Showing 18 results for Infiltration
M. R. Bahremand, M. Afyuni, M. A. Hajabbassi, Y. Rezaeinejad,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (1-2003)
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sewage sludge and of time lapse after sludge application on soil physical properties. Four sewage sludge treatments (0, 25, 50, and 100 ton/ha) in a complete randomized block design with three replications were applied and mixed to a depth of 20 cm. Wheat was planted and soil physical properties were measured 23, 85, 148, and 221 days after sewage sludge application.
Sewage sludge application significantly increased MWD, hydraulic conductivity, final infiltration rate, moisture percentage at 1/3 and 15 bars, and plant available soil moisture, while it significantly decreased soil bulk density. In general, the best results obtained with the 100 ton/ha sewage sludge treatment. Time lapse after sewage sludge application caused soil physical properties to approach the values of the control. However, even 221 days after sludge application, the 50 and 100 ton/ha treatments had significantly different values compared with the control treatment. The results in this research show that sewage sludge can help to improve soil physical conditions and this effect persists over long periods. This effect is specially important with plant available soil moisture and infiltration.
M. Sayyari, M. Rahemi,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (1-2003)
Abstract
‘Golden Delicious’ apples were vacuum infiltrated (250 mm Hg) with 0, 4, and 6% solutions of CaCl2 followed by heat treatment for 0, 48 and 72 hours at 38oC. Treated fruits were stored at 0oC with RH of 85-90% for 2.5 and 5 months, followed by one week of storage at 20C. The results showed that fruits treated with 4 and 6% of CaCl2 significantly increased calcium content of fruits after 2.5 and 5 months of storage at 0oC. With increasing calcium content, fruit firmness also increased. There was a positive relationship between fruit firmness and calcium content and regression coefficients after 2.5 and 5 months of storage at 0oC were 0.77 and 0.83, respectively. Heat treatment for 48 and 72 hours at 38oC significantly increased fruit firmness. Calcium chloride at 4 and 6%, plus heat treatment, significantly increased fruit firmness of those fruits held for one week at 20oC after removal from cold storage. In the second experiment, vacuum infiltrated fruits with 4 and 6% solutions of CaCl2 plus potassium permanganate (0, 10, and 20 g/bag) had no significant effect on fruit firmness, but potassium permanganate alone significantly increased fruit firmness.
S. H. Tabatabaei, H. Fardad, M. R. Neyshabory, A. Liaghat,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (4-2006)
Abstract
To determine the water application efficiency in furrow irrigation more accurately, consideration of seasonal and spatial variation of infiltration properties are needed. In addition, the effectiveness of different farm management on infiltration are significant. The main objective of this research was to simulate the seasonal variation (SV) of infiltration coefficients in Kostiakov-Louise equation (KLE) in a cracking soil under two traditional farm managements. Farm studies carried out in a clay-loam soil in Karaj. The two management treatments were soil without wheat residual and soil with wheat residual by a 5 ton/ha rate. There were 22 furrows with 0.75 m width in the farm. KLE infiltration coefficients were measured using inflow-outflow and two point’s methods in six furrows. The results of this study indicated that the SV of a and k coefficients were not significant, but variation of f0 was significant which was simulated with a logarithmic model. The effectiveness of SV on cumulative infiltration (Z) was also evaluated and indicated to be significant that were simulated with a logarithmic model too. Finally, dimensionless parameter such as Z* were developed to predicate Z parameter in different irrigation time, irrigation events and different residual management. Base on the result, although residue management causes a significant difference between value of f0 and Z in two treatments, but it doesn’t effect on trend of variation during the season. It means that the trend of variation is independent of residue in soil. It is probably done because of change in some of soil physical properties such as soil bulk density and aggregate stability.
Sh. Ghorbani Dashtaki, S. Dehghani Baniani, H. Khodaverdiloo, J. Mohammadi, B. Khalilmoghaddam,
Volume 16, Issue 60 (7-2012)
Abstract
Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) and macroscopic capillary length of soil pores are important hydraulic properties for water flow and solute transport modeling. Measuring these parameters is tedious, time consuming and expensive. One way is using indirect methods such as Pedotransfer functions (PTFs). The objective of this research was to develop some PTFs for estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity and inverse of macroscopic capillary length parameters (*). Therefore, the coefficients, Kfs and * from 60 points of Azadegan plain in Shahrekord were measured using single ring and multiple constant head method. Also, some of the readily available soil parameters from the two first pedogenic layers of the soils were obtained. Then, the desired PTFs were developed using stepwise multiple linear regression. The accuracy and reliability of the derived PTFs were evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE), mean error (ME), relative error (RE) and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The highest correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.72 were found between Kfs-bulk density and *-bulk density, respectively. There was no significant correlation between soil particle size distribution and Kfs and *. This can be related to the fact that most of the soil samples were similar in texture and macro pores. The most efficient PTFs in predicting Kfs and * could explain 85 and 66 percent of the variability of these parameters, respectively. All the derived PTFs underestimated the Kfs and * parameters.
S. Ezzati , A. Najafi,
Volume 16, Issue 61 (10-2012)
Abstract
Increase in soil bulk density and reduces in porosity and infiltration rate are the most common disturbances during timber harvesting and ground-base skidding. The present study was conducted to study soil physical properties e.g., soil bulk density, moisture, porosity and soil hydrological properties e.g., soil infiltration from ground-base skidding in twenty years since logging. After initial survey, four abandonment skid trails were selected with similar pedologic, climatic conditions and physiographic and different age in Necka-Zalemrod catchment in east of Mazandaran province. Results indicated that impacts of machinery traffices in high traffic intensity have remained yet 20 years since logging. Means soil bulk density, porosity and void ratio were 42.4 greater, 24.6 and 46.7 percent, respectively, lower than the undisturbed areas. The least infiltration rate was recorded in 1-5 years old skid trail, so the reduction of water was not considerable within 18 minutes after experiment into soil in inner ring in this skid trail. Results in each skid trail firmed that in low traffic intensity soil physical and hydrologic properties was tent to “normal” recover in compare to the undisturbed areas.
