Showing 28 results for Control
Mahmood Khoddambashi, Balram Sharma,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (7-1999)
Abstract
In spite of different reports about the inheritance of cotyledon colour in lentil, the precise nature of this phenomenon is unknown. In a comprehensive study, conducted in 1993-96 on inheritance of morphological markers in lentil, two types of green colour, light green and dark-green lentils, were distinguished for the first time. The dark-green showed monogenic and the light-green showed digenic inheritance. To explain this, involvement of three genes, Dg, Y and B in the inheritance of cotyledon colour were considered. At the dominant state of gene Dg, the genes Y and B produce yellow and brown pigments, respectively. At the recessive state (dg dg), no pigment will be produced and the dark-green colour will appear. If gene Dg acts normally (dominant state), but both genes Y and B are at recessive state (Dg-yybb), again no pigment will be produced and cotyledons will be of light-green colour.
B. Bahraini-Nejad, M.r. Khajehpour,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (10-1999)
Abstract
Combining herbicides for controlling broadleaf weeds and grasses in wheat farms has not been studied under Isfahan environmental conditions. Thus, this experiment was conducted in 1995-96 at the Agricultural Research Station, Isfahan University of Technology, in order to investigate the issue. In this study, 2,4-D+MCPA (U46 Combi Fluid 6), bromoxynil, metribuzin, diclofop-methyl and tralkoxydim and their combinations in 11 treatments plus weed-free and weedy checks were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Goldbachia laevigata and Avena fatua were the dominant weeds. Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis were of less importance. Efficacy of bromoxynil on annual broadleaf weeds was higher than 2,4-D+MCPA, while 2,4-D+MCPA was more effective on perennial broadleaf weeds. Diclofop-methyl and combination of bromoxynil with tralkoxydim were the most effective on A. fatua, while differences between treatments containing diclofop-methyl or tralkoxydim on decreasing A. fatua numbers were non-significant. The most and the least visual damages to wheat plants were caused by metribuzin and bromoxynil, respectively. Wheat yield was not significantly affected by treatments. However, the highest yield was obtained by tralkoxydim + bromoxynil treatment, which produced the lowest total dry weight of weeds at terminal spikelet and heading stages of wheat. The results obtained here indicate that combination of bromoxynil with tralkoxydim might be the best treatment for the control of all annual weeds under conditions similar to this experiment. But if perennial broadleaf weeds and wild oat are dominant in the field, combination of 2,4-D+MCPAwith diclofop-methyl might be preferred.
S. Saboory Halestani, S.h. Dokhani, G.h. Kabir, R. Shokrani,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (1-2001)
Abstract
Four cultivars of olive, Kalamata, Marri, Zard and Fishmi were obtained from Roodbar town and treated with two methods, natural and controlled fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum as a starter culture at 25°C for 100 days. HPLC analysis experiments were conducted during the whole study period. A higher level (1.08% w/w) of total acidity was produced in Fishmi cultivar especially in the natural fermentation (0.8-1.1 g lactic acid/ml) than in other cultivars. Individual organic acids were determined by HPLC. Quantitative changes of organic acids in olives showed (P<0.0l) an increasing pattern of lactic and acetic acids during fermentation, but decreasing levels of malic and citric acids were revealed. The highest level of lactic acid (1.1% w/v) was observed in Zard cultivar and the type of fermentation had no effect on acid production. Malic and citric acids gradually disappeared during 50 days of fermentation period and this change was faster for citric acid during controlled fermentation. Malic acid did not follow this pattern.
R. Ebadi, R. Jafari, F. Majd, G.h. Tahmasbi, H. Zolphagharieh,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2001)
Abstract
In this study, the control method of greater wax moth using male sterilization technique with gamma ray and chemical control methods were examined and compared. In order to determine the safe and effective dosage of gamma-ray to sterilize male pupae of the greater wax moth, an experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replicates with 50 male pupae in each replicate. Treatments included different levels of gamma-ray dosages with zero, 250, 300, 350 and 400 gray.
