Showing 12 results for Cow Manure
Y. Rezaenejad, M. Afyuni,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (1-2001)
Abstract
Due to high production of organic residues such as sewage sludge and compost, land application is probably the best way to prevent accumulated residues in the environment. However, the risk involved in the land application of organic residues should be evaluated prior to the assessment of their economic and fertilizer values. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic residues on soil chemical properties, yield and uptake of heavy metals and nutrients by corn (Zea mays L.). The study was a randomized complete block design with three replications with four treatments including cow manure, sewage sludge, municipal compost and inorganic fertilizer.
The organic amendments were applied to the plots at a rate of 50 t ha-1 and inorganic fertilizer treatment consisted of 250 kg ha-1 ammonium phosphate and 250 kg ha-1 urea.
Organic amendments significantly increased soil organic matter content, EDTA-extractable Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb and plant available P, K, and N. Uptake and concentration of nutrient in corn grain and shoots were significantly affected by treatments, whereas Cd and Pb concentrations were the same among the treatments. Cow manure and sewage sludge treatments had the highest and compost had the lowest corn silage and grain yields. Overall, the results indicated that cow manure and sewage sludge had a high fertilizer value and led to heavy metal concentrations in soil as well as corn tissues which were much lower than the reported standards.
H. Naghavi, M. A. Hajabbasi, M. Afyuni,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (10-2005)
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of cow manure on soil hydraulic properties and bromide leaching in a sandy loam soil (coarse loamy mixed, Typic Torrifluvents). Manure was applied at 0, 30, and 60 tha-1 at three replications in a completely random design. Three months after manure application potassium bromide (KBr) at rate of 300 Kg ha-1 Br was uniformly applied on the surface. Soil bulk density, porosity, organic matter, and soil moisture at18 levels of matric potentials were determined. Soil samples to the depth of 105 cm at 15-cm increments were collected after 100, 200 and 400 mm of irrigation. Soil bulk density, porosity, organic matter content, and soil moisture at different levels of matric potential increased significantly with manure application. Manure application also significantly affected the hydraulic parameters. Bromide leaching was significantly lower in plots with manure application and the greatest leaching occurred at the zero manure application treatment. The center of mass evaluation indicated a relatively similar result with measured values.
Y. Lotfi, F. Nourbakhsh, M. Afyuni,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (1-2008)
Abstract
Organic fertilization has been practiced in Iran due to the shortage of soil organic matter. In recent years, attention has been payed to the organic fertilizers because their commercial production has recently started and demands for their application have increased. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer type, rates and times of application on the N mineralization potential (NMP) in a calcareous soil (fine loamy, mixed, thermic, Typic Haplargid) in Isfahan region. The soil samples were collected from a previousely established field experiment. The experiment design was split plot with three replications. Each main plot was split into subplots receiving 1, 2 and 3 annual consecutive applications of cow manure and sewage sludge at the rates of 0, 25 and 100 Mg ha-1. The soil samples were taken from 0-15 cm depth, 6 months after the third application of the organic fertilizers. Nitrogen mineralization potential was measured by a long-term leaching-incubation procedure. Results indicated that NMP was similarly affected by cow manure and sewage sludge. Nitrogen mineralization potential in the treatments which received 100 Mg ha-1 organic fertilizers, was 4 and 1.7 times greater than that of control and 25 Mg ha-1 treatments, respectively. A significant increase was also observed in NMP in the treatments which received different times of application. The NMP in the three-year applied treatments was 5, 2.5 and 2.1 times greater than that of control, two- and one-year applied soils. Significant correlations were observed between NMP and corn yield (r=0.531**) and corn N uptake (r=0.568***). The product of NMP and N mineralization rate constant was also significantly correlated with corn yield (r=0.710***) and corn N uptake (r=0.734***). Different patterns were observed between the responses of total N and NMP in the treated soils.
