Showing 19 results for Asadi
S. Ghadiri Rad, B. Hatami, G. Asadi,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (winter 2003)
Abstract
The biology of predatory fly, Leucopis glyphinivora Tanas. was studied under greenhouse conditions. Adult longevity was 8 days and the average fecundity was 35.7 eggs. Incubation period, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd larval instars and puparium duration averaged 2.7, 2.16, 3.48, 5.7 and 8.45 days, respectively. Each generation lasted about one month. The predator efficiency was studied by applying the egg together with the adults of A. fabae at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16 on broad bean. First larval instar was exclusively feeding on small nymphs (1st and 2nd nymphal instars) of aphid. Predator:prey ratios of 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16 decreased the number of prey to 97.9%, 98.8% and 61%, respectively, but ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 were unsuccessful in decreasing the number of preys due to predatory larvae leaving the host plant for searching small nymphs of aphid. As a result, the predatory larvae were efficient merely in a particular range of aphid density and age structure.
A. A. Gheisari, O. Saraeian, M. Toghiani, D. Asadian,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (fall 2003)
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of using cotton-seed meal on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens at different ages. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates for each treatment. The experimental treatments included the levels of 0, 3.5, 7, and 10.5% of cotton-seed meal in diets fed to chickens at 7-21 days of age. Except for the control group, these levels for grower (21-42 d of age) was increased to 7, 14, and 21% and for finisher (42-56 d of age) to 14, 21, and 21%, respectively. For the purposes of this study, 260 day-old chicks were reared in litter until 7 days of age. On day 7, chicks were divided into 20 pens with 13 chicks in each pen. NRC (1994) recommendation was used in balancing experimental diets. The chickens were weighed weekly throughout the experimental period (7-56 d). The main observations were body gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Physical analysis of carcass was done at the end of the experimental period and percentages of carcass, abdominal fat, liver, pancreas and digestive tract to live body weight were calculated.
The use of cotton-seed meal and the increase of the levels through different ages had no significant effects on body weight, daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and carcass components. Increasing the level of cotton-seed meal in the diet at 7-21 days of age had significant effects on feed intake (P<0.05) and increased it. The results of this experiment indicate that we can use cotton-seed meal at levels of 7,14, and 21% of diets, respectively, in starter, grower and finisher stages without having any adverse effects on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens.
A. Asadi Alamoti, M. Alikhani, Gh. Ghorbani, A. Samie,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (fall 2004)
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of millet silage prepared in laboratorial mini silos and to determine the effects of additives on its fermentation quality. Whole millet (Panicum milliaceum) was harvested at milk and soft-dough stages of maturity, left untreated or treated with ground barely, molasses, formic acid, lactic acid producing bacteria, and combination of molasses plus inoculant, and were ensiled in a completely randomized design in 2×6 factorial arrangement. Stage of maturity had no significant effect on NDF and ADF, buffering capacity, residual water soluble carbohydrate, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and in vitro dry and organic matter digestibility however, values for dry matter, crude protein and pH were significantly different. Loss of dry matter, elevated NH3-N (24% of total nitrogen) and increased butyric and acetic acid levels (.2 and 1.33% DM, respectively) in control silage indicated clostridial fermentation. Between treatments, the lowest NH3-N was observed for silages treated with formic acid. Molasses and molasses plus inoculant produced higher lactic acid and lower butyric acid. Higher in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility showed positive effects of additive usage compared to control group. Addition of molasses and molasses plus inoculant resulted in higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (63.1 and 64.3 %, respectively), but no significant differences were observed between barely, formic acid and inoculant treated silages. Results of this study clearly showed the need for adding a source of water soluble carbohydrates to millet in order to obtain a good quality silage. Also inoculation of lactic acid bacteria does not necessarily promote homolactic fermentation if insufficient amounts of water soluble carbohydrates are presented.