Release ratio of sterile to normal males was also studied in a similar experiment. Treatments included sterile-males, normal males and virgin females with the ratios of 1:1:1, 2:1:1, 3:1:1, 4:1:1 and 5:1:1. In this study, male pupae were irradiated with 350 grays of gamma-ray. The possible parthenogenetic reproduction of this pest was also studied. In order to compare the results from the male-sterile technique and the chemical control of this pest, another experiment was conducted in wax stores using 3 treatments with 3 replicates. Phostoxin was used as the most common chemical pesticide with a dosage of 1 tablet of 3 grams of 56% per 1 m3 space for the control of this pest.
The results showed that the best dosage to sterilize male pupae of the greater wax moth was 350 grays of gamma-ray. Also the best release ratio was four sterile male, one normal male for each normal female (4:1:1). Our results indicated that the females of the greater wax moth were not able to reproduce through parthenogenesis. There was no significant difference between the chemical and male-sterile methods for the control of this pest.
A. Jozyan, R. Ebadi,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (1-2002)
Abstract
In order to study the efficacy of Sunn pests' parasitoid flies, four overwintering sites of Sunn pest in Isfahan, including mountains of Kolahghazy, Panjeh, Jozdan and Sacepid were selected and from each site four different elevations were designated as sampling sites. During 1997, at least 6 and, in 1998, three samples were taken at each sampling site. In spring 1998, four wheat and barley fields were selected from Mahyar, Zeyar, Shahinshahr and Lavark regions and from each field eight samples were taken. In order to observe the larvae of parasitoids and to determine their efficiency, 100 Sunn pests were dissected from each sampling unit of aestivation, overwintering, wheat and barley fields.
The parasitism of prevalent species (Phasia subcoleoptrata L.) in spring 1998 was 15.39% for the 1st generation and 1.5% in 1997 and 3.5% in 1998 for the second generation of the pest. All other parasitoid species parasitized less than 1% of the pest population. In some regions, such as Lavark and Zeyar, chemical application against nymphs of Sunn pest were accomplished in spring 1998 at the peak of adult activity of parasitoids' 2nd generation. This application had negative effects on the population of parasitoids but in Shahinshahr where chemical application was accomplished at pupal stage of parasitoid, it did not have any direct adverse effects on the population of dominant parasitoid.
G.pezeshki-Raad, M. Masaeli,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (1-2003)
Abstract
This study utilized a descriptive-correlational surveying approach to examine some economic factors involved in the adoption of an integrated campaign to control rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) in Isfahan Province. The population consisted of farmers living in the vilages where Biological Control Plan was conducted (N=6000). The population frame was obtained from Isfahan Agricultural Organization. The sample was obtained using the cluster random sampling method (n=361). Questionnaire and interview were used for data collection in this study. Face and content validity of the instrument was established using a panel of experts consisting of senior faculty members in agricultural extension and education at Tarbiat Modaress University. Further, the agricultural officer of Isfahan Province validated the questionnaire. A reliability analysis was conducted and Cronbach alpha value was reported to be 83 percent. The results showed that the rate of adoption of Integrated Campaign to Control Rice Stem Borer among the farmers was moderate. Among the economic characteristics, there was a significant relationship between adoption of integrated campaign and area of land, amount of area under cultivation, degree of family cooperation in the agricultural activities, access to agricultural inputs, access to financial resources, and yield of rice per hectare.
S. Ghadiri Rad, B. Hatami, G. Asadi,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (1-2003)
Abstract
The biology of predatory fly, Leucopis glyphinivora Tanas. was studied under greenhouse conditions. Adult longevity was 8 days and the average fecundity was 35.7 eggs. Incubation period, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd larval instars and puparium duration averaged 2.7, 2.16, 3.48, 5.7 and 8.45 days, respectively. Each generation lasted about one month. The predator efficiency was studied by applying the egg together with the adults of A. fabae at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16 on broad bean. First larval instar was exclusively feeding on small nymphs (1st and 2nd nymphal instars) of aphid. Predator:prey ratios of 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16 decreased the number of prey to 97.9%, 98.8% and 61%, respectively, but ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 were unsuccessful in decreasing the number of preys due to predatory larvae leaving the host plant for searching small nymphs of aphid. As a result, the predatory larvae were efficient merely in a particular range of aphid density and age structure.
