Showing 43 results for کشاورز
A.a. Shahroudi , M. Chizari,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (1-2008)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the factors affecting farmers’ attitudinal dimensions toward participation in Water Users’ Association (WUA) by comparing two groups of farmers in irrigation networks with WUA and without it. The methodological approach was a descriptive-correlational and causal-comparative study of the survey type. The target population in the study consisted of 2551 farmers of irrigation networks in Khorasan-e-Razavi Province, Iran. Using stratified random sampling technique, 335 participants were chosen. Data were collected through a questionnaire, and analyzed using SPSS, V.13. Content and face validity of the instrument were obtained by the faculty members of Agricultural Extension and Education, Agronomy and Irrigation Departments at Tarbiat Modarres University and also specialists board of Agricultural Jihad Organization and Regional Water Joint-stock Company in Khorasan-e-Razavi Province. The reliability analysis was conducted and cronbach’s alpha values for the various sections of instrument were estimated between 0.73 and 0.86. The descriptive findings of the study showed that the majority of farmers’ overall attitude with respect to participation in WUA was at a good level. The results obtained from Pearson correlation analysis indicated that there are significant and positive relationships between such variables as education level, size of irrigated cultivated landholding, annual income, extension contacts, social capital components, water users’ perceptions regarding irrigation networks status and farmers’ participation status concerning irrigation networks management with the farmers’ overall attitude toward participation in WUA. The result of stepwise multivariate regression analysis indicated that 61.1% (R2 = 0.611) of the variance in farmers’ attitudes with respect to participation in WUA could be explained by farmers’ behaviour regarding optimum farm water management, social participation, social confidence, water users’ perceptions regarding irrigation networks status, farmers’ participation status concerning irrigation networks management. Also, significant differences were found between the two respondent groups in irrigation networks with WUA and without it in relation to farmers’ attitudinal dimensions.
M. Falaki, H. Shabanali Fami, H. Iravani , H. Movahed Mohammadi,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2008)
Abstract
The continuous rapid development of telecommunications and computer-based information technology (IT) is probably one of the biggest factors of change in agricultural extension, which will facilitate and reinforce other changes. There are many possibilities for the potential applications of the technology in agricultural extension, about which attitudes of extension professionals is highly important. The present study was conducted to assess the attitude of extension professionals which can affect the adoption of IT by extension system. The population of the study consisted of 1145 extension professionals working throughout the country in different provinces. Using a stratified random sampling technique, 241 extension experts were selected as the sample for the study. The reliability and validity of the tools of study were confirmed by a pilot study and expert judgment. The results of the study indicated that the respondents had higher knowledge on word processing softwares, windows and file management in the area of computer application. In contrast, in the area of internet application they were mainly interested in getting information from specialized sites, searching by search engines of Yahoo and Google and exchanging e-mails. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the attitude of extension professionals and their age, educational attainments, knowledge of IT, its application and English language proficiency. Meanwhile, there was a significant difference between attitudes of male and female extension experts towards IT.
M. Majidian, A. Ghalavand, N. Karimian, A. A. Kamgar Haghighi,
Volume 12, Issue 45 (10-2008)
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of moisture stress, nitrogen fertilizer, manure and integrated nitrogen and manure fertilizer on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of SC 704 corn (late maturing, non-prolific and dent). In 2005, a field study was conducted in agricultural experiment station of the college of agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. The type of design was randomized complete block with factorial arrangement and three replications. For the study, four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 92, 184 and 276 kg N ha-1), integrated fertilizer (46 kg N ha-1 + 2/5 ton ha-1 FYM, 92 kg N ha-1 + 5 ton ha-1 FYM and 138 kg N ha-1 +7/5 ton ha-1 FYM ) and organic Farm Yard Manure (5, 10 and 15 ton ha-1 FYM ) along with three levels of irrigation (optimum irrigation (control), water stress 75% optimum irrigation and water stress 50% optimum irrigation) were used as treatments. The results showed maximum seed yield was produced with 92 kg N ha-1 + 5 ton ha-1 FYM and average of seed yield was 7976 kg ha-1. Maximum corn seed yield resulted when optimum irrigation water was applied and average seed yield was 7041 kg ha-1. When water stress was imposed in 50% and 75% of optimum irrigation, seed yield was decreased by 33 and 12%, respectively. The best seed yield was obtained with interaction of 5 ton ha-1 FYM and optimum irrigation. Also, maximum water use efficiency was obtained in using 50% of optimum irrigation. Maximum water use efficiency was obtained with interaction of 92 kg N ha-1 + 5 ton ha-1 FYM and imposition of water stress in 50% optimum irrigation. Results showed that adequate nitrogen fertilizer slightly increased corn seed yield under stress, and integrated (nitrogen and manure) fertilizer increased corn seed yield under stress. But seed yield greatly increased with optimum irrigation. Integrated fertilizer application increased seed yield even with severe moisture stress. Application of integrated chemical fertilizers and manure produced better seed yield and also decreased the amount of chemical fertilizers and improved soil physical and chemical characteristics.