F. Raiesi Gahrooee, E. Asadi, J. Mohammadi,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (fall 2005)
Abstract
Over-grazing may induce changes in the dynamics of plant residue carbon and soil organic carbon (SOC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the litter quality of three dominant pasture species, and the relationship between litter quality and C dynamics under different range managements in native rangelands of SabzKou. Aboveground litters from three dominant species including, Agropyron intermedium (AP), Hordeum bulbosum (HB) and Juncus stenophylla (JU) were collected in an area protected from grazing for 15 years. Concentrations of N, P and K in litter samples were determined. Litter decomposition was also studied by using a litter bag experiment. Bagged litters were incubated under field conditions at grazed and ungrazed sites for one year. Concentrations of N in litters were 1.37, 1.36 and 0.98, respectively, for AP, JU and HB. Assuming 50 % C in the litter, C/N ratios of litters were 37.2, 37.3 and 51.1, respectively, for AP, JU and HB. The litters of AP, JU and HB contained, respectively, 0.13,0.12 and 0.21 % of P, and 1.04, 1.01 and 1.72 % of K. Results indicate no significant (p>0.05) and consistent difference in litter decomposition rates between grazed and ungrazed areas. The three pasture species, however, showed significant (p<0.01) differences in litter decomposition rate. It is appearing that the trend in litter decomposition of these plant species correlates initially with litter C/N ratio, but other quality parameters of litter as well as soil environmental conditions would likely affect the litter decomposability in advanced stages of decomposition process.
M. Sepehri, N. Saleh Rastin, H. Asadi Rahmani, H. Alikhani,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (spring 2006)
Abstract
Heavy metals have deleterious the effects on nodulation and N2 fixation of Rhizobium- Legume symbiosis, due to their inhibitory effects on the growth and activity of both symbionts. This research has been undertaken to evaluate the effect of Cd tolerance of native rhizobial strains on diminution of the Cd detrimental effects on Sinorhizobium meliloti-alfalfa symbiosis. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted based on Randomized Complete Block Design. The treatments in this experiment included: plants inoculation with 6 bacterial strains (sensitive, partially tolerant and tolerant to Cd), 5 levels of Cadmium (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg soil) and non-inoculated control. In different levels of Cd, the effects of bacterial inoculation on root nodule number and total amount of nitrogen in plant shoot were compared. The results indicated that soil pollution by Cd even at 2 mg/kg had significant effect on symbiotic properties of rhizobial strains, and according to Cd tolerance of various strains, the mentioned effect was different. Decreasing effect of Cd concentration on root nodules and nitrogen concentration in plants that were inoculated with sensitive strains in comparison with plants inoculated with tolerant strains was 68.31% and 40.8%, respectively. In this research, R95m was introduced as the best strain because of its ability for nodulation and nitrogen fixation.
A. Safadoust, M. R. Mosaddeghi, A. A. Mahboubi, A. Nouroozi, Gh. Asadian,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (fall 2007)
Abstract
The increased potential for soil erosion and compaction due to continuous row crop production and intensive tillage is causing some concern and has led to the consideration of reduced tillage techniques as part of the solution. The objective of this study was to investigate the short-term (one-year) influences of different management practices on the physical properties of a sandy loam soil under corn crop. Treatments were the combinations of three tillage systems (no-till, NT chisel plow, CP and moldboard plow, MP) and three composted cattle manure rates [0, 30 and 60 ton (dry weight) ha-1]. The experiment was carried out in a split-plot design. Three replicates of the treatments were applied in a randomized block design. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), total porosity (TP), macro-porosity (Macro-P), micro-porosity (Micro-P) of soil and mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, were measured to a depth of 22.5 cm when 100 percent of the tassels appeared. Tillage and manure combination had significant effects on Log[ Ks], TP, Macro-P and Micro-P. The MP system increased pore space and continuity due to complete inversion and loosening, and as a result Ks, TP, Macro-P and Micro-P were higher than NT system. Higher Macro-P observed for CP might have caused higher Ks versus MP. Reduced tillage systems increased MWD and the increment of manure caused an increase in MWD over all tillage treatments. The results indicate short-term positive effects of manure application on soil pore size characteristics and aggregate stability under moldboard and chisel plowings in the region.