S Zandsalimi, M Mosadeghi, A Mahbobi,
Volume 12, Issue 46 (1-2009)
Abstract
Organic fertilizers are the sources of many human-pathogenic microorganisms which potentially threaten the human health. This study was carried out to explore the possible effects of soil and manure types on filtration, transport and fate of manure-borne bacteria through undisturbed soil columns. The manure treatments consisted of cow manure, poultry manure and sewage sludge which were distributed at the rate of 10 Mg ha-1 on the surfaces of intact columns of two sandy clay loam and loamy sand soils. The manure-treated soil columns were leached by tap water with similar unsaturated flux of 4.8 cm h-1 up to four pore volumes (PV). The influent and leachate were sampled at different PVs. Gram-negative bacteria concentrations were determined for the influent and the columns’ leachate. Average influent concentration, average effluent concentration, relative filtration, and transported bacteria fraction during the leaching events were determined. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed between the poultry manure and the other two manures in terms of average influent (i.e. manure-released) bacteria concentration. Stable structure and preferential pathways facilitated the bacteria movement in the sandy clay loam soil columns. The loamy sand soil strained 1.45 times more bacteria than the sandy clay loam soil due to its weak structure and blocked-dead pores. Relative contamination of the effluent was higher for poultry manure when compared with the other fertilizers. The low ionic strength of sewage sludge suspension caused the lower filtration of bacteria through the soil columns. The high concentration of soluble organics in cow manure resulted in a relative transport of the bacteria 1.12 times greater than the poultry manure. In general, management of organic fertilizers especially household poultry manure, as a considerable source of pathogenic bacteria, is important to control the environmental risks of pathogenic pollutions. Moreover, the soil texture and structure significantly affected the fate of manure-borne bacteria.
F Rsouli, M Mafton,
Volume 12, Issue 46 (1-2009)
Abstract
Organic matter (OM) and total N (N) are relatively low in majority of the calcareous soils in Iran, and continuous use of N fertilizer would impair the quality of surface and ground water and creates other environmental hazards. Therefore, the combined use of N fertilizer and organic wastes is important to partly supply plant N requirement, improve physico-chemical properties of soil and conservation of environment. The present study was initiated in order to study the effect of two organic wastes with and /or without N enrichment on the growth and chemical composition of paddy rice and some characteristics of the soil in pot experiment. The experiment was carried out in factorial manner in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were two organic matter sources (municipal solid waste compost and cow manure), four OM rates (0, 1, 2, and 4%) and three N levels (0, 75, 150 mg kg-1 soil as urea). Application of compost and cow manure increased top dry weight of rice. The highest growth of rice was obtained with 4% compost and 150 mg kg-1 N. Rice growth increased up to 2 % cow manure and was suppressed with the higher rate, due to build up of soluble salt in soil. Enhancing effect of N on rice growth was only observed with 1% cow manure and at high level of cow manure rice growth was decreased probably due to rise in soil salinity or ammonium toxicity. The mean concentration of N increased by the addition of cow manure, whereas decreased with compost application. Soil N application enhanced the mean concentration of N, and iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mn). Rice plants enriched with either of the two organic wastes accumulated more phosphorus (P), potassium (K), N, Fe, Mn, chloride (Cl) and sodium (Na) than control plants. Post harvest soil sampling indicated that organic matter significantly improved all chemical characteristics. Furthermore, soil treated with cow manure had higher soluble salt (ECe), Cl, K, OM, total nitrogen, available P, Fe and Mn and lower Zn, Cu, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and sodium adsorption ratio.
N Barahimi, M Afyuni, M Karami, Y Rezaee Nejad,
Volume 12, Issue 46 (1-2009)
Abstract
Compost and sewage sludge contain high concentration of plant nutrients and, thus, have been used extensively as an inexpensive fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate cumulative and residual effects of compost, sewage sludge and cow manure on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil and wheat. The experiment included compost, sewage sludge and cow manure, each applied at 3 rates (25, 50 and 100 Mg ha-1), a chemical fertilizer (250 kg ha-1 amonium phosphate + urea) and a control plot with 3 replications. The experimental design consisted in completely randomized blocks with treatments arranged in split plots. To study the cumulative and residual effects of the organic amendments, application was repeated on four fifths of each plot in the second year. Wheat was grown in the plots. The results showed that one application (residual effect) of organic amendments had not significant effect on total N in soil and wheat leaves and stem, but it led to significant increase of available phosphorus and potassium in soil and wheat leaves and stem. Cumulative effects of organic amendments significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased the total N (in 50 and 100 Mg ha-1 Cow manure and 100 Mg ha-1 Compost treatments), available P in all organic treatments and K (in all Compost and Cow manure treatments) in soil. Also, cumulative effects of organic amendments significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased the N (in 100 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge), P (in 100 Mg ha-1 compost) and K (in all organic treatments with the exception of 25 Mg ha-1 Compost) concentrations in leaves and stem.