E. Vaseghi , A. Esmaeili,
Volume 12, Issue 45 (10-2008)
Abstract
This study used a Ricardian approach to measure the impact of climate change on Iranian wheat production and analyzed potential impacts of further climate changes. The study utilized time series data for the period 1984-2004 pooled over 17 provinces. Results showed that climate change has significant nonlinear impacts on net revenue per hectare of wheat in Iran. The results also showed that rise in temperature and reduction in rainfall by the year 2100 will cause the reduction in land value by 41 %, because of increased greenhouse gas emission.
N Rouhani, H Yang, S Amin Sichani, M Afyuni, S.f Mousavi, A.a Kamgar Haghighi,
Volume 12, Issue 46 (1-2009)
Abstract
Iran, with an average annual precipitation of about 252 mm (413 BCM) and renewable freshwater resources of 130 BCM, has irregular distribution of water resources. With a high population growth rate, agriculture remains the greatest water user in Iran but its production still does not meet the total food demand of the country. Due to unreliable water availability, the competition for water from other sectors and the increasing demand for food and better diets, Iran will experience water stress. In this study, virtual water trade in relation to water resources availability has been assessed as a way of relaxing water stress in Iran. The results showed that from the 21 food products, cereals, pulses, nuts and oilseeds are water-intensive crops according to their estimated virtual water content, while fruits, vegetables and industrial crops are not water-intensive. Considering the volume of virtual water entering the country through food imports, more water will be available for other essential uses. However, the virtual water trade has been developed rather unconsciously regarding water use and crop water productivity during the past two decades. For instance, wheat with a share of 58.5% in the virtual water import to Iran, was the dominant imported crop during 1983-2003. By importing 10.4 Mt of wheat, 11.6 BCM of water has been saved within the country during 1999-2003. However, Iran became self-sufficient in wheat production in early 2005. Consequently, this latest drive for self-sufficiency in the production of wheat, as a water-intensive crop, put tremendous pressure on domestic water resources. The trend in crop trade in terms of quantity and virtual water for other groups of crops has also been shown in the study. Seemingly, crop production and import have been greatly influenced by the weather conditions. With the increasing water scarcity, the role of virtual water in food security is expected to rise continuously in Iran. Thus, conscious virtual water trade as a policy measure in water management and judicious adjustment in agricultural structure will ensure sustainable food security and water availability in Iran.
M Valipour, M Karimian Eghbal, M.j Malakouti, A Khosh Goftamanesh,
Volume 12, Issue 46 (1-2009)
Abstract
Salinization and alkalization are considered spatiotemporal dynamic soil degradation processes. In order to investigate the effects of agricultural activities on land degradation and soil salinity, Shamsabad area in Qom province was selected. Aerial photos (1955) and satellite images (1990-2002) were used to examine the changes in land use. Soil samples were collected from 25 locations in the study area from 0-50 cm and 51-100 cm depth at each location. For comparative purposes, sampling locations in this study were similar to locations used for salinity study in 1983. For each sample, pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), base saturation percentage, exchangeable sodium, lime and texture were measured. Land use and salinity maps were created by using geographic information system (GIS) softwares. Results revealed an increase of 9.5 times in cultivated lands in 47 years. Increase in agricultural activities in the study area has also intensified the pressure on water resource in the area, lowering ground water tables and degrading water quality. In the 0-50 cm soil depth, the average soil ECe was 6.5 dS/m in 1983, which increased to 10.7 dS/m in 2005. If soil salinity trend and pressure on water resources continue, large part of Shamsabad area is expected to change to desert in near future years.
