JWSS - Journal of Water and Soil Science

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Seven Iranian and foreign cultivars of rice were crossed in a half-diallel. Parents with F2-generations were transplanted in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications and evaluated for length to breath ratio of paddy and brown rice, head rice and crust, grain yield, percent of head rice and broken rice, amylose content, gelatinization temperature and gel consistency. The ANOVA table showed significant differences among genotypes, general combining ability effects for all traits and specific combining ability effects for length to breath ratio of paddy and brown rice, percent of head rice and broken rice, so representing additive and non-additive effects in genetic control of the traits involved, respectively. The graphical analysis of the results showed partial dominance for length to breath ratio of paddy and brown rice, grain yield, amylose content, gelatinization temperature and gel consistency. Because of additive gene effects, genetic advance from selection would be high for these traits. The genetic control of brown rice weight is complete dominance, and for weight of head rice and rice crust weight over dominance involved. So, genetic advance by selection for these traits would be poor. In the genetic control of higher length to breath ratio of paddy and brown rice, brown and head rice weight, grain yield and amylose content recessive genes are involved. Domsiah for higher to breath ratio of paddy and brown rice and Sepidrud for brown and head rice weight had the most recessive genes. IR28 for higher grain yield and Sepidrud for less crust weight had the most recessive genes.

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Half diallel crosses of eight bread wheat cultivars were used to estimate the genetic parameters and types of genetic control for yield and yield components, and to determine the effects of environmental factors on these parameters. Parents and their F2 hybrids were grown in a randomized block design under irrigated and stressed (terminal drought) conditions. For all traits, except for number of spikelets per spike and number of grain per spike, the effect of environment (irrigated v.s stressed) and genotype by environment interaction were significant. The mean square of GCA for all characters was significant in both environments, except for number of fertile tillers in the irrigated condition and grain yield in the stressed conditions. The mean square of SCA was significant for plant height only in the irrigated condition, while for number of fertile tillers and grain yield it was significant in both conditions. The high significant ratios of GCA to SCA mean square indicated the importance of additive genetic effects on controlling plant height, spike length number of grain per spike in both environments and number of spikelets per spike in the stressed condition. The parameter estimation revealed partial dominance gene actions for plant height, spike length and grain per spike in both environments, and number of spikelets per spike in stressed environment, whereas over-dominance gene actions were observed for the other traits in one or both conditions.

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Half diallel crosses of nine Iranian wheat cultivars were used to estimate the general and specific combining ability effects and other genetic parameters related to yield and its components. Parents with F2 generations were evaluated at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Shahrekord, in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Partitioning of genotypes mean squares to GCA and SCA mean squares based on Griffing’s method 2 and mixed model indicated high significant differences among cultivars in their GCA values for all traits. There were significant differences among crosses in their SCA values for all traits except for flag leaf length, main spike length, plant height and grain yield per plant. The high ratio of GCA to SCA mean squares implied the importance of additive gene effects in the appearance of flag leaf length , main spike length, plant height and grain yield per plant. For flag leaf width, grain number per main spike and peduncle length , the contributions of additive gene effects and for peduncle weight, the contributions of non- additive gene effects were higher. According to the estimates of average degree of dominance, the gene actions for flag leaf length, flag leaf width, plant height, grain yield per plant, main spike length, peduncle length and peduncle weight were partial dominance. The GCA effects indicated that Sefid – Aliabad cultivar was the suitable general combiner for flag leaf length , flag leaf width, plant height , grain yield per plant , main spike length and peduncle length.

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Six Iranian rice cultivars (Binam, Domsiyah, Shahpasand, Sepidrud, Khazar and Valed 46) were crossed in 1989 in the Iranian Rice Research Institute in Rasht, Iran in a full-diallel design. The F1 progenies together with parents were transplanted in a CRBD in the 5 x 0.75 m plots at plant density of 25 x 25 cm (60 plantlets per plot) in 3 replications. Part of this research was published in 1994 as a half-diallel design and the data of full-diallel, using Griffing approach, is subject of this paper. The analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes. The mean of six parents, 15 crosses and 15 reciprocal crosses were analyzed using the four diallel crossing systems of the Griffing approach. The SS of genotypes were separated into GCA for each parent and SCA for each cross using corresponding formula. The additive variance (V_A) and dominance variance (V_D) values were estimated using the table of variance analysis. The heritability (h²_ns) was also estimated from V_A and V_D variances. The simple variance analysis of “grain yield per plant” and other agronomic traits using each of the 4 diallel crossing methods of Griffing showed significant differences (P < 1%) among genotypes, indicating a sufficient genetic potential of the investigated genotypes. The GCA variance analysis of the lines was significant for all the characteristics, indicating the importance of additive variance (V_A) by inheritance of these traits. Using Griffing’s diallel methods 1 and 3, SCA variances for all investigated traits showed significance, whereas in the methods 2 and 4, traits “1000 grain weight” and “tiller per plant” were not significant according to SCA. This also indicates the importance of dominant variance (V_D) in most of the traits, except for “1000 grain weight” and “tiller per plant”. The differences among the reciprocal crosses in diallel methods 1 and 3 were also examined where for all the characteristics (except for “deaf grains per panicle” and “length to breadth ratio of brown rice grain”) significant differences were observed, suggesting the possibility of cytoplasmic effect of mother line on the reciprocal crosses. The heritability (h²_ns), which indicates the ratio of additive variance (V_A) to phenotypic variance (V_P), was estimated to be equal to zero due to the absence of additive variance for grain per panicle and the number of days from transplanting to full maturity of grain. The heritability for other characteristics was estimated high or low according to additive variance. For example in all 4 diallel methods the heritability estimation for length to breadth ratio of brown rice grain was relatively high (65 – 71%) whereas for “panicle length” and “grain yield per plant” was relatively low (13 – 48%). The correlation among genetic parameters (V_A, V_D, D, h²_ns ) were generally high and significant.