M. Niknejad Kazempour, H. Pedramfar, S. A. Elahinia,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (1-2003)
Abstract
Antagonistic fungi Trichoderma harzianum (T1, from bean fields in Ahwaz, T2, from rice fields in Rasht), T. viride (T3 from bean fields in Shahriar, T4 from the collection in Plant Pest and Disease Institute, Tehran), Gliocladium virens (from bean fields in Kamal Abad, Karaj) and some fungicides (Benomyl, Carbendazim, Carboxin-Thiram, edifenphos and Zineb) were used to control sheath blight of rice incited by Rhizoctonia solani in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments and four replications on Khazar rice cultivar in a soil infected by R. solani under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that the antagonistic fungi reduce sheath blight by 19.8 (T1), 21.5 (T2), 27.5 (T3), 19.6 (T4) and 18.5 (G1) percent. The antagonistic fungi in order of efficacy were T2>T3>T1>T4>G1. Benomyl, Carbendazim, Carboxin-thiram, Edifenphos and Zineb reduced disease by 32.5, 21.5, 12.8, 9.5 and 0 percent, respectively. Statistical analysis of data indicated that there existed no significant differences between T1, T3, T4, and G1 and Carbendazim fungicide to control disease however, the isolate T2 was as effective as Benomyl but Zineb had no effect on sheath blight.
Z. Rafiei Karahroudi, B. Hatami,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (7-2003)
Abstract
Green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.), is one of the important natural enemies of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. In this study, two experiments were conducted on cucumber plant in netted cages (70*70*40 cm) in a greenhouse. In the first experiment, Chryso-bags (special net bags with 360 holes per 2.5 cm2 and 8 cm in width and 12 cm in length) were used. Seven treatments of release ratios included 1:1, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20 (predator: prey) and two control treatments with and without empty bags were compared. The experiment was conducted once in spring and once in autumn. In the second experiment, better release ratios were compared with two methods, Chryso-bag and sawdust as a carrier of eggs. Release ratios were 1:1 and 1:5 (predator: prey). Control treatments included only empty bag and sawdust, respectively. Results of the first experiment showed that the ratios of 1:1 and 1:5 were significantly different in spring, whereas they were not in autumn. The difference was probably due to the difference in temperature. Interaction between treatments and seasons showed that the ratios of 1:1 and 1:5 were not significantly different. In the second experiment, the release ratios of 1:1 and 1:5 in sawdust with each other and with 1:1 in Chryso-bags were not significantly different, while the ratio of 1:5 in Chryso-bag compared with 1:1 in both methods were significantly different. However, leaf necrosis was observed in the sawdust treatment.
F. Padasht Dehkaei, Sh. Mansouri Jajaei H. Rouhani,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (4-2004)
Abstract
One hundred and two microorganisms were isolated from 85 paddy soil samples of different locations in Guilan Province. Antagonistic effects of the microorganisms were tested against Gibberella fujikuroi on PDA medium. Twenty one microorganism isolates were selected for seed treatment in blotter test. Seven isolates that were satisfactorily effective in reducing pathogen colonies formed on seeds and seedlings were tested in controlling disease in a greenhouse experiment with split plot design. The antagonists were Bacillus subtilis, B. circulans, Bacillus sp., Trichoderma harzianum, T. virens (2 isolates), and F.23 (unidentified). Results showed that all antagonists effectively reduced the disease in sterilized soil compared with control but overall effectiveness of B. subtilis, T. harzianum, and T. virens was higher than others and lower than the fungicide treatment (thiophant methyl thiram W.P. 80% , 2g/L). It was found that when seeds were treated with antagonists prior to inoculation with the pathogen, the effectiveness of antagonists was significantly better than when they were applied after seed infection with the pathogen.