M Motamednia , S.h.r Sadeghi, H Moradi, H Asadi ,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (sumer 2010)
Abstract
An extensive data collection on precipitation and runoff is required for development and implementation of soil and water projects. The unit hydrograph (UH) is an appropriate base for deriving flood hydrographs and therefore provides comprehensive information for planners and managers. However, UH derivation is not easy job for whole watersheds. The development of UH by using easily accessible rainfall data is then necessary. Besides that, the validity evaluation of different statistical modeling methods in hydrology and UH development has been rarely taken into account. Towards the attempt, the present study was planned to compare the efficiency of different modeling procedures in hydrograph and 2-h representative UH relationship in Kasilian watershed with concentration time of some 10h. The study took place by using 23 storm events occurred during four seasons within 33 years and applying two and multivariable regression models and 36 variables. According to the results, the median of estimated errors in estimation of 2-h UH dependent variables for verification stage varied from 37 to 88%. The results verified the better performance of cubic and linear bivariate models and logarithm-transformed data in multivariable model as well. The efficiency of multivariable models decreased when they were subjected to principle component analysis. The performance of backward method was frequently proved for estimation of dependent variables based on evaluation criteria, whereas the forward was found to be more efficient for time-dependent factors estimation.
H Asadi , H.r Moradi, A.r Telvari, S.h.r Sadeghi ,
Volume 14, Issue 53 (fall 2010)
Abstract
The Clark method is one of the most applicable techniques for development of instantaneous unit hydrograph whose efficacy depends upon the accuracy in estimating storage coefficient. The present study was conducted in Kasilian watershed in Mazandaran Province to determine the efficiency of developed hydrograph using Clark's method and to compare the Muskingum storage coefficients obtained through graphical, Clark, Linsley, Mitchell, Johnstone-Cross and Eaton methods. To this aim, the time-area histogram of the study watershed was initially developed. The 3h-unit hydrograph was then derived using the data collected in Sangedeh climatological and Valikbon hydrometric stations. The efficiency of Clark’s instantaneous unit hydrograph developed based on 6 methods for calculation of Muskingum storage coefficient was ultimately compared with the observed average 3h-unit hydrograph of the study area. The results of the study revealed that the Clark’s instantaneous unit hydrograph obtained from graphical method for estimation of storage coefficient with estimation error of less than 33.33% and efficiency coefficient of 83% could suitably simulate different components of the observed average unit hydrograph for the study watershed.
Shahinrokhsar , Shokri , Asadi, Davari, Peyvast,
Volume 14, Issue 53 (fall 2010)
Abstract
Nowadays in the world, soilless culture as a kind of technique is known to give vegetable crops higher yield and quality. This experiment was conducted at research greenhouse of Agriculture and Natural Research Center of Golestan province in spring 2005. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of irrigation frequency and substrates on yield and fruit quality of greenhouse tomato (CV. Hamra). Irrigation was carried out for 4, 8 and 12 times a day. The substrates were Perlite, Leca and Perlite + Leca (1:1, w/w). The experimental design was factorial in the form of randomized complete design with four replicates. The substrates used in the experiment had no effect on most factors. However, TA (0.43 mg/100 l) and fruit set (48%) were increased significantly by perlite and Leca substrates, respectively. The results indicated that higher and lower marketable yields were obtained from plants irrigated 12 (1830.5 g/plant) and four times (1156.7 g/plant) per day, respectively. Also increasing irrigation schedule decreased the Titratable acidity but didn't significantly affect the other factors. According to these results, Irrigation of 12 times per day and Leca substrate increased vitamin C and marketable yields, leading to optimum quality and quantity fruit set and the decreased TA (0.33 mg/100 l) in fruits in this treatment.