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Six rice cultivars were crossed in half diallel design to evaluate their GCA and SCA in 2005. In the following year, parents and their progenies were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications, and 10 traits were measured. The analysis of variance showed significant differences (p≤0.01) between cultivars. Furthermore, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for parents and hybrids were significant. Therefore, additive and non-additive gene effects on controlling traits were demonstrated. According to the analysis based on the second and fourth Griffing methods, additive gene effects were more than non-additive gene effects on controlling growth period, plant height, panicle length, number of panicles/plant and brown rice length, while other studied traits were more controlled by non-additive gene effects. Comparison of the second and fourth Griffing methods showed that the proportions of additive and non-additive variances in two methods were different. Moreover, GCA and SCA resulting from the two methods for several traits such as vegetative and productive growth period, plant height, number of filled grains/panicle and grain yield were significant. Therefore, it could be concluded that using parental generations in the second Griffing method may cause biased estimate of the GCA and SCA variances. Thus, using the fourth Griffing method is more suitable than the other methods in providing time, cost and facilities, and is recommended as an applicable method.

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In order to study inheritance of traits (Height, Peduncle length, Extrusion peduncle length, Diameter first internode, Diameter secondary internode, Diameter third internode length of secondary internode, length of third internode) associated with height in bread wheat, seven cultivars of bread wheat with their F₁ progenies produced through a half diallel mating design were planted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in normal and drought conditions in the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, in 2004. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for all the traits in normal and drought conditions at 1 % probability level. Diallel analysis showed that general combining abilities were significant for all the traits in normal and drought conditions at 1% level of probability. The specific combining abilities were not significant except for extrusion peduncle length and length of secondary internode. Additive effect was more important in controlling all the traits. Height had the most broad sense and narrow sense heritabilities in normal and drought conditions. It was also found that increasing all the traits except for plant height and length of the third internode was controlled by the dominance alleles in normal and drought condition. The analysis of traits revealed more mean traits in progenies compared to parents in both normal and drought conditions. Sardary and Roshan varities showed the best general combining ability in normal and drought conditions.

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To study general combining ability(GCA) and gene action for resistance to sunn pest(Eurygaster integriceps) six lines of bread wheat numbered 7214 ,6412,c-75-4,18,14,12 plus azadi variety werw crossed in a half-diallel system. Seven parents and twenty-one hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with 3 replication at Tehran University Research Station during the years 2005-2006. Analysis of variance indicated that among all of traits except for weight of sunn pest damaged kernel, difference existed at 1% level of significant. Results of combining ability analysis showed that in all traits, additive and non- additive variances in inheritance is important. Considering GCA for resistance to sunn pest line 7214 was the best and line 18 was the worst. Considering specific combining ability(SCA) for resistance to sunn pest damage with regard to all of traits the azadi×c-75-4 hybrid was the best and the 18×12 hybrid was the worst. Study of Hayman genetics parameters confirmed the results of Griffing GCA analysis indicating that in all traits additive and non- additive components are effective in inheritance except 50 kernel weight damaged, sunn pest seed damaged percent and height. But dominant variance is more important in these traits. For all traits except awn length exist over dominance, furthermore in all traits nonsymmetrical distribution of negative and positive effects and environment effect is also important.

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Six morphological traits of rice were evaluated in a 5 × 5 one-way diallel cross using a randomized complete block design corresponding with their F1 generations in 2007 at Iranian Rice Research Institute – Amol. Results from analysis of variance for traits of plant height, flag leaf angle, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, internode length and panicle length exhibited significant genetic differences among parental cultivars and their hybrids. Significant means of squares for GCA and SCA showed the positive actions of additive and non-additive effects on controlling these traits. Also, ratio of mean squares of GCA on SCA ( ) were significant in all traits that showing a higher importance for role of additive effects in comparison with role of non-additive effects in functions of genes controlling the studied traits. High narrow sense heritability of these traits proved majority roles for additive effects of genes in genetic control of the studied characteristics therefore, selection of these triats may be succeed. Overall, both of Neda and IR62871-175-1-10 were the best parents for general combining ability for reducting plant height, flag leaf length and internode length and increasing flag leaf width. Meanwhile, because of higher SCA, Neda × Binam and Neda × Dasht were the best hybrids for increasing spike length and decreasing height, respectively.