A. Nasr Esfahani, A. Mousavi Bak,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (10-2004)
Abstract
The black dot disease of potato is a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum coccodes (syn. C. atramentarium) that produces accervuli on infected underground plant parts which appear as black dots. The disease appears at the flowering stage and develops up to the season end. The survey on black dot disease of potato in two successive years indicated that the infection percentage is 39.86 in Feraydan (Isfahan), one of the most important potato production regions in Iran. Studies on usual cropping patterns with, potato including, wheat alfa-alfa, barley and fallow showed that in terms of disease infection, one year rotation with fallow reduced the disease severity almost to half compared with control and other cropping patterns. Biological seed and soil treatment, with Trichoderma harzianum in various spores density reduced the disease in various degrees significantly and increased the potato plant growth factors including the number of stems, foliage fresh and dry weights, and also the yields in cases of spore applications, depending upon the type and application dosage. Comparative susceptibility assessments of 24 commercial potato varieties to the black dot disease indicated that the variety Desiree was the least concerned in terms of infection, followed by Scort ,Casser, Casmos, Carlita and Moren , where as Marijke, Cosima and Monalisa were highly infected in comparison to other tested verities and the rests of varieties were scored within these two ranges.
F. Shahryari, G. Khodakaramian, A. Heydari,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (1-2005)
Abstract
Representatives of fluorescent pseudomonad strains were assessed for their antagonistic activity against the blackleg of potato pathogen, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum. Tested strains belonged mainly to Pseudomonas fluorescens Biovars III, IV and V and they could produce inhibition zone on PDA medium against P. c. subsp. atrosepticum ranging from 1.5-5.5cm. Six selected strains were used in two concentrations 107-109 and 1010-1012 colony forming units to control potato blackleg disease caused by P. c. subsp. atrosepticum under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that all strains applied could reduce the disease ranging from 46 to 71 percent. There was no significant difference among strains and their two concentrations under greenhouse conditions. Most of the strains applied increased potato fresh weight and all of them produced antibiotic and siderophore compounds in vitro.
A. Karimi Malati, B. Hatami, H. Seyedoleslami, L. Salehi,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (1-2006)
Abstract
Fecundity and sex ratio are the important factors in the quality control of parasitoid, Trichogramma. In this research, the effect of the host egg deprivation on these factors in Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko was evaluated. The experiment was conducted with four treatments, each in five replications in a completely randomized design. Twenty mated females (24 h old) were transferred into the glass tubes (1.5×10 cm) separately and were fed by honey 20% daily. In one treatment, parasitoids were provided with the 150 host eggs (Sitotroga cerealella) in first day, but in other treatments the 150 host eggs were offered after 2, 4 and 6 days. In order to obtain fecundity, black eggs were counted after 3 or 4 days. After emergence, adult parasitoids were recognized as male and female by their antennae and sex ratio was obtained. Results indicated that as parasitoids, Trichogramma sp., were deprived from the host eggs longer, more decrease was observed in fecundity and female ratio. Therefore, parasitoid quality was decreased by the host egg deprivation.
E. Hosseini, J. Jamalian,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (10-2006)
Abstract
Consumption of foods with low glycemic index (G.I.) by diabetic patients helps maintain their blood sugar at acceptable levels. Ordinary jam has a high G.I. The purpose of the present investigation was to prepare a dietetic jam using nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners. The investigation was carried out in four steps. First, glycyrrhizin was extracted from licorice extract powder, its ammonium form was prepared, and its purity was assay by HPLC. Secondly, based on a completely randomized design various types of jam were prepared using different combinations of sorbitol, fructose and ammonium glycyrrhizin. Thirdly, the prepared jams and their reference controls were evaluated for color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability by a selected taste-panel and were also subjected to physical analysis using Hunter Lab colorimeter and Bostwick consistometer. Two jam preparations were finally selected on the basis of their overall acceptability. Finally, glycemic indices of the selected jams were determined using NIDDM volunteers. The results showed that ammonium-glycyrrhizin enhances the overall acceptability of the selected product (P<0.05). As G.I. values for the selected jams were low (23.5 and 23.9), their consumption by diabetic patients and their production on a commercial scale are recommended.
