Showing 26 results for Environment
G. Mohammadinejad, A. M. Rezai,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (7-2005)
Abstract
In this study, the an AMMI analysis (additive the main effects and the multiplicative interaction effects) was used to evaluate the yield stability of nine oats genotypes (4 Canadian cultivars and 5 Turkish breeding lines) and Makoi barley (as ckeck) in the 6 environments (3 dates of planting of Oct.12, Oct.31 and Nov.21 and 3 sowing densities of 300, 375 and 450 seeds/m2). The experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology in 2001. For each environments, a randomized complete block design with the 3 replications was used. According to the results obtained, the main effects of genotypes, environment and genotype X environment interaction effects were statistically significant (p<0.0 1) and 70% of sum of squares was explained by the first two interaction principal components (IPCI). Biplots of genotypic and environmental components of the first and second interaction principal components and the mean yields of the genotypes and environments, pattern analysis of the two significant and also stability statistics of AMMI model (EV2 & SIPC2) revealed that Boyer and Line No. 28 were the most stable genotypes. Boyer had the lowest IPC1 and Pacer and Lines No.2 and 17 were the least stable genotypes with specific adaptation to sowing density of 300 seed/m2. Lines No.32 and 28 indicated the specific adaptions to first planting date (Oct.12) Makoi and Pacer had the specific adaptation to second and third planting date and the second sowing density.
R. Karimizadeh, H. Dehghani, Z. Dehghanpour,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (10-2006)
Abstract
To facilitate the interpretation of data from a genotype by environment experiment (GE), a cluster method is proposed to group genotypics according to their response to the environments especially when the GE interaction is large. The interaction structure of two-way classification data often can be identified if the data stratified into homogeneous subsets. In this paper four GE interaction cluster methods are proposed for this purpose. The stability of the 10 maize hybrids including 9 hybrids that were the best hybrids in yield trials and KSC 301 (check hybrid) were evaluated for 2 years in 4 locations of Iran. The randomized complete block design with 4 replications was conducted for each environment with different layouts. Simple analysis of variance revealed significant genetic differences between hybrids for grain yield. The results of combined analysis of variance indicated that genotype × year, genotype × location, and genotype × year × location interaction effects were significant (P < 0.01). Results also showed that models 1 and 3 and models 2 and 4 had the same responses. Hybrids 8 (K1263/1 × KE8212/12) with high yield stability in both models 1 and 3 were in one group and other hybrids were in another group. In models 2 and 4 results led to 3 groups: Group1 included hybrids 3, 7 and 9 that were very stable and had high yield group 2 included hybrid 1 alone that had medium stability and yield and group 3 included other hybrids that had low stability and yield.
G. Mohammadi Nejad, A. M. Rezai,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (4-2007)
Abstract
This research was conducted at Rsearch Farm of Isfahan University of Technology to evaluate yield stability of 9 Oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes and Makooi barley, to determine the contribution of each environmental factor to genotype × environment interaction, and to find the most stable yield component in these genotypes. Four Canadian cultivars and 5 Turkish breeding lines were included in this experiment. Three dates of planting (12 Oct. 31 Oct. and 21 Nov.) and three sowing rates (300, 375 and 450 seed m2) were used as 6 environments. In each environment a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications was used. Grain yield, No. of panicle/m2, No. of seed/ panicle, and 1000-grain weight were measured. Result of combined analysis of variance showed highly significant (P < 0.01) difference among genotypes for all the studied traits. Significante differences were observed among environments for all the characteristics except for 1000-grain weight. Grain yield and its components showed highly significant genotype × environment interaction ffects. The ratio of genotype × environment interaction sum of square to total sum of square for grain yield (22.37%) was higher than other traits. Stability analysis based on regression coefficient showed that Boyer cultivar and Line No.28 with nearly b=1 and more than average yields were the most stable genotypes. Pacer cultivar and Makooi Barley had specific adaptations with suitable and unsuitable environments, respcctively. Based on deviation mean square, Boyer cultivar was the most stable one among high yielding genotypes. Tai’s path analysis of genotype × environment interaction showed that V3 genotypic component (Seed weight) was the most effective component of stability and yield. Boyer with the highest V3 score was the highest yielding and stable genotype. According to environmtntal component of path analysis, fertilization stage and grain filling period were the most sensitive growth stages to environmental conditions. Therefor, it is not effective to evaluate genotype stability according to V2 component (seed/panicle). Finally, according to the result of this experiment Boyer with grain yield of 5.8 t/ha and stable response in all environments was selected as a suitable cultivar for breeding programs or introduction for commertial production.