S Salehi, K Rezaee Moghadam, A Ajili,
Volume 13, Issue 47 (4-2009)
Abstract
Variable rate technology-spraying technologies are new aspect of sustainable agriculture. In these technologies, the chemical is applied in the needed level of farm where there is a high intensity of pests and weeds. The purpose of this paper was to study the agricultural specialists' attitude toward and intention to use variable rate technology-spraying technologies in Jihad-e-Keshavarzi organization of Fars and Khuzestan provinces. A survey was conducted using a stratified random sampling to collect data from 249 agricultural specialists. The results showed that the specialists of Fars and Khuzestan provinces have intentions to use the variable rate technology-spraying technologies. The variables including attitude toward application, trialing, perceived usefulness, compatibility, and attitude of confidence all influence the intentions to use the variable rate technology-spraying technologies. Based on high positive intention of agricultural specialists, we recommend the use of these technologies in agricultural practices of the two provinces.
A Khodashenas, A Koocheki, P Rezvani Moghadam, A Lakzian , M Nassiri Mahallati,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (7-2010)
Abstract
Among the biodiversity of soil microorganisms, bacteria have the basic role in soil functions. In order to determine the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria in arid regions, and also to study the effect of agricultural practices on them, a study was conducted in winter wheat fields on Shirvan, Mashhad and Gonabad. In each region, high and low input fields of winter wheat and a natural system for comparison were selected. Use of agricultural inputs was criteria for selection of low and high input fields in each region. Soil sampling was done on fields and natural systems and organic matter content, abundance and diversity of soil bacteria were measured in soil samples. Species richness and abundance of soil bacteria was affected by region and so that natural system of Gonabad has the minimum of species richness among the studied systems and the differences of other systems was not significant. Abundance of soil bacteria in 1 g dry soil was maximum in Gonabad and minimum in Shirvan. Abundance of soil bacteria was affected by organic matter and in low and high input systems of Gonabad and low input system of Mashhad was greater than other systems. Overall, 19 species of bacteria that belonged to 4 genus were detected. Results showed that species richness and abundance of soil bacteria in studied systems were relatively low and agricultural practices have not significant impact on these organisms, so that species richness and abundance of soil bacteria were improved in agricultural systems of Mashhad and Gonabad. Pattern of bacterial diversity showed that regional and agricultural stresses were affected on bacterial function so that in high level of stresses, species richness decreased and function of soil bacteria was restricted to decomposition of organic matter. Therefore, organic matter of soil must be increased and agricultural stresses must be decreased to improve of soil bacterial functions.
H. Kashi, H. Ghorbani, S. Emamgholizadeh, S. A. A. Hashemi,
Volume 18, Issue 67 (6-2014)
Abstract
Change in land use and tillage practices has great influence on soil physical and chemical properties. The present study has focused on the effects of converting undisturbed soil to agricultural lands. Chemical and physical soil properties, infiltration, cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity, pH, bulk density, porosity, sodium, potassium, total Ca + Mg, organic matter percentage, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and lime percentage were measured using standard frequently used methods. Fifty soil samples from agriculture land and other 50 soil samples from undisturbed land were collected from 0 – 30 cm depth and different statistical analysis were performed. Agriculture land is Cultivated for more than 20 years. The results showed that change in land use from undisturbed to disturbed soil did not significantly changed soil organic matter content. Also, soil electrical conductivity showed a huge increase whereas pH showed non-significant changes due to land use change. Unlike pH, SAR, organic matter percentage and lime percentage, some other soil parameters showed significant decrease in quality through land use change. Correlation coefficients of the effective factors were calculated to explain the main reason for lowering soil quality. The results showed that sodium in EC bulk density in porosity and CEC sodium and Ca+Mg in SAR EC in soil infiltration and Ca+Mg in organic matter showed the most correlation.
H. R. Eshghizadeh, M. Kafi, A. Nezami, A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh, M. Karami,
Volume 19, Issue 73 (11-2015)
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine some mineral content concentrations in soils and plants of three elevation classes (1500, 2200 and 3000m) and two phenological stages of flowering and seedling in north facing slopes of Sabalan rangelands. Soil samples from the depth of 20cm and plant samples using 1×1m plots with 10 replications were collected. After sample preparation, the concentrations of minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, ion, copper, zinc and magnesium were determined using spectrophotometer and flame photometer. Data was analyzed by SAS9.1 software using a Completely Randomized Design with a Generalized Linear Model procedure. Results showed that elevation had a significant effect on Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn of soil and P, Na, K, Mg and Mn of plants in the study areas (P&le0.05). Growing stages had a significant effect on all elements of plants except Ca (P&le0.05). Moreover, results showed that in three elevation classes the high demand minerals' concentrations were higher at the starting seedling stage in comparison with the flowering stage. In contrast, the low demand minerals' concentrations in three elevation sites were higher in the flowering stage in comparison with seedling stage. Interaction effect of elevation and growing stage was also significant in relation to all elements except Ca (P&le0.05).