M. B. Farhangi, M. R. Mosaddeghi, A. A. Safari Sinegani, A. A. Mahboubi,
Volume 16, Issue 59 (4-2012)
Abstract
In agriculture, cow manures are used to enhance soil fertility and productivity. Escherichia coli is the most common fecal coliform in cow manure and considered as an index for microbial contamination of groundwater resources. The objective of this study was to investigate the transport of Escherichia coli (released from cow manure) through the field soil. Lysimeters (with internal diameter of 20.5 and height of 50 cm) were inserted into an in situ clay loam soil. Unsaturated soil water flow was controlled at an inlet matric potential of –5 cm using a tension infiltrometer. When the steady-state flow was established, air-dried fresh cow manure was applied on the lysimeters at a rate of 10 Mg ha-1 (dry basis) and the soil-manure leaching started. Soil solution was sampled at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h after leaching initiation using plastic samplers installed at depths of 20 and 40 cm. Concentrations of Escherichia coli in the soil solution (C) and the influent (C0) were measured using the plate count method. Impacts of soil depth, sampling time, and their interaction on C and C/C0 were significant (P<0.01). In all leaching times, relative adsorption index (SR) was lower when both soil layers were considered and the filtration increased with soil depth. When the concentration was corrected for the second layer (i.e. 20–40 cm), the SR values in this layer were considerable and greater than those in the first layer at 4 and 6 h. The influence of surface layer was substantial in bacterial filtration however, the preferential flows especially in the initial leaching times resulted in bacterial movement towards the second layer. Temperature drop reduced bacteria release from the manure, increased viscosity of the flowing water, and consequently diminished significantly the bacteria concentration in the soil solution at 24 h. Overall, it was found that similar to surface layer, subsurface layer might have great role in bacterial filtration due to its higher clay and carbonate contents
A. H. Baghaie, A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh , M. Afyuni,
Volume 16, Issue 60 (7-2012)
Abstract
Cow manure and sewage sludge add heavy metals to soil. Organic and inorganic fractions in these compounds can immobilize heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and affect their bio-availability. This investigation was conducted to compare the effects of organic and inorganic fractions of sewage sludge and cow manure on distribution of lead chemical forms in soil as a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of application of 10% (w/w) enriched sewage sludge and cow manure (6 g Pb kg-1 organic amendments). Another treatment was also used in which soil Pb concentration was increased to 600 mg kg-1 soil using Pb(NO3)2 salt. To compare the effects of organic and inorganic fractions, organic carbon, iron oxide and easily reducible iron and manganese were removed from cow manure and sewage sludge, and were added to the soil by 10% (w/w). The samples were incubated at 23-25ºC for 111 days and their moisture was maintained at 80% water field capacity. More than 50% Pb in Pb(NO3)2 treatment was in exchangeable fraction, while for cow manure and sewage sludge treatments more than 40% Pb was found to be in oxide fraction. Application of cow manure and sewage sludge increased the Pb in oxide fraction by 14.8 and 17.5%, respectively. Removing organic carbon fraction of cow manure and sewage sludge increased the Pb bound to residual fraction by 12% and 14% respectively. Removing iron oxide fraction of sewage sludge and cow manure decreased the Pb bound to oxide fraction by 8% and 13%, respectively. Removing easily reducible iron and manganese decreased the oxide fraction of Pb by 16% and 14%, respectively. It is concluded that, despite relatively high amounts of organic carbon in the sludge and manure, inorganic fractions of these materials have more significant effects on availability of Pb in soil.
S. Rahimi, M. Afyuni, A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh, M. Noruzi,
Volume 19, Issue 71 (6-2015)
Abstract
Management of organic and inorganic treatments may have positive or negative effects on soil quality, plant growth and human nutrition. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of organic and inorganic zinc fertilizer application on soil quality indicators and wheat yield. This research was conducted at Agricultural Research Station Roudasht, Isfahan, Iran. Sewage sludge and cow manure (5 and 10 t/ha), ash rubber (1 t/ha), powder rubber (200 kg/ha), ZnSO4 (40 kg/ha) were applied and wheat was cultivated. Soil samples were collected at tilling and harvest stages. After taking samples and measurements of the soil parameters, we determined the critical limits for each category and class rating for the each soil parameters, and the soil quality index was calculated. The results showed sewage sludge and rubber ash were significantly effective in increasing soil bioavailable Zn compared to other treatments. Application of sewage sludge and cow manure at 10 ton/ha improved soil quality. The expanded soil quality index can help better understand the effect of fertilizers on soil. A positive and significant relationship between soil quality indicators and Zn uptake and wheat yields was also observed. Our results indicate that addition of 10 t/ha sewage sludge as fertilizer can significantly improve soil quality, supplying the necessary amount of Zn for wheat growth.