Z. Arabi , M. Homaee , M. E. Asadi ,
Volume 14, Issue 54 (winter 2011)
Abstract
In this study, the effects of enhancing synthetic chelators (HEDTA, EGTA) and low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) such as citric acid were compared on cadmium (Cd) solution in soils that were artificially contaminated. Also Cd phytoextraction capability by radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) was studied. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete factorial design where each treatment was replicated three times. Concentration treatments of cadmium using CdCl2 were 0(control), 5, 20, 60 and 100 mg Cd kg-1. After complete growth of plants, 6, 20 and 20 mMkg-1 soil HEDTA, EGTA and Citric Acid were added per pot, keeping a control without any chelator application. In order to determine cadmium concentration ten days after adding chelates, samples were taken from the plants and soil of pots. The results showed that in all treatments the concentration of soluble Cd in soil was higher than the control. Also the results showed that synthetic chelators as compared with LMWOA (Citric Acid) have increased the solution remarkably. Among the other chelates, HEDTA had significant effects on Cd solution. In the current study, Cd concentration in shoot and root of (Raphanus Sativus L.) was increased with enhancement of Cd concentration in soil. Cd concentrations in shoots of radish were higher than those in roots. This could refer to higher bioavailability and solubility of Cd. In the current study, in all the treatments with HEDTA Cd concentrations in shoot and root of (Raphanus Sativus L.) were increased as compared with other chelates..
P. Shahinrokhsar, M. E Asadi,
Volume 16, Issue 61 (fall 2012)
Abstract
Modification of irrigation scheduling and management improvement of irrigation systems are two essential factors that have significant impact on agricultural water use efficiency. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tape drip irrigation (T) and furrow irrigation systems (S) under different irrigation regimes on yield and yield components of soybean in growing season of 2006-2007 at Gorgan Agricultural Research Station in north part of Iran. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design in a randomized complete form where each treatment was replicated three times. The main plots were irrigation systems of tape and furrow, and three irrigation regimes 100 (I100) , 75 (I75) and 50 (I50) percent of total irrigation requirement were chosen as secondary plots. Results showed that thousandgrain weight (gr) and plant height (cm) in furrow irrigation were significantly more than the tape drip irrigation method. Also significant differences between different irrigation regimes in terms of plant height, node numbers and yield were observed. So, I100 and I50 had highest and lowest values, respectively. In terms of irrigation system, 63 percent of water consumption was reduced in tape drip irrigation method. Also, the results indicated that higher and lower water use efficiencies were obtained from tape drip irrigation method with I50 treatment (1.09 kg m-3) and furrow irrigation with I100 treatment (0.50 kg m3), respectively.
R. Asadi, F. Hassanpor, M. Tabatabaei, N. Koohi,
Volume 17, Issue 63 (Spring 2013)
Abstract
Application of the modern irrigation systems such as T-Tape irrigation system is one of the ways to achieve aptimal irrigation The present study deals with the effect of surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems on the cotton yield For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted in the Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Institute of Orzoueyeh, located in the Kerman province. The experiments were conducted in a split plot design based on the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments were comprised of three levels of the crop water requirements (i.e. irrigation based on 100, 80 and 60 percent of crop water requirement) in main plot and with the two irrigation systems, surface one and subsurface one. The results showed that the yield resulting from treatments with 60 and 80 percent crop water requirement was respectively 981 and 413 kg/ha lower than that of treatment with 100 percent crop water requirement. In addition, the obtained yield due to subsurface system was 248 kg/ha greater than that of the surface pattern. The interaction of treatments on the yield of the crop also indicates that the treatment with subsurface system and 100 percent crop water requirement produces the maximum yield. Despite equal water consumption in each sub plots, the WUE in subsurface system was 14 percent higher than that of surface system. From the economical point of view, benefit to cost ratio in the subsurface system is 8 percent less than surface system. Considering the results obtained in this study in the light of water saving as the main objective in deficit irrigation and water use efficiency (WUE) for cotton cultivation in Orzoueyeh, the 80% of crop water requirement is preferred
P. Asadi Alasvand, A. Heidari,
Volume 19, Issue 74 (Winter 2016)
Abstract
Technosols are modified soils affected by human activities. This study investigated genesis, classification and physicochemical properties of four pedons of Technosols developed on refused oil refinery materials and compared them with two unpolluted pedons. Mineralogical studies showed smectite as a dominant clay mineral with other clay minerals. These clay minerals adsorb oil compounds in their interlayer spaces and reduce their mobility and decomposition. Different micromorphological features resulting from oil compounds in soils, including depletion zones, types of coatings (quasi and hypocoating) and features due to horizontal and vertical movement of oil compound in soil showed dynamics of oil compounds and their effects on soil forming process. The refused petroleum compounds decrease pH and increase organic carbon, amorphous form of Iron in soils. Taking into account the presence of high amounts of gypsum and carbonate in polluted soil, the studied soils were classified as Typic Calcigypsids in Soil Taxonomy but in WRB system, due to the presence of impermeable geomembrane within 100 cm of soil surface, they were classified as Linic Technosols, showing the more precision of WRB system in their classification.