H. Zali, S.h. Sabaghpour, E. Farshadfar, P. Pezeshkpour, M. Safikhani, R. Sarparast, A. Hashem Beygi,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (1-2008)
Abstract
Presence of genotype × environment interaction necessitates evaluation of genotypes in a wide range of environments to find desirable genotypes. This study was carried out to determine the stability and adaptability of grain yield of 17 chickpea genotypes, in RCBD with four replications at Kermanshah, Lorestan, Ilam, Gachsaran and Gorgan Research Stations during two seasons (2003-2004). The genotype × environment interaction effect analyzed using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) statistical model was significant at 1% level of probability. The sum of squares of G × E interaction was partitioned by AMMI model into four significant interaction principal component axes (IPCA). The first four principal component axes (IPCA 1, 2, 3 and 4) cumulatively contributed to 94% of total genotype by environment interaction. A biplot generated using genotypic and environmental scores of the first two AMMI components also showed that genotypes FLIP 97- 79, X95TH1 and FLIP 97- 114 were selected as stable genotypes, among which the genotype FLIP 97- 114 was outstanding for high yield stability.
F. Amiri, J. Khajeddin, K. Mokhtari ,
Volume 12, Issue 44 (7-2008)
Abstract
Ordination is the part of statistical ecology which has developed and integrated in recent years. Finding environmental factors which important in ecological structure determination of plant species is the final purpose of ordination. Ordination method was used for finding the effect of important variables on Bromus tomentellus species quantitative and qualitative changes in Esfahan's Fereidan region. For this purpose, fifteen sites were studied. Density, Cover percentage and Soil factors containing EC, pH, % caco3 , % gravel and stone, % clay, % silt, % sand, Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, SAR, C/N and % OC. In A (0-30 cm) and B (30-60 cm) horizons over a line transaction in each site, were measured. The matrix of environmental and species characteristics were prepared. The relationship between environmental and species characteristics were determined using of PC-ORD and CANOCO software's and Redundancy Detrended Analysis (RDA) method. The results show that there are meaningful correlation between Density and Cover percentage with soil factors. The results implicate that C/N factor in A horizon and SAR in B horizon have the most effect on Bromus tomentellus density and cover percentage. EC, pH and …. Factors don't have much effect on Bromus tomentellus species characteristics.
S Kamli, O Alishah, N Babaian,
Volume 13, Issue 48 (7-2009)
Abstract
To assess adaptability and stability of seed cotton yield in promising cotton genotypes, eight cultivars of cotton (Gukorova, Nazeli–84, Khordad, No: 200, Crema, Tabladila, Beli Izovar and Sepid), along with two controls (Sahel and Varamin), were studied in a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with four replications in six regions of Golestan and Mazandaran provinces in two successive years (2005 & 2006). Combined analysis of variance was done and means comparison of yield was conducted based on Duncan's multiple range test. Sepid, Beli Izovar, Varamin and Khordad varieties were superior for yield, earliness, boll weight and boll number, respectively. The result of combined variance analysis showed that, there are significant differences between genotypes and genotype × environment (G.E) interaction effect. Because of significant G.E interaction effect univariete stability parametric and non-parametric stability methods were used to determine genotype stability. The results of varied methods were different. The 43200 and Sepid cotton cultivars had a specific adaptation and were suitable cultivar for fertile lands in north of country, because of good reaction to production high yield. In contrast, Sahel cultivar with lowest yield had broad stability with non-fertile regions. Overall, three genotypes (Khordad, Tabladila and Gukorova) were determined with suitable stability and moderate yield (general stability) for most locations in north of country.
