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Locating of Watershed Management Operations with MCDM Approach and AHP and ANP Methods (Case Study: Saqezchi-Chay Watershed in Ardabil Province)
R. Dabiri, H. Abghari, A. Ghorbani,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
Management of watersheds and sustainable development today requires the most suitable and fastest method of obtaining and integrating information for optimal management and planning. One of the challenges of watershed management in the stage of planning and implementation of remedial and rehabilitation operations is choosing the appropriate and correct location; to have the necessary maximum efficiency and effectiveness, due to the high cost of mechanical operations and the lack of financial resources, select the right place to construct mechanical corrective dams has particular importance. Therefore, the objective of this research was to locate mechanical watershed management operations with a multi-criteria approach using AHP and ANP decision methods and compare the two methods in the geographic information system environment at the Saqezchi-Chay watershed. The research criteria and sub-criteria of 14 variables included soil (depth and texture), climate (type and precipitation amount), land use and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), hydrological factors and soil protection (flow accumulation, sedimentation rate, and curve number), topography (elevation and slope) and economic and social (distance from the village, from loan sources and the road). Expert judgments for weighting were collected through a questionnaire and in a field method with a statistical population of 29 experts and university professors. The results of this research showed that the ANP method had a significant correlation with the AHP method at the level of 95% and with an intensity of 0.839 and by comparing the prioritization of the two methods with Masonry Check Dams structures implemented in the Saqezchi-Chay watershed, it was determined that the ANP method prioritizes with more accuracy and resolution due to its network nature and increasing the range of changes.

Water and Energy Productivity for Onion Irrigated with Sprinkler or Surface Irrigation Methods on Several Farms in Esfahan Province
M. Farzamnia, M. Akbari, M. Heidarisoltanabadi,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
The agricultural sector depends largely upon water and energy resources to fulfill sufficient water for producing adequate food for the rapidly growing world’s population. It requires great effort to improve water and energy productivity for agricultural products to provide consumers’ health as well as environmental protection. In this study, the volume of irrigated water, crop yield, water productivity, and the consumed energy for onion crops irrigated with sprinkler or surface irrigation methods under farmer management were measured and compared. The measurements were recorded from 2020 to 2021, on 17 farms across Esfahan Province where onion was a main crop in the region. The measured data from the foregoing two irrigation methods were statistically analyzed using t-test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The outcomes revealed that the volume of irrigated water as well as crop yield was greater for surface irrigation method compared to sprinkler irrigation, and the differences were statistically significant. Moreover, water productivity for onions irrigated with a sprinkler irrigation system was significantly higher (p<0.01) in comparison with onions irrigated with the surface method. In addition, the results indicated a significantly direct correlation between the volume of irrigated water and onion yield, whereas a significantly indirect correlation was observed between the volume of irrigated water and water productivity. A significantly inverse correlation was found between the productivity of energy for irrigation and energy consumption; so, an increase in the energy for irrigation resulted in a decrease in energy productivity. Based on the results of this study, the sprinkler method is more effective than the surface for irrigation of onion.

Evaluation of ERA5 Reanalysis Dataset for Simulation of Climatic Variables and Water Harvesting from Humidity (Case Study: Qazvin Province)
S. Koohi, B. Bahmanabadi, Z. Partovi, F. Safari, M. Khajevand Sas, H. Ramezani Etedali, B. Ghiasi,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
Water supply remains a significant challenge in arid and semi-arid regions, and in addressing this concern, unconventional water sources have gained prominence. Notably, the extraction of water from air humidity, classified as an unconventional water source has seen increased adoption. Diverse techniques have been developed to achieve this goal, with the utilization of mesh networks being particularly prevalent. Consequently, this study assesses the evaluation of the performance of the ERA5 dataset in the simulation of atmospheric variables that influence the ability to assess water harvesting from air humidity (including temperature, wind speed, and water vapor pressure). Also, the possibility of water harvesting from air humidity was investigated in Qazvin Province. The outcomes demonstrated the benefit of incorporating adjustment coefficients in estimating temperature and wind speed using the ERA5 dataset. Based on these findings, the northwestern and southern regions of the province (Kuhin and Takestan) exhibit notable potential during spring and summer for water harvesting from the atmosphere. The peak water harvesting for these stations in the summer is estimated at 10.2 and 9.7 l/day.m2, respectively. Using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset, the annual average potential for water harvesting in the stations was evaluated at 7.9 and 4.6 l/day.m2, respectively. Notably, the minimum water harvesting capacity during the summer season recorded in Qazvin is equal to 3.39 l/day.m2, which can be planned for use in irrigation requirements of green spaces, fields, or gardens.