S. Moradnia, R. Naderi, M. Najafi,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (8-2017)
Abstract
In order to investigate the persistence of organic amendments, nitrogen and zinc effects on soil characteristics in rapeseed-wheat rotation, a factor analysis was conducted in a complete random design with three replications in two consecutive years in a greenhouse. Treatments in the first year consisted of N fertilizer, municipal waste compost, vermicompost, sheep manure. The control consisted of zinc and two rapeseed cultivars. In the second year of the experiment, two cultivars of durum wheat were sown in the same pots as the first year of the experiment. Results showed that two years after application of cattle manure, a significant increase in soil electrical conductivity (41.81 %), available K (59.45 %) and available Mn (79.82 %) compared to the control were found. Saturated soil moisture (48.57%), total N (94.66 %), available Fe (46.49 %) and available Cu (47.51 %) significantly increased by municipal waste compost compared to the control. Also, Zinc had a significant effect on soil total N (0.28 %), available K (218.4 mg/kg) and available Mn (12.89 mg/kg). Generally, the results showed that application of organic amendments can change many soil characteristics which some of their impacts might last for next upcoming years. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the soil characteristics and nutrients availability of the fields that were treated with organic amendments in the years after application.
E. Chavoshi, M. Afyuni, M. A. Hajabbasi,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
This study covers a large agricultural and industrial area of Isfahan province, including three types of land use, i.e., agricultural, uncultivated, industrial and urban types. A total of 275 samples from surface soil (0-20 cm) were collected and water soluble fluoride concentrations of them were measured. The spatial structure of water soluble fluoride in the soils was determined by omnidirectional variogram in the GS+ software. The spatial distribution of water soluble fluoride in the soil was mapped by employing the point kriging method in the SURFER software. The results showed that the mean of the water soluble fluoride concentration in Isfahan soils (0.85 mg L-1) was higher than the mean world soils (0.53 mg L-1). The water soluble fluoride showed moderate spatial dependence, indicating that the spatial variability of water soluble fluoride was mainly controlled by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The mean water soluble fluoride concentration was significantly higher in agricultural and urban areas, as compared with the uncultivated land. This could be due to application of phosphate fertilizer in agricultural areas and the atmospheric fallout of fluoride from the industrial sources such as steel factories. According to the generated kriging map, the higher concentration of fluoride was mainly recorded around the Zayande Rood River and in the central and western parts of the study area.
S. M. Seyedan, R. Bahramloo,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
In recent years, with the excessive use of underground water resources in the Malayer Plain, the water level has dropped sharply and underground water resources, which serve as the main source of water supply for the agricultural sector and drinking, the city is facing a serious risk. Because of the relevance of each of the fields with other agricultural fields around, this study was done to show the potential effect of this problem on the welfare. So, in this study, the special econometric method was employed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the welfare of farmers and how it is affected by the exploitation of underground water resources. For this purpose, by using social welfare function, the effect of change in the value of groundwater level of social welfare producers was addressed. The necessary information was collected from 119 questionnaires carried out in 2015 .Moran's I statistics showed that the results of special regression method were better than those of Ols. The results of this study indicates a decline in the welfare loss of groundwater level and the continuation of the harvest of underground water resources would lead to a reduction in access to water and reduced production. The rate of change in return for the welfare of the reduction of every meter of underground water level to cultivate wheat and potatoes was 6983 and 7634 million Rials, respectively.