H. Asadi, M. Aligoli, M. Gorji,
Volume 20, Issue 78 (Winter 2017)
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes of rill erosion and evaluate the ability of Hairsine-Rose model in estimation of sediment concentration. The experiments were carried out at the Soil and Water Conservation Research Station of Tehran University in Kuhin, Qazvin. Four flow rates were tested at three slopes in trapezoidal hand-made rills of 3 m long and 5 cm base width. Outflows were sampled periodically to determine changes in sediment concentration. The experiments were repeated in early autumn and mid spring. Sediment concentration showed a dynamic change with time which was affected by flow rate, slope and season. The sediment concentration was high in the first few minutes of the experiment but over time, dropped and finally reached a more or less stable state. The effects of flow rate and slope were more detectable on sediment concentration at the early unsteady conditions than at the final steady conditions. Though the temporal trends were similar, the sediment concentration was generally higher in autumn than in spring. Hairsine-rose model showed a better performance at lower flow stream powers but generally over predicted sediment concentration showing a systematic error probably due to model formulation.
A. Hemmati, H. Asadi Rahmani,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (Winter 2019)
Abstract
In order to study the effects of rhizobium bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on water use efficiency and the grain yield of bean, under drought stress conditions, two-year year field experiments were conducted during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. The experimental design was a split plot arranged in an RCBD with 4 replications. Three irrigations including S1= 95-100% AW (Normal irrigation), S2= 75-80% AW(Moderate drought stress) and
S3= 55-60% AW (severe drought stress) were assigned to the main plots and six bio fertilizer treatments including T1=177 rhizobium bacteria strain, T2=160 rhizobium bacteria strain used for seed inoculation, T3= mycorrhizal arboscular fungi used for soil inoculation, T4= T1+T2, T5= T1+T2+T3 and T6= control (no seed and soil inoculation) were randomized to the subplots. Based on the combined analysis of variances for two years, there were significant differences (p˂0.05) in the grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency between the irrigation stress and bio fertilizer treatments. The highest grain yield (2371 kg ha-1) and water use efficiency (522 g m-3) were obtained in the S2T2 treatment. In this treatment, 160 and 177 rhizobium bacteria (T2) in moderate drought stress (S2) were used. These results suggested that inoculation with the rhizobium of seed bean in arid and semi-arid areas could improve yield, water use efficiency and resistance to drought stress by increasing the growth in the root and shoot of the plant.