The Evaluation of Interaction between the Water Deficit and Hydrogel Produced based on Biochar on the Growth, Yield, and Oil Content of Thymus daenensis
M. Baki, J. Abedi Koupai,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (5-2024)
Abstract
The improvement of water consumption efficiency is very significant, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this research, the effects of three hydrogel rates (0, 10, and 50 Mg ha-1) and three irrigation regimes (50%, 70%, and 100% of water requirement) on growth, yield, and oil production of Thymus daenensis were studied in a lysimetric experiment. The process of hydrogel synthesis was performed with sodium alginate as the main bone of the polymer and acrylic acid and acrylamide as monomers with the rapeseed meal biochar was made at 300 ºC. The results showed that the essential oil content produced by the plant was impressed by the hydrogel application. The essential oil content increased with an increase in water deficit, but the essential oil yield decreased in the lysimeters with water deficit compared to the ones without water stress. Besides, the application of 50 Mg ha-1 hydrogel caused a 17% increase in the dry matter and a 12% increase in the plant's height. According to the results of this experiment, the application of hydrogel caused the improvement in most characteristics of the Thymus daenensis in water stress conditions.

Evaluating the Efficiency of Field Oven for Quick Measurement of Gravimetric Soil Water Content
F. Gholamzadeh, H. Asgarzadeh, H. Khodaverdiloo, M.r. Mosaddeghi,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (5-2024)
Abstract
This study was conducted in the summer of 2021 to evaluate and validate the gravimetric soil water content measurements using a field oven. Ten soil types with a salinity of saturated paste (ECe) less than 4 dS m-1 and three saline soils were studied around Urmia Lake. Plots with dimensions of 1 m × 2 m were prepared for the selected soils to measure gravimetric soil water content and soil physical and chemical properties. The gravimetric water content (θm) values measured using the field oven (i.e., θmFO), were compared with those measured by a standard lab oven (i.e., θmLO). The soil water content values measured in the lab, regarded as a benchmark, were measured at 105 °C for 24 h. Temperatures of 120, 140, and 160 °C with three durations of 10, 15, and 20 min were used to dry the soil samples in the field oven. There was very good compatibility between the values of θmFO and θmLO when the soil samples were dried in the field oven for 15 or 20 min at all three temperatures. Significant linear relations were obtained between the θmFO and θmLO values as the slopes of linear relations were close to 1, the intercepts of relations were negligible and the distributions of measured data around the line 1 to 1 were unbiased. The minimal effects of soil organic matter content, clay content, salinity, and bulk density on water content measurements by the field oven indicate an important advantage of this method. These results confirm the high efficiency of the field oven for fast and reliable measurements of water content in different soils.

Evaluation of Surface Water Quality of the Gorganrood River Basin for Different Uses with Canadian (CCME) Water Quality Index Approach
A. Zare Garizi, K. Shahedi, A. Matboo,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (5-2024)
Abstract
Water quality characteristics play a crucial role in water resources management, watershed health assessment, and implementing effective management strategies. The objective of this research was to present an overall assessment of the surface water quality in the Gorganrood River Basin to be utilized for developing effective watershed management plans and programs. Various physicochemical water quality data including main anions and cations, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), pH, and total hardness recorded at 25 hydrometric stations across the basin were analyzed and assessed with the Canadian (CCME) Water Quality Index. The mean water quality index for drinking, agriculture, and industrial purposes indicated that headwaters and higher areas generally exhibited better water quality compared to the downstream areas of the basin. Geochemical processes and the introduction of various pollutants during water flow from the headwaters to the basin outlet contribute to a decline in water quality. The highest water quality was observed in the Kabudval and Shirabad stations, whereas the Baghesalian station exhibited the lowest. For drinking water use, hardness, bicarbonate, and chloride were identified as variables contributing to water quality decline in the headwaters and upstream areas. However, these areas predominantly maintained a moderate to good quality for drinking purposes. Conversely, downstream areas experienced a significant deterioration in water quality with higher pollutant levels such as total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfate, and sodium, resulting in relatively poor to poor conditions. Approximately 60% of the stations in the basin had excellent water quality for agricultural use, with no limiting factors. Only three stations near the basin's outlet exhibited relatively poor to poor water quality due to elevated chloride levels, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and electrical conductivity. only 28% of hydrometric stations demonstrated good water quality for industrial use. Hardness, pH, and TDS are the main variables contributing to water quality decline for industrial use in the upstream, while downstream areas are impacted by chloride and sulfate. The outcomes of this study hold significant implications for effective water resources management, watershed preservation, and natural resource conservation in the Gorganrood basin. From industry and especially health aspects, however, more detailed investigations are needed, taking into account some other important variables of water quality (including nitrate, total coliform, fecal coliform, etc.).