T. Rahimi, A. Moezzi, S. Hojati,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Biochar is a soil amendment that has a high capacity to adsorb heavy metals. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of cow manure and its biochar on nickel adsorption and to determine the best models to describe the kinetics of Ni retention. Accordingly, cow manure and its biochar were added to the soils at the levels of 0, 2 and 4%, and samples were incubated for 90 days. Soil samples were equilibrated with 100 mg L-1 Ni solutions for periods of 1 to 2880 min. Then, the concentration of nickel was measured. The Ni adsorption data were fitted to seven commonly used kinetic models. The results showed that cow manure and its biochar application in all times and levels increased nickel adsorption more than the control. There was also a significant difference (P<0.05) between cow manure and its biochar. Application of 4% biochar, as compared with the same level of cow manure, and the control, increased the Ni adsorption by 23 and 44%, respectively. Power function was the best fitted model describing the patterns of Ni adsorption, as evidenced by the relatively high values of R2 and the low values of SE. However, the Elovich function had some R2 similar to that of power function, but it could not be used as an adequate function to investigate the kinetics of nickel adsorption due to their high values of SE. The zero order, the first order, the second order, the third order, and parabolic diffusion equations were not well fitted to the Ni adsorption data.
H. Shirani, S. Shirvani, M. Moradie,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
In recent years, microbial contamination of surface and groundwater is a serious problem in some countries, leading to dangerous diseases. Soil salinity and irrigation water can affect the amount of transport or survival of bacteria in soil. In this study, the effect of different levels of salinity of irrigation water with EC: 0.5, 2.5, 6 ds/m and three manures including poultry manure, cow manure and the mixture of poultry and cow manure with 10 ton ha-1 on the transport of Escherchia coli was investigated in disturbed soil columns with 30cm height and 10cm diameter under unsteady-state water conditions. The concentration of Escherchia coli was measured. The severity of the effluent contamination of the treated columns with water salinity was 6 ds/m, which was less than that with the salinity of 2.5 and 0.5 ds/m. This difference was significant at the 0.01 probability level. Also, the effluent contamination of poultry manure-treated columns was greater than the cow manure and the mixed manure, and the contamination of mixed manure was greater than that of cow manure. The interaction of different salinity treatments on the concentration of Escherchia coli in different fertilizer treatments was significant at the 0.01 probability level. The results showed that the concentration of the released bacteria was affected by irrigation water salinity and with increasing the salinity, the concentration of the bacteria was reduced.
M. Dehghanian, H. Tabatabaee, H. Shirani, F. Nikookhah,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (5-2023)
Abstract
In sustainable agriculture, cow manure is used for greater productivity, a rich source of E-Coli pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this research was to investigate the simultaneous effect of the fractionation size of cattle manure and irrigation water salinity on the retention of E-Coli bacteria in the depths of the sand column with a height of 10 cm under saturated flow. Four different particle fractions of cow manure (1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5, and smaller than 0.25 mm) were added to the surface of the sand column at the scale of 30 tons per hectare, then leaching was done with different salinities (0, 0.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 dS/m) up to 10 pore volumes, then samples were taken from the depths of 0, 3, 6, and 12 cm. The number of bacteria in each sample was determined by the live counting method. The results showed that the effect of all sources of change and their interaction effects on the retention of bacteria in the soil is significant at the level of 5%. Salinity had a negative effect on the retention of bacteria, and the highest and lowest values of the relative concentration of bacteria (the result of dividing the number of bacteria in each soil depth by the initial number of bacteria in the desired manure treatment) were in 0 dS/m and 10 dS/m salinity of leaching water, respectively. By decreasing the size of cow manure particles due to the increase in hydrophobicity and blocking of preferential pores, the retention of bacteria decreased in all investigated soil depths. The highest and lowest retention of bacteria in the soil were investigated in the largest cow manure particle size (1-2 mm) and the smallest cow manure particle size (less than 0.25 mm), respectively. In addition, the highest relative concentration of bacteria in the soil was seen in the depth of 0-3 cm, and no significant difference was seen in other soil depths.