J. Shakarami, E. Bazgir, M. Feizian,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (10-2006)
Abstract
To search for reproducible and environment-friendly antifungal agents, essential oils of five plant species including Myrtus communis, Mentha aquatica, Vitex agnus-castus, Thymus daenensis and Artemisia aucheri were studied for their inhibition effects on the mycelial growth of plant pathogenic fungi including Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani and Gaeumannomyces graminis. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design of factorial experiment including three essential oil concentrations and three replications at 25±2 ºC on PDA. Results revealed that R. solani with 48.83 and P.ultimum with 89.62% mean of mycelial growth inhibition were the most resistant and the most susceptible fungi to the essential oils, respectively. The essential oil of M. aquatica and T. daenensis with 93.70 and 92.74% mean of mycelial growth inhibition showed the most inhibition effect and V. agnus-castus with 33.88% was the least mycelial growth inhibitor. The essential oil of M. aquatica and T. daenensis at 20 µl/petri plate (9 cm. in diameter) completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the tested fungi. Considering the high antifungal effect, and low human and environmental hazard of essential oils, it seems that the essential oils may be used for the control of plant pathogenic fungi, or at least they may be adopted as a model for the synthesis of new antifungal agents.
M. Sabohi, Gh. Soltani, M. Zibaie,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (4-2007)
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the strategies for groundwater resources management, including competition groundwater pumping, optimal control in groundwater pumping, groundwater use and tax policy, water users' participation in groundwater pumping control, and cooperation among government and water user associations in Narimany plain located in Khorasan Province. Irrigation water demand of sugar beet growers was estimated for empirical assessment of the strategies. The results indicated that among the strategies, groundwater use and tax policy may lead growers to sustainable use of groundwater resources. Furthermore, the results showed a desirable strategy is affected by cultural, social, and economic characteristics of growers and general prevalent conditions of society. Moreover, each strategy calls for its obligations, for instance, it is necessary to have an efficient taxation system for the proposed strategy. Hence, by internalizing the external cost of groundwater overdraft (that is taxing water users) government can force them to consider the adverse effects of their decisions on other producers.
E. Karimi, H. Rouhani, D. Zafari1, Gh. Khodakaramian, M. Taghinasab,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (10-2007)
Abstract
In order to study the biological control of carnation vascular wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi, 141 bacterial strains were isolated from carnation rhizosphere, and their antagonistic activity was evaluated against fungal pathogen in dual culture method. Among the tested strains, 16 strains showed antagonistic activity seven of them with more activity were selected for further investigation. Based on phenotypic features, strains E31 and E57 were identified as Bacillus cereus E76, E93, E102 and E121 as Bacillus subtilis and E130 as Pseudomonas fluorescens bv. III. All bacterial strains inhibited mycelial growth of F. o. f. sp. dianthi by production of non-volatile and volatile metabolites under laboratory condition. Microscopical analysis showed that all strains caused deformation of pathogen mycelium, and metabolites of these strains reduced conidia production rate and as well as the ability of conidia germination. In the in vivo tests, in sterilized and nonsterilized soils, the effect of bacterial strains was studied on disease severity, percentage of healthy plants and the growth rate of plants using soil inoculating and root-dipping into bacteria-methyl cellulose mixture methods. The E57 and E121 strains, in both methods, and E130 in root-dipping method showed highest effect on decreasing of disease severity and increasing of healthy plants percentage. Strains E57, E121 and E130 significantly increased total dry weight of carnation. Maximum dry weight was obtained by E57 and E130 in soil inoculating and root –dipping methods respectively.