A Esmaeili, F Nasrnia,
Volume 13, Issue 48 (7-2009)
Abstract
Deforestation has been recognized as one of the biggest environmental problems in the world. It is also one of the main elements of land productivity changes and one of the biggest factors which threaten world's environmental diversity. In this study, based on environmental Kuznets theory, factors which may affect deforestation have been investigated. Results obtained from 71 studied countries show that environmental Kuznets curve was not true for them. Population growth helps the speed of deforestation while higher rate of GDP growth decreases its rate. Institutions which help with the improvement of democracy, individual assets, civil right and political liberty can decrease the pressure on natural recourses and deforestation.
S. M. Y. Bidaki, M. A. Hajabbasi, A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh, H. R. Eshghizadeh,
Volume 16, Issue 59 (4-2012)
Abstract
Waste tire rubbers are considered one of the environment pollutants. Increased production of these pollutants has led to more serious consideration of ways to reduce the harms caused by their accumulation in the environment. Therefore, the effects of incorporation of waste rubber crushed particles in two sizes of 1-2 and 3-5 mm and the amounts of 0, 5, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1 in a calcareous soil (0-30 cm depth) on some chemical properties of soil was investigated in Isfahan University of Technology research field (Lavark). This experiment was performed using seven treatments along with a non amended control treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 1387. Eight months after incorporation, soil samples were collected for laboratory analyses. Results of ANOVA tables show that soil pH, electrical conductivity, percentage of total nitrogen and DTPA-extractable concentrations of cadmium, lead, copper and iron were not significantly affected by application of rubber particles. Incorporation of rubber particles into the soil significantly increased soil organic carbon and carbon to nitrogen. Increases in the DTPA-extractable Zn in soils treated with 10 and 20 Mg ha rubber particles in fine and coarse sizes were significant in comparison with the control soil. DTPA-extractable Zn content in the soil treated with 10 and 20 Mg ha 3-5 mm waste tire rubbers particles was about two and three times higher than that in the control treatment, respectively. The results of this study showed that in short-time, incorporation of crushed tire rubbers particles had no significant effect on most chemical properties of the soil but increased the available Zn content. In this regard, further studies to monitor the effects of adding waste rubber crushed particles on organic matter mineralization, plant toxicity and physical properties of soil in long-term are recommended.
M. Arabi, A. Soffianian , M. Tarkesh Esfahani,
Volume 17, Issue 63 (6-2013)
Abstract
Physicochemical characteristics of soil, land cover/use and human activities have effects on heavy metals distribution. In this study, we applied Classification and Regression Tree model (CART) to predict the spatial distribution of zinc in surface soil of Hamadan province under Geographic Information System environment. Two approaches were used to build the model. In the first approach, 10% of total data were randomly selected as test data and residual data were used for building model. In the second approach, all data were used to build and evaluate the CART model. Determination coefficient (R2) and Mean Square Error (MSE) were applied to estimate the accuracy of model. Final model included 51 nodes and 26 terminal nodes (leaf). Calcium carbonate, slope, sand, silt and land use/cover were determined by the CART model to predict spatial distribution of Zn as the most important independent variables. The regions of western Hamadan province had the highest concentration of Zn whereas the lowest concentration of Zn occurred in the regions of northern Hamadan province. The results indicate good accuracy of CART model using R2 and MSE indices.
N. Shafiee, H. Shirani,
Volume 17, Issue 66 (2-2014)
Abstract
Copper is considered as one of the most important nutrient elements for plants. If its contents are concentrated higher than the standard value it can be considered as a pollutant element. The content of absorbable copper in the area around Sarcheshmeh copper mine can be significantly high. In this study, samples of soil were collected in summer through a particular sampling method with chimneys of Sarcheshmeh plant as the center of sampling area within a radius of 6km, in three different directions (Rafsanjan, Sarcheshmeh City and Sarcheshmeh mine) and. The total concentration of absorbable copper and some chemical properties of soil (i.e. pH and EC) were measured for 122 surface samples (depth of 0 to 35 cm). There was a significant negative regression between pH and total absorbable copper content, and a significant negative regression was observed between EC and total absorbable copper content. The best fitted model was spherical model, and Ordinary Kriging was applied to map the absorbable copper content. Results showed that most concentration of copper occurred in the Rafsanjan direction. Also, regarding wind orientation which blows towards Rafsanjan, the chimneys probably have a significant effect on increasing copper content in Rafsanjan moreover, the copper content is substantially higher around chimneys than other areas. Also, transition of copper elements from chimneys by wind can be significant up to 4 km from Sarcheshmeh plant.
