalinity, and drainage. Also, soil calcium carbonate was added to the limiting factors in drip irrigation.
F. Meskini-Vishkaee, A. Tafteh, M. Goosheh,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (5-2023)
Abstract
Salinity and water scarcity are limiting factors for sustainable agricultural production. The cultivation of resistant plants to environmental stresses is one of the important management factors for sustainable production. The objective of this study was to determine the water requirement and plant response coefficients to water deficit stress (Ky) in different growth stages under the Khuzestan province climate. This study was performed on the quinoa cultivar Titicaca in Ahvaz City in 2019 in a randomized complete block design with 13 treatments and three replications. Treatments include full irrigation and application of three levels of water deficit stress (30, 50, and 70% of allowable soil moisture depletion) at four different stages of plant growth. The duration of the initial, developmental, middle, and late growth stages of quinoa was 24, 28, 32, and 18 days, respectively (total growth period=102 days). The highest quinoa yield was obtained in full irrigation treatment (3700 kg ha-1) with a water requirement of 312 mm. Plant response coefficient to water deficit stress in the initial, developmental, middle, and late stages were 0.8, 0.65, 0.74, and 0.47, respectively. Although quinoa is a drought-resistance plant, it should be noted that the water stress in the two initial and middle stages (quinoa sensitive growth stages to water stress) reduces the quinoa yield significantly that should be considered in the planning of deficit irrigation.
Sh. Shahmansouri, M.r. Mosaddeghi, H. Shariatmadari,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (5-2023)
Abstract
According to the rapid population growth, the challenging issue of production of economic and suitable food sources has led to greater attention to soilless culture greenhouse production systems. Components of growth media in horticulture are usually selected based on physical and chemical properties and their abilities in providing enough water and oxygen for roots. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using some agricultural wastes (i.e., sawdust and wheat straw) and three rockwool types (i.e., raw, ground, ground, and sieved) as substitutes for commercial greenhouse growing media such as cocopeat and perlite. Several hydraulic, aeration, and chemical properties including easily available water (EAW), air after irrigation (AIR), water holding capacity (WHC), water buffering capacity (WBC), saturated water content (θs), bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), water drop penetration time (WDPT), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured and scored in the growth media. Raw rockwool had larger particles compared to ground rockwool, which resulted in its faster water release. Processing of the rockwool decreased the saturated water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity due to the decrease in particle size. Four growth media were scored as very good and one was scored as good. The highest and lowest scores belonged to sawdust (34) and ground rockwool (30), respectively. The studied growth media with high TP, EAW, and WHC and low BD, EC, and WDPT can be used individually or combined with other commercial substrates for greenhouse growth media.
N. Salamati, M. Moayeri, F. Abbasi,
Volume 27, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to conduct field studies for direct measurement of canola under farmers' management in one crop season (2019-2020) in 27 farms in Behbahan, Khuzestan province. Water requirement was calculated based on the FAO Penman-Monteith model using the daily statistics of the Behbahan synoptic meteorological station. A T-test was used to statistically compare the results such as the depth of irrigation and applied water productivity in the field in different irrigation systems. Linear multivariate regression analysis was used to investigate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent parameter of water productivity. The volume of applied water in the fields ranged from 4085.5 to 7865.3 m3/ha. The results of comparing the average yield of two irrigation systems in the t-test showed that the two sprinkler and surface irrigation systems with yields of 2614 and 2330 kg/ha, respectively, were not significantly different. Applied water productivity in traditional and modern irrigation systems was calculated to be 0.386 and 0.486 kg/m3, respectively, which had significant differences. The results of the analysis of variance in the regression model showed that among the independent variables, yield with t-statistic (23.997) and equivalent beta coefficient (0.880) had the most significant positive effect at a 1% level on applied water productivity. After that, the volume of applied water (irrigation water + effective rainfall) with a t-statistic of (-11.702) and a beta coefficient of equivalent (-0.793) had the most negative and significant effect at the level of 1% on the applied water productivity. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that irrigation events had a positive and significant correlation at a 5% level with applied water and yield. These correlations were 0.455 and 0.380, respectively. By increasing irrigation events, the volume of applied water has practically decreased and has become as close as the plant needs, and has increased water productivity.