Sh.a. Sarani, A. Sharifi Tehrani, M. Ahmadzadeh, M. Javan Nikkhah,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (1-2008)
Abstract
Two hundred fifty seven bacterial isolates were collected from colza root and rhizosphere in Golestan, Mazandaran, Guilan and Tehran provinces. Antagonistic effect of bacterial isolates on Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of colza damping off, was studied using dual culture method. The results showed that, 60 isolates had the ability to inhibit the growth of R. solani on PDA medium. On the basis of the biochemical, physiological and morphological tests, isolates P1, P2 and P3 were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens. Biocontrol mechanism studies showed that isolates produced antibiotics and volatile metabolites prevented the mycelial growth of the fungus. The isolates produced some of antimicrobial metabolites including hydrogen cyanide, protease and siderophore. Isolate P3 was more effective to inhibit the growth of the fungus in-vitro. The effect of isolates on disease reduction in comparison with control was significantly different. None of the isolates were able to prevent disease occurrence completely. Isolates applied as soil treatment had a significantly higher disease control as compared to seed treatment method. Isolate P3 had considerable effect on reduction disease in the greenhouse conditions. All isolates were capable of colonizing canola roots and so increased canola growth in free-causal agent conditions.
M. R. Bakhtiari, M. Loghavi,
Volume 12, Issue 44 (7-2008)
Abstract
In the conventional methods of herbicide and fertilizer application, a substantial amount of toxic chemicals is sprayed or broadcast into the furrows, which is later washed away by irrigation water and may contaminate ground water, human and animal environment. If herbicide and fertilizer application could be limited to the most needed parts of the field rather than overall broadcasting, the mentioned problems could be alleviated and the application efficiency could also be increased by reducing the consumption rate. In an attempt to achieve this goal, a combination cultivator capable of simultaneously performing cultivation practices such as weed control (mechanical + chemical), fertilizer application and pest control was developed and evaluated. This machine was able to perform band spraying (fungicide, insecticide and herbicide) and mechanical cultivation (within-the-row weed killing, furrow reforming and hilling) simultaneously and properly. The combination cultivator was able to reduce herbicide consumption up to 66%.
V Zabihollahi, F Maighany, M Baghestany, M Mirhady,
Volume 13, Issue 47 (4-2009)
Abstract
To study the goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.) in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), an experiment in 15-year old turf was conducted during 2006 in Tehran in Sheikh Fazlollah highway using randomized complete block design with 4 replications in 1*1 m2 plots. Treatments were diclofop methyl at 2.5 and 3 Lha-1, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl at 0.8 and 1 Lha-1, clodinafop propargyl at 0.6 and 0.8 Lha-1, tralkoxydim at 1 and 1.2 Lha-1, sulfosulfuron at 27 and 35 gha-1 and untreated control. All treatments were repeated 3 times during the growing period of goosegrass. The results showed that after the last spraying, diclofop methyl at 2.5 and 3 Lha-1, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl at 0.8 and 1 Lha-1, clodinafop propargyl at 0.6 and 0.8 Lha-1 decreased goosegrass's biomass up to 81, 83.64, 81.26, 78.58, 80.27 and 81.26 percent, respectively and goosegrass's density up to 82.5, 83.13, 79.38, 79.38, 78.75 and 80.63 percent, respectively, without significant differences. Treatment after 2 times of spraying controlled goosegrass more than 80 percent. Tralkoxydim and sulfosulfuron decreased goosegrass' biomas and density about 70 and 60 percent, respectively. One week after the last spraying, diclofop methyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and clodinafop propargyl treatments did not decrease tall fescue's biomass without significant differences with untreated control. Turf biomass was decreased by tralkoxydim at 1 and 1.2 Lha-1 and sulfosulfuron at 27 and 35 gha-1, by 37.54, 36.79, 40.48 and 48.55 percent, respectively. Herbicide treatments made visual rating by 49.38, 48.75, 48.75 and 50.63 percent, respectively. Overall, diclofop methyl at 2.5 Lha-1, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl at 0.8 Lha-1 and clodinafop propargyl at 0.6 Lha-1 can be recommended for goosegrass control in tall fescue because of insignificant differences between both their doses, bio-environmental problems, costs, and no damage to tall fescue.