M. Ebrahimi, M. Jafari, E. Rouhimoghaddam,
Volume 19, Issue 72 (8-2015)
Abstract
The present study was conducted to increase phytoextraction efficiency of Festuca ovina L. in lead contaminated soil in the EDTA-assisted (0, 1.5, 3, 1.5+1.5, 3+3, 6 mmol kg−1), assess the best time of plant harvesting to increase Pb uptake and method of EDTA application to reduce Pb leaching risk. The results revealed that the greatest Pb uptake was observed in 3EDTA treatment. Therefore, 3mmolkg-1 was used in the second step for assessing harvest time for 15, 30 and 45 days. Results showed that the concentration of Pb in plant tissues was increased with the passage of time and the best harvest time to achieve maximum removal of Pb was 60 days of the first harvest. In the third step to reduce leaching of Pb-chelate, 3mmolkg-1 EDTA in five ways of single, double, triple, quadruplet, quintuplet were added to the soil. The results indicated that under quintuplet application, Pb content reached its minimum concentration in the soil and in the plant organs, the Pb concentration was maximum and metal concentration in the plant organs did not vary significantly when triple, quadruplet and quintuplet dosages were added (p<5%). Overall, optimum phytoextraction of F. ovina L. and Pb leaching reduction were achieved when 3mmol kg−1 EDTA was added in quintuplet dosage and the plant was harvested at the end of growth stage.
S. Molaei, H. Shirani, M. Hamidpour, H. Shekofteh , A. A. Besalatpour,
Volume 19, Issue 74 (1-2016)
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of vermicompost, pistachio kernel and shrimp shell on the immobilization and availability of Cd, Pb and Zn in corn in polluted soils. Treatments consisted of two levels of pistachio kernel, shrimp shell and vermicompost (5 and 10 % w/w). In control treatment, no amendment was added to the soil. The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Plants grew for two months in the greenhouse. Then, all the plants were harvested and their shoots and roots were separated, washed with distilled water and oven dried at 65 °C to a constant mass. The measured characteristics were dry weight of shoots and roots, leaf area, greenness index, chlorophyll fluorescence, maximal quantum yield of PS photochemistry (Fv/Fm), performance index (PI), and total concentrations of Cd , Pb and Zn in shoots and roots. Results showed that plant growth parameters (dry weight of shoots and roots, leaf area) and photosynthetic characteristics (chlorophyll fluorescence, Fv/Fm, and PI) were higher in plants grown in vermicompost and pistachio kernel treatments as compared to those grown in control. Plants died in shrimp shell treatment after two weeks. The concentration of Cd, Zn and Pb in shoots and roots of plants grown in vermicompost and pistachio kernel treatments were lower than those grown in control.
H. Sarmadi, E. Salehi, L. Zebardast, M. Aghababaei,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Since the introduction of cities and urbanization, healthy water supplement and urban wastewater treatment have been considered as an important factor to evaluate progress in the urban areas. Tehran as a megacity is facing the lack of water. Tehran water supplement is far from its area; therefore, Tehran-Karaj plain has been considered in this study. So, Tehran water quantity index using the DPSIR model (Driving force, Pressure, Status, Impact and Response) in a period of 3 years (2008-2010) was considered in this paper. Driving forces included population, urbanization, green spaces, and industries. Pressures on urban water included water consumption, water losses, rainfall and evaporation. Then, Tehran water quantity status was investigated based on the existing water in dam reservoirs and groundwater resources. Their impacts on urban area were evaluated and finally, appropriate responses were presented. Some of the presented approaches included industries transmission, improvement of water consumption pattern, improvement of the water treatment plants status and unconventional water resources reuse, identification and rearrangement of subterranean, improvement of irrigation systems operation, and reduction of Tehran urban population.