Evaluation of Mole Drainage and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Rapeseed Drain Water in Paddy Fields
E. Karamian, M. Navabian, M.h. Biglouei, M. Rabiei,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (5-2024)
Abstract
Cultivation of rapeseed as the second crop requires drainage systems in most of the paddy fields of the Guilan province. Mole drainage, as a low-cost and shallow drainage method that is suitable for rice cultivation conditions and easier to implement than pipe drainage, can be a solution in the development of second-crop cultivation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the drainage of mole drainage and nitrogen fertilizer management on the quantity and quality of drainage at Guilan University. In this regard, an experiment was conducted under two treatments including drainage and nitrogen fertilizer (i.e. traditional mole drainage and sand-filled mole drainage), and 180 and 240 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare in three replications. After each rainfall during the plant growth period, water samples were taken from the drains, and parameters of electrical conductivity, pH, total suspended solids, total phosphorus, turbidity, concentrations of ammonium, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate were measured. Also, the outflow from the drains and the water table level were measured by piezometers during the rain and after that. The results of the mean comparison of pH and total suspended solids showed that most of them were obtained with 7.49 and 281.25 mg/liter, respectively, in the mole drain filled with sand and the traditional mole drainage and 180 fertilizer treatment. The highest mean of electrical conductivity and turbidity was observed as 651 micro mohs/cm in the traditional mole drainage and 240 fertilizer treatment and with 67.76 NTU in the traditional mole drainage and 180 fertilizer treatment. The statistical analysis showed that the effect of drainage treatment on the amounts of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and total phosphorus was not significant. The outflow from the traditional mole drainage was 49% lower than the sand-filled mole drainage. The traditional and sand-filled mole drains were able to drain excess water with average reaction coefficients of 0.8 and 0.83 per day during the growth period, respectively. Considering the speed of water discharge, drain discharge, and the main non-significance of qualitative parameters among drainage treatments, mole drainage filled with sand is recommended for the development of rapeseed cultivation in paddy fields.

The Mutual Effect of Mulch and Superabsorbent on Yield and Water Productivity of Maize (Zea mays) under Deficit Irrigation in Khorramabad Region
M. Saeidi Nia, H. Mousavi, S. Rahimi Moghadam,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (5-2024)
Abstract
Due to the lack of water resources and excessive evaporation in the country, it is necessary to have a detailed irrigation program and a suitable management method. The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of superabsorbent and mulch in Khorramabad in July 2022 in a factorial combination with a completely randomized design in three replications. The first experimental factor was irrigation water treatment in 4 levels including irrigation that provided 100% water requirement (I100), 80% of crop water requirement (I80), 60% of crop water requirement (I60), and 40% of crop water requirement (I40). The second factor included different corrective materials including plant mulch (M), superabsorbent (S), and control treatment (I). The results showed the maximum amount of wet and dry yield and crop height was related to I100-M treatment, i.e. 100 percent water requirement and compost corrective material, which were 89.52 tons per hectare, 29.42 tons per hectare, and 2.27 meters. The maximum wet and biological productivity for I40-S was calculated as 14.24 kg of wet matter per cubic meter of water and 4.75 kg of dry matter per cubic meter of water. The lowest wet and dry yields were related to I40-M, which decreased the yield of the control treatment by 6.5 percent and 0.9 percent. The lowest productivity was related to the I100-S treatment, which was calculated as 3.13 kilograms per cubic meter of water for biological productivity and 9.14 kilograms per cubic meter of water for wet weight productivity. In general, mulch had a better performance in the treatments where the water stress was low, but when the water stress increased, the performance of the mulch treatments decreased. In the superabsorbent matter, the treatments with complete irrigation or with less stress, yield decreased, but the treatments with increased stress showed better results than most of the corrective materials and the control treatment.

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