O. Ahmadi, P. Alamdari, M. Servati, T. Khoshzaman, A. Shahbaee Kootenaee,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (6-2019)
Abstract
Changes in Climate parameters have been accelerated in the coming age, which can affect agricultural activities directly and indirectly. Temperature and precipitation are the most complex climatic factors. Spectral analysis is a scientific and efficient technique used to recognize and detect the hidden behaviors of these variables. In this research, in order to study and analyze the temperature and precipitation return periods using spectral analysis, the statistics of climate parameters (precipitation, mean, maximum and minimum temperature) for a period of 27 years (1989-2015) were used for the sustainable land management. For this purpose, the climatic data of temperature and precipitation entered the MATLAB software environment and Periodogram of each of the climatic parameters was drawn in a separate way. The results of each Periodogram study showed that the absolute minimum of temperature had significant cycles with the return periods of 3.8 and 2.4 years; the absolute maximum of temperature had a significant cycle with a return period of 2.1 years and the mean temperature was significant with a return period of 2.7 years. Also, the review of the Periodogram related to precipitation showed a significant cycle with a return period of 3.4 years. The Results from studying cycles indicated the existence of short-term return periods for climate variables in the region. Given this issue and the need to protect agricultural products, especially garden products, it should be done by applying water and soil resources management methods, including creating terraces and increasing soil roughness; Also, cultivation of appropriate plant species for the suitable regional climatic conditions, Drought resistant and low water requirement, the most optimal conditions could be created for the cultivation of horticultural and agricultural products.
A. R. Alipour, S. H. Mosavi, A. Arjomandi,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Increasing the productivity and conservation of limited water resources in the agricultural sector, especially in the agricultural sub-sectors, is closely related to the revision of the traditional approaches of production system in the agricultural sector of developing countries. The aim of this study was to develop the optimal combination of crop production in Varamin Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Complex as one of the leading agricultural units in the agricultural sector of Varamin County with the emphasis on increasing water use efficiency. For this purpose, the statistical data and information of the 2015-2016 crop year of the complex were used in the framework of the multi-criteria decision making model. The results showed that in the optimum crop pattern in this unit, the priorities of maximizing net energy production and the annual profit as the economic goals would be significantly aggregated with the goal of increasing water use efficiency. Accordingly, in the optimum condition, net energy production was increased by 10%, gross profit was improved by 4%, and water use efficiency was promoted by 15%. Therefore, according to the results, it is suggested that, in order to achieve the economic aspirations and increase water use efficiency in Varamin Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Complex, wheat, alfalfa, silage and maize corn, based on the values calculated in this study, constitute the main combination of the crop production pattern.
M. H. Nasserzadeh, B. Alijani, M. Paydari,
Volume 24, Issue 2 (7-2020)
Abstract
Given the climatic changes and threats to food security in recent years, they have have become a major issue in agricultural climatology. The present study aimed to investigate the status of agricultural climate suitable for the cultivation of rice in the light of the influential climatic conditions in the past. Given the effect of temperature and the amount of precipitations on rice growth and the sensitivity of rice to these two variables, the study examined the predicted future temperature and rainfall and their effects on rice. Data related to the temperature and rainfalls were obtained from the Meteorological Organization. Additionally, the temperature and agricultural potential of the region were considered. By preparing the agricultural calendar for the cultivation of rice, the correlation between temperature, precipitation and rice productivity was calculated using the Spearman Correlation coefficient. By using the SDSM model, future data and temperature and precipitation return period were determined in the SMADA software. The results demonstrated that minimum spring temperature tended to be late spring. The minimum temperature had the highest impact in April, the maximum temperature had the highest impact in July and the maximum rainfall had the highest effect in both June and July. Based on the results of the prediction models, the studied region would experience an increase in temperature and rainfall by providing favorable conditions for the cultivation of rice. However, delays in the cold season and shortness of the growth period increased the risks associated with the cultivation of rice in this period.
H. Fazlolahi, R. Fatahi, K. Ebrahimi,
Volume 25, Issue 1 (5-2021)
Abstract
Water is the most crucial factor for agricultural development. Therefore, the economic evaluation of water resources is critical. The purpose of this paper was to determine the economic value of water resources, to evaluate the financial efficiency and to decide on the price of agricultural water in Arak plain. For this purpose, the economic value of water resources for wheat, barley, alfalfa and corn was identified in 2015- 2016, using the mathematical model developed in this research. The results showed that the financial efficiency was calculated for three alternatives: free-cost water, water cost equal to the 10% of the calculated price and water cost equal to the exact calculated price. The irrigation efficiency of 40% financial efficiency was 2.38%, 1.68% and 0.47% , respectively, for the aformentioned methods, and the irrigation efficiency of 70% financial efficiency was 2.07, 1.92 and 0.71, respectively. Also, the sensitivity analysis of the financial efficiency was performed, with 10% change in the farmers income and costs. The results also revealed that irrigation efficiency and financial efficiency were not aligned when farmers had free water; however, they were aligned when the farmer paid 10% of the calculated price. Financial efficiency was more sensitive to changes in the farmers income when compared to the changes in costs.