S. P. Mousavi, M. A. Asghar Mokhtari, Y. Khosravi, A. Rafiee, R. Hoseinzade,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
In this study, the distribution of heavy metals pollution including arsenic, antimony, nickel, copper, cadmium, cobalt, bismuth, lead and zinc in the stream sediments of Zarshuran- Aghdarreh area was investigated by using statistical techniques and the geometric integration of each sample basin. For this purpose, the degree of pollution in 154 stream sediment samples was analyzed and the distribution maps for enrichment factors were prepared by using a combination technique, pixel estimation, and statistical and geostatistical methods. The results of calculating the enrichment factors indicated that the higher enrichment was related to arsenic, antimony, bismuth, cadmium and lead. Furthermore, the concentration of zinc, copper, lead, arsenic, antimony, cadmium and bismuth in the stream sediment samples was higher than the global average. Application of the principal component analysis on the data led to the recognition of 9 main components for the dataset; the first 5 were components with eigen values greater than 1 and a cumulative percentage more than 85%. Arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead and zinc in the first component, cobalt in the second component, bismuth in the third component, copper in the fourth component and nickel in the fifth component had the highest values.
A. Khatoon Abadi, E. Parvizi, M. Ataie,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
In the recent decades, dams have paradoxically been considered as a constraint and or a driving force of surface water conservation. On the other hand, dams have had a number of socio-economic and environmental impacts, the main reason for conducting the current case study on Shah-Qasem Dam in Yasouj, Iran, was to employ the survey field research through a questionnaire to assess the rural peoples’ viewpoint; this was done in four villages of the Southern Sar’roud County. Based on the (Cochran) formula, 192 individuals were relatively selected from each village. According to the findings, the most important impact of the dam was mainly economical (the average impact was between 2.37 and 3.7), whereas the least one was environmental (the average impact was between 1.81 and 3.54). Also, the results of the hypotheses’ analyses by means of 2 and Wilcoxon showed the following results: rise of the villages’ income, increase of the cultivated farms, increase in the employed individuals, enhancement of the cultivated crops, the regions production rising, improved tourism, lack of people’s participation in the decision making process, and reaming of the same plant varieties in the area, as compared with the pre-dam era. It is worth considering, however, that based on the statistical population used, this study was concerned mainly with the short benefits of the dam, rather than its long-term destructive ones.
Z. Ghorbanpour, O. Abessi, F. Kardel,
Volume 24, Issue 4 (2-2021)
Abstract
Drilling material from the tunnel of the Tehran-Shomal highway was estimated to be about 2.5 Million Cubic Meters by the project authorities. Sadly, from the beginning, the drilling materials had been deposited on the open space in the floodplain of the Chaloos river with slightest environmental considerations. During the previous years, weathering and leaching from the drilled materials besides the discharge of drain water from the tunnel had led to seriouse contaminations and the deterioration of the water quality of the Chaloos river. In this paper, the ecological risk of nonorganic pollutants due to drilled materials was investigated. The sampling was done from the excavated materials and river sediment in five different locations throughout a complete year. From the many pollutants, Nickel, Cadmium and Copper were chosen to be investigated. The results showed that almost 15 percent of the samples had a high degree of pollution, while 60 percent of them were clean and the other 25 percent included the highly contaminated ones. All samples were also estimated to have a low to high ecological risk.
M. Masoomi, M. Pourgholam-Amiji, M. Parsinejad,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
In this study, the Drainmod-S model was used to vary soil salt concentration and the effect of underground drainage on the amount of leaching in a physical model (large lysimeter). A soil extractor was installed at depths of 40, 50, and 70 cm at a distance of 35 cm from the drainage to measure the salinity of the soil solution. In this study, three scenarios were applied including salinity profiles under conventional conditions (mid-season and end-season drainage), soil salinity profiles under different drainage conditions, and prior scenarios with saline irrigation. The second and third scenarios were applied in four drainage stages, respectively. These stages include transplanting and mid-season drainage (days 15 to 20), mid-season drainage (days 35 to 40), mid-season and end-season drainage (days 55 to 60), and end-season drainage (days 75 to 80). The results showed that after simulating the total solute concentration overtime at a depth of 40 cm and comparing it with the measured values, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.77 indicating an acceptable Drainmod-S model simulation. This parameter for simulating solute concentration at 50 and 70 cm depth was 0.76 and 0.75, respectively. The mean absolute error parameter (MAE) value was also negligible.