H. Jafarinia, A. Shabani, S. Safirzadeh, M.j Amiri,
Volume 27, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Due to the climatic conditions of Iran, increasing water scarcity, and the effect of drought stress on the efficiency of irrigation water consumption and chemical fertilizers application, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals (6, 9, and 12-day intervals), different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (200, 300, and 400 kg urea per hectare) and cultivation methods (on-ridge or heeling up and in-furrow) on yield and productivity of sugarcane as a factorial design based on randomized complete block design in 3 replications at Hakim Farabi Agro-Industry Company in Khuzestan province. The results showed that the maximum (106.73 tons/ha) and minimum (59.10 tons/ha) sugarcane yields were observed in 9-day and 12-day irrigation intervals, respectively. Also, the highest sugarcane yield (99.89 tons per hectare) was obtained in the treatment of 400 kg urea per hectare and the in-furrow planting method resulted in a higher yield compared to the on-ridge planting method. The highest water productivity in sugarcane stem yield and sugar production with 3.55 and 0.34 kg per cubic meter of applied water, respectively, was obtained in a 9-day irrigation interval. A significant increase in water use efficiency in sugarcane stem yield was observed in 400 kg urea/ha compared to the other two fertilizer levels. However, there was no significant difference in water productivity of sugar yield between different fertilizer treatments. The results showed that 6 and 9-day irrigation intervals in most of the studied traits were not significantly different. Therefore, using a 9-day irrigation interval is suggested in the studied area when the sugarcane cultivation area is high and the amount of available water is limited. In-furrow planting method can also be effective in reducing water consumption. Therefore, deficit irrigation and proper nitrogen fertilizer consumption can be very effective in sugarcane cultivation.
S. Aghaei, M. Gheysari, M. Shayannejad,
Volume 27, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Due to water scarcity, it is impossible to utilize all irrigated cropland in arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, dense cultivation with a drip irrigation system that delivers water directly to the plant's root zone is an appropriate choice to enhance water productivity. The objectives of the present study were to compare wheat yield and water productivity under two different water distribution patterns in the drip-tape irrigation system and surface irrigation in full irrigation and deficit irrigation levels. The experimental treatments consist of two irrigation systems (drip-tape (DT), and surface irrigation (SU)), and three different irrigation levels (a full irrigation level (W1), two deficit irrigation levels, the irrigation interval twice, and the same irrigation depth of W1 level (W2), applied half of the irrigation depth of W1 level at the same time (W3)). The SU was implemented in place with 100% efficiency to avoid runoff. The yield in full irrigation level in DT was 5338.4 kg/ha and in SU was 5772.8 kg/ha. Applying deficit irrigation in two irrigation systems has different effects due to various water distribution patterns. In the DT, the most yield reduction was in W2, and in SU was in W3. The highest water productivity in DT was observed in W3 with a 1.44 kg/m3 value. The highest water productivity in SU was observed in W2 with a 1.46 kg/m3 value. For each irrigation system, some type of deficit irrigation management is optimal.
A. Shahnazari, S. Sadeghi,
Volume 27, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
In the present paper, crop pattern criteria have been evaluated relying on sustainable development to increase agricultural water productivity. Seven criteria were selected as the main environmental and economic criteria and were prioritized and reviewed for important and strategic products in the Tajan catchment of Mazandaran province. Criteria prioritization was done using optimization through a genetic algorithm with an objective function based on sustainable development. Then, physical and economic productivity indices were calculated to determine the productivity value. Based on the results, in the selection of the crop pattern, firstly, the category of economic criteria and finally the category of environmental criteria have been given attention to the farmers in the current situation. But in the genetic optimization algorithm, all priorities have a similar order from the environmental point of view and then from the economic point of view although each product has its order of criteria. By this prioritization, the parameters of the cultivated area, the volume of water consumed, and the amount of chemical fertilizers have decreased on average by 26%, 34%, and 21%, respectively, and the parameters of product performance and profitability have increased by 43% and 61%, respectively. In addition to providing environmental standards and increasing sustainable development, this prioritization causes an average increase in physical productivity by 84% and an increase in economic productivity by 72%.