S. Moghim, J. Rahmani,
Volume 25, Issue 1 (5-2021)
Abstract
Improper water managements and overuse of surface water and groundwater mainly for agricultural purposes in Iran have led to the drying of many rivers and groundwater. Climate change adds an extra pressure on the water resources. These changes indicate the necessity of adjustment in water management plans. This study used hydroclimatic variables including precipitation and temperature in Urmia Plain to find appropriate crops that needed the minimum irrigation water. In addition, the best time for planting each crop is determined. To find the proper crops for the region, the daily water, as required for each crop, was calculated based on climate condition, crop type, and crop growth stage. The results indicates that grape could be the best crop for the region. In addition, early planting (e.g. in spring) reduced the irrigation water needed due to more rain and soil moisture in spring than summer, which could provide crop water requirement. On the other hand, the increased temperature in spring could satisfy heat units required for the fully grown plants like barley.
H. Babajafari, Sh. Paimozd, M. Moghaddasi, M. Hosseini Vardanjani,
Volume 26, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
Drought is one of the most complex natural disasters due to its slow onset and long-term impact. Today, the use of remote sensing techniques and satellite imagery has been considered a useful tool for monitoring agricultural drought. The objective of the present study was to evaluate spatial and temporal monitoring of agricultural drought in the lake Urmia catchment area with the ETDI drought index which is calculated from Nova satellite images based on actual evapotranspiration from the SEBS algorithm and compared with the ground index SPI. For this purpose, 248 AVHRR sensor images and NOAA satellites during the statistical period of 1998-2000 and 17 meteorological stations with a statistical period of 30 years were used to calculate the indicators. To determine agricultural lands, six thousand points were marked for different uses and their actual evapotranspiration was calculated using the SEBS algorithm. The results showed that with the onset of the drought period in 1998, the ETDI index indicated 9.4% in weak drought conditions in May and 90.6% in normal conditions. Over time, in June of 1998, the situation was different with 95% in a weak drought situation and 5% in a normal situation for the city of Tabriz. In July, the entire catchment area experiences a slight drought. Then, in August, 84% of the basin is in normal condition and 16% in Tabriz and Urmia are declared weak drought. It was also founded that the ETDI drought index due to the combination of visible and infrared bands and its combination with terrestrial data has a physical meaning and has high certainty and predicts drought faster and more accurately.
R. Mousavai, M. Rasouli Sadaghiani, E. Sepehr, M. Barin,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (5-2023)
Abstract
can provide useful information about P adsorption and the factors affecting it. A batch experiment was performed with phosphorus concentrations (0 to 35 mg/L) in two soils with different electrical conductivity (EC) (2 and 15 dSm-1) by a variety of biochar treatments including simple apple-grape biochar (BC), rock phosphate- biochar (BC-RP), enriched-biochar (BC-H3PO4-RP), enriched-biochar (BC-HCl-RP), triple superphosphate (TSP), and control (Cont). The results indicated that phosphorus sorption capacity varied between the soils. Biochar treatments were effective in reducing the phosphorus adsorption of both soils. Due to BC-H3PO4-RP and BC-HCl-RP treatments, the maximum phosphorus adsorption of soils decreased in S1 soil by 14 and 23 % and in S2 soil by 26 and 19%, respectively. Also, the use of these treatments decreased the parameters of Langmuir absorption intensity (KL) of S1 soil to 0.085 and 0.066, respectively and S2 soil to 0.11 and 0.15, L/mg respectively, and Freundlich absorption capacity (KF) of S1 soil decreased to 19.2 and 22.5 and S2 soil to 28.2 and 28.1 L/kg, respectively. Enriched biochars significantly reduced the buffering indices of both soils indicating phosphorus adsorption decreased and increased the availability of phosphorus for the plant. The standard phosphorus requirement of S2 soil was lower than S1 soil by both equations. Therefore, enriched biochar can be an effective strategy to increase phosphorus availability and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in saline and non-saline conditions; however, more field studies are needed for a clear understanding of the potential of P-enriched biochar as a fertilizer alternative.