S. Azadi, H. Nozari, S. Marofi, B. Ghanbarian,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
One of the strategies for agricultural development is the optimal use of irrigation and drainage networks, which will lead to higher productivity and environmental protection. The present study used the system dynamics approach to develop a model for simulating the cultivated area of the Shahid Chamran irrigation and drainage network located in Khuzestan province by considering environmental issues. Limit test and sensitivity analysis were used for model validation. The results showed the proper performance of the model and the logical relationship between its parameters. Also, the cropping pattern of the network was determined in two modes of non-stepwise and stepwise changes to determine the optimal cultivated area of the Shahid Chamran network with environmental objectives and minimize the amount of salt from drains. The results showed that the amount of optimized output salt from the network has decreased in both non-stepwise and stepwise changes compared to the existing situation in the region. The total output salt in the current situation, from 2013 to 2017, was obtained at 2799, 2649, 2749, 2298, and 2004 tons.day-1, respectively, in the stepwise changes, are 2739, 2546, 2644, 2223, and 1952 tons.day-1, and finally, in the non-stepwise changes, are 2363, 2309, 2481, 2151, and 1912 tons.day-1. The results showed that the non-stepwise changes due to considered limitations have been more successful in reducing output salt than the stepwise changes. The analysis of the results showed the model's success in optimizing and achieving the desired goals. The results showed that the present model has good accuracy in simulating and optimizing the irrigation network, cropping pattern, and defining other scenarios.
S. Najmi, M. Navabian, M. Esmaeili Varaki,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
The increasing need for water resources and controlling the discharge of wastewater into the environment shows the necessity of wastewater treatment. Green methods such as constructed wetlands and phytoremediation use biological processes in the environment for wastewater treatment. Considering the effect of cultivated constructed wetland performance from wastewater quality and climatic factors, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of hybrid and subsurface vertical and horizontal wetlands to improve the biological and chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater treatment plant in Rasht City. The effect of Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia plants on the treatment performance was investigated. Wastewater retention time in wetlands varies from monthly in winter and weekly in spring and summer. The results showed that the performance of wetlands in reducing biological oxygen demand (BOD) was more than chemical oxygen demand (COD). Plants improved the performance of the wetland by more than 50%, but no significant difference was observed between the performances of the two plants. The arrangement of the plant's cultivation was not effective in the amount of biological and chemical oxygen removal. The hybrid wetland was able to improve the wastewater quality twice as much as the vertical wetland. Comparing the concentration of the effluents from the wetlands with the standards showed that the effluents from the hybrid wetlands could only be used for agricultural consumption.
B. Akbari, H. Khademi,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
Street dust enters the urban environments due to the resuspension of particles smaller than 100 micrometers. The magnetic properties of street dust and their relationship with the concentration of heavy metals have received less attention from researchers worldwide, and not much study has been performed on this issue in Iran. The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the spatial and seasonal changes in street dust, and (ii) to determine their relationships with the concentration of selected heavy metals in several cities in the Isfahan province. Sampling was carried out in the first half of the second month of each season including 20 samples from Isfahan city and 10 samples from Natanz, Shahreza, Falavarjan, Khomeinishahr, and Najafabad. The concentration of selected heavy metals was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Also, the magnetic susceptibility values of the samples at low and high frequencies were determined and frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility was calculated. The results showed that the presence of ferromagnesian minerals in the parent materials could be the reason for the high values of magnetic receptivity in Natanz City. However, the high level of this characteristic in the street dust of other cities could be due to human activities, especially in Isfahan city. Based on the results of principal component analysis, the high correlation of the first component with magnetic susceptibility and the concentration of zinc, copper, and chromium elements most likely indicates the absorption of these elements by particles close to superparamagnetic (SP). The high correlation of the second component with frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility and concentration of nickel and cobalt is most likely related to the adsorption of magnetic elements and heavy metals into coarse polyhedral particles that remained on the street floor after the re-deposition of street dust particles. Also, the high correlations between magnetic parameters and the concentration of copper and zinc confirm their anthropogenic origin. On the other hand, low or negative correlations of Pb, Ni, Cr, and Co concentrations with magnetic susceptibility might confirm their natural or non-anthropogenic origin. The higher values of magnetic parameters of street dust in the spring season reflect the significant contribution of magnetic minerals in this season, compared to autumn and winter, and indicate the higher influence of human activities.