M. J. Asadi, S. Shabanlou, M. Najarchi, M. M. Najafizadeh,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (Fall 2019)
Abstract
In this study, the discharge coefficient of the circular side orifices was predicted using a new hybrid method. Combinations made in this study were divided into two sections: 1) the combination of two algorithms including Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) and providing the PSOGA algorithm 2) using the PSOGA algorithm in order to optimize the Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) network and providing the ANFIS-PSOGA method. Next, by identifying the parameters affecting on the discharge coefficient of the circular side orifices, 11 different combinations were provided. Then, the sensitivity analysis conducted by ANFIS showed that the Froude number and the ratio of the flow depth to the orifice diameter (Ym/D) were identified as the most effective parameters in modeling the discharge coefficient. Also, the best combination including the Froude number (Fr), the ratio of the main channel width to the side orifice diameter (B/D), the ratio of the orifice crest height to its diameter (W/D) and the ratio of the flow depth to the orifice diameter (Ym/D) for estimating the discharge coefficient was introduced. For this model, the values of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R) were obtained 0.021, 0.020 and 0.871, respectively. Additionally, the performance of the ANFIS-PSOGA method was compared with the ANFIS-PSO and ANFIS methods. The results showed that the ANFIS-PSOGA method for predicting the discharge coefficient was the superior model
O. Asadi Asadabad, S. H. Matinkhah, Z. Jafari, H. Karim Mojeni,
Volume 25, Issue 1 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of the type drip of irrigation methods, subsurface irrigation and furrow irrigation on the domestication of Hedysarum criniferum Boiss., an experiment with a randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented at Isfahan University of Technology for two years (2016 to 2018) . For this purpose, clay pipes were made and the plant was cultivated on the sides of clay pipes and types. Also, furrow irrigation treatment was applied as the control. During the experiment, all treatments received the same water and finally, some growth parameters were measured. The results of the study showed improvement in height (0.43 and 0.34), canopy cover (0.66 and 0.52), stem number (0.44 and 0.85), chlorophyll index (0.45 and 0.45), seed emergence (0.75 and 0.30), plant survival (0.78 and 0.55), yield (0.23 and 0.35), and water use efficiency (0.25 and 0.25) under type drip irrigation treatment, as compared to subsurface and furrow irrigation, respectively (P<0.05). In general, the type drip treatment is recommended in the early years of planting; however, since the maximum production potential of this plant is in the third year onwards, it is necessary to examine the results in the following years to recommend the proper irrigation method, especially the use of subsurface irrigation.
F.z. Asadi, R. Fazloula, A. Emadi,
Volume 25, Issue 3 (Fall 2021)
Abstract
Investigating and understanding river change issues is one of the important factors in sediment hydraulic sciences and river engineering. These studies can be done with the help of physical, mathematical models, or both, but due to financial and time constraints, mathematical models are more general and often used. In this study, the GSTARS model was used to investigate erosion and sedimentation and select the most appropriate function in 12.5 km in length from the Talar river in Mazandaran Province. Simulation using the 55 sections taken in 2006, the daily flow data of the hydrometric station of the Shirgah, located at the beginning of the rich and characteristics of the river sediment, was done. The calibration and validation of the model with cross sections taken in 2012 showed that Yang's sediment transport equation has the highest correlation with reality and can be used to predict river change. The amount of sediment depleted from the case study using the Yang equation is estimated at 8590 tons per year. Also, the study of longitudinal profiles of the river with different sediment transfer functions showed that the study reach at the end range has an erosion trend and is not capable of sand and gravel mining.
F. Zarif, A. Asareh, M. Asadiloor, H. Fathian, D. Khodadadi Dehkordi,
Volume 26, Issue 2 (ُSummer 2022)
Abstract
An accurate and reliable prediction of groundwater level in a region is very important for sustainable use and management of water resources. In this study, the generalized feedforward (GFF) and radial basis function (RBF) of artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been evaluated for monthly predicting groundwater levels in the Dezful-Andimeshk plain in southwestern Iran. The partial mutual information (PMI) algorithm was used to determine efficient input variables in ANNs. The results of using the PMI algorithm showed that efficient input variables for monthly predicting groundwater level for piezometers affected by water discharge and recharge include only water level in the current month. Also, efficient input variables for predicting the water level for piezometers affected only by water discharge include the water level in the current month, the water level in the previous month, the water level in the previous two months, transverse coordinates of piezometers to UTM, the water level in the previous three months, the water level in the previous four months, the water level in the previous five months and longitudinal coordinates of piezometers to UTM. In addition, efficient input variables of monthly predicting groundwater level for piezometers neither affected by water discharge nor water recharge, respectively, include the water level in the current month, the water level in the previous month, the water level in the previous two months, the water level in the previous three months, the water level in the previous four months, the water level in the previous five months, the water level in the previous six months, transverse coordinates of piezometer to UTM and longitudinal coordinates of piezometer to UTM. The results indicated that the GFF network is more accurate than the RBF network for monthly predicting groundwater level for piezometers including water discharge and recharge and piezometers including only water discharge. Also, the RBF network is more accurate for monthly predicting groundwater levels for piezometers that include neither water discharge nor recharge than the GFF network.