Y. Gateazadeh, H.a. Kashkuli, D. Khodadadi Dehkordi, A. Mokhtaran, A. Assareh,
Volume 27, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
To monitor and compare the changes of salts in the soil profile around the roots of the corn plant, the plant yield, and the productivity of corn water, an Experimental was conducted in a completely randomized block of three repetitions in two crop years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at Ahvaz Agricultural Research Station. Experimental treatments included two subsurface drip irrigation systems with a working depth of 30 cm from the soil surface and tape irrigation and two irrigation intervals of 2 and 4 days. The results of monitoring soil solutes obtained from sampling depths (0-25, 25-50, and 75-50 cm) showed that soil salinity in the second year in both systems as a result of improving the quality of irrigation water from 3.61 dS/m to 2.01 dS/m, it was reduced by two times. The results of soil salinity monitoring showed the highest ratio of salinity reduction with a 2-day irrigation interval in both irrigation systems. The most leaching was done at the irrigation depth of 25-50 cm in the subsurface drip irrigation system and at the depth of 0-25 cm in the tape system. The highest yield of corn dry fodder was 9.13 and 7.13 tons per hectare, respectively, and the best water efficiency based on dry corn fodder at the rate of 13.74 kg/m was obtained in the strip drip irrigation system (tape) with a two-day irrigation interval and in the second crop year. Also, the results of the soil salinity measurement showed that the implementation and exploitation of the drip irrigation system can be the basis for improving the quality of the soil as the most important non-renewable resource of agriculture.
M. Saeidi Nia, H. Mousavi, S. Rahimi Moghadam,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (5-2024)
Abstract
Due to the lack of water resources and excessive evaporation in the country, it is necessary to have a detailed irrigation program and a suitable management method. The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of superabsorbent and mulch in Khorramabad in July 2022 in a factorial combination with a completely randomized design in three replications. The first experimental factor was irrigation water treatment in 4 levels including irrigation that provided 100% water requirement (I100), 80% of crop water requirement (I80), 60% of crop water requirement (I60), and 40% of crop water requirement (I40). The second factor included different corrective materials including plant mulch (M), superabsorbent (S), and control treatment (I). The results showed the maximum amount of wet and dry yield and crop height was related to I100-M treatment, i.e. 100 percent water requirement and compost corrective material, which were 89.52 tons per hectare, 29.42 tons per hectare, and 2.27 meters. The maximum wet and biological productivity for I40-S was calculated as 14.24 kg of wet matter per cubic meter of water and 4.75 kg of dry matter per cubic meter of water. The lowest wet and dry yields were related to I40-M, which decreased the yield of the control treatment by 6.5 percent and 0.9 percent. The lowest productivity was related to the I100-S treatment, which was calculated as 3.13 kilograms per cubic meter of water for biological productivity and 9.14 kilograms per cubic meter of water for wet weight productivity. In general, mulch had a better performance in the treatments where the water stress was low, but when the water stress increased, the performance of the mulch treatments decreased. In the superabsorbent matter, the treatments with complete irrigation or with less stress, yield decreased, but the treatments with increased stress showed better results than most of the corrective materials and the control treatment.
H. Ebrahimi Golbosi, E. Fazel Najafabadi, M. Shayannejad,
Volume 28, Issue 2 (8-2024)
Abstract
Surface irrigation is one of the most common irrigation methods. Due to the low efficiency of surface irrigation, water loss is significant in this system. It is necessary to know the characteristics and coefficients of water infiltration rate in the soil for accurate and adequate planning of surface irrigation. One of the equations used in this field is Phillip's infiltration equation. In this study, the infiltration coefficients of Phillip's equation and Manning's roughness coefficient in border irrigation are determined based on the comparison of the actual advance curve with the advance curve calculated with the dynamic wave model, and the results were compared with the double cylinder method and the two-point method of Ebrahimian et al. (5). The actual infiltration volume was obtained from the difference between the inlet and outlet volumes. The error of the mentioned method in calculating the infiltration volume was 5.53%. Meanwhile, the errors in the double cylinder and two-point Ebrahimian (5) method were 59.62% and 19.08%, respectively. In heavy soils, the longer the length of the border increases, the method is more accurate in estimating Philip's coefficients, while in light soils, the advancing time, which in addition to length is a function of permeability, input discharge, and the slope of the bottom of the bed is increased, the accuracy of the method in estimating Philip's penetration coefficients is increased.