S. M. J. Mirzaei, , S. H. Tabatabaei, M. Heidarpour, P. Najafi,
Volume 17, Issue 66 (2-2014)
Abstract
There chemical and organic matter content in garbage leachate that may affect soil physical and hydraulic properties. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influences of the leachate of Isfahan Organic Fertilizer Factory (IOFF) on some soil physical and hydraulic properties in a soil chemically enriched by Zeolite. The treatments include two soil textures (clay loam and sandy loam) and three levels of zeolite (0, 5 and 10 percent). The treatments were applied on lysimeters scale. The results showed that irrigation with the leachate caused a reduction of infiltration and hydraulic conductivity in the clay loam soil. The hydraulic conductivities in clay loam soil without zeolite (B0) before and after irrigation with leachate were 1.73 and 0.36 m/day, respectively. In contrast, there were no changes in the sandy loam soil’s infiltration and hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivities in the sandy loam soil with 5 percent zeolite (A5) before and after irrigation with leachate were 3.17 m/day. Furthermore, zeolite had a decreasing effect on those processes. The results show that irrigation with leachate caused reduction of bulk density in two types of soil and all levels of zeolite.
M. Ghahremannejad, S. Boroomandnasab, M. Behzad, A.a Naseri, A. Sheini Dashtgol,
Volume 18, Issue 70 (3-2015)
Abstract
Infiltration is the most crucial process affecting surface irrigation uniformity and efficiency as it is the mechanism that transfers and distributes water from the surface to the soil profile. As a direct method of infiltration measurement, the volume balance method requires time, accuracy and high costs. Moreover, before the land preparation and at the research phase the use of this method is not feasible. The revised USDA- NRCS method is used to convert the infiltration parameters to different hydraulic conditions. In this study, the accuracy of the original and revised USDA-NRCS method in the estimation of furrow irrigation infiltration parameters in Amir Kabir Agro Industrial sugarcane fields of Ahvaz was evaluated. For this purpose, infiltration parameters and the cumulative 6 hour infiltration for furrow irrigation systems of this region were estimated using four methods of original USDA- NRCS, revised USDA- NRCS for border irrigation, revised USDA- NRCS for furrow irrigation and field measurement (inflow-outflow). For evaluation of the results, four indices including average prediction error of model (Er), distribution into 45° line (λ), determination coefficient (R2) and average relative error of model (Ea) were used. According to the results, the revised USDA- NRCS method for border irrigation with average values of λ, R2, Er and Ea equal to 0.95, 97, 6.5 and 7.6 percent, respectively was the best estimate of cumulative infiltration.
A. R. Vaezi, A. Vatani,
Volume 19, Issue 71 (6-2015)
Abstract
Rill erosion is the detachment and transport of soil particles by concentrated flow of runoff. It is the most common form of water erosion in the hill slopes. Rill erodibility is the rate at which soil particle is detached and transported by shear force of the concentrated flow. The study was conducted to determine the rill erodibility in different soil textures in Zanjan province using a rainfall simulator. To this end, samples of eight soil textures consisting of clay, clay loam, silty loam, sandy clay loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, and sandy were collected from land surface and transported to small plots (120 cm 100 cm) on a sloped uniform land (10%). The plots were exposed to five simulated rainfalls with a constant intensity of 60 mm h-1 for one hour. Based on the results, there was a significant difference among the soil textures in the rill erodibility (p< 0.01). Rill erodibility of the soils significantly correlated with mineral fraction (sand, clay, gravel) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). With an increase in sand and gravel percentage, soil infiltration rate strongly increased and consequently production of the concentrated flow steadily decreased. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the rill erodibility in the soils was remarkably related to ESP (R2= 0.85, P< 0.01). Clay soil showed to have the highest rill erodibility among the soil textures due to higher exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP= 13).
A. R. Vaezi, H. Hasanzadeh,
Volume 20, Issue 75 (5-2016)
Abstract
Knowledge of variation in soil properties from each event to another is very important for the determination of critical periods during which soil is susceptible to erosion processes. This study was carried out to investigate soil loss in sequential rainfall events in Zanjan Province. Toward this, ten soil textures samples were taken and were transported to small plots (60 cm×80cm) with 20-cm depth) on a 8% slope land at three replications. The plots were exposed to ten simulated rainfalls with an intensity of 55 mm h-1 for 30-min and 5-day intervals. A total of 300 simulated rainfall trials were carried out at the plots. Results indicated that soil moisture, runoff production and soil loss were significantly affected by rainfall events (P< 0.001). Increasing soil moisture and consequently decreasing soil infiltration capacity were the most crucial element in increasing runoff production and soil loss in the sequential rainfall events, in a way that about 84% of soil loss variation in the rainfall events could be explained based on antecedent soil moisture. After the fifths rainfall event, no significant differences was found in soil infiltration capacity as well as runoff production because of soil moisture reaching to the water-holding capacity. Nevertheless, an increasing trend was observed in soil loss after fifth event which could associate with presence of more erodible soil particles on the surface and consequently increasing the concentration of surface flows.
V. Rezaverdinejad, H. Ahmadi, M. Hemmati, H. Ebrahimian,
Volume 20, Issue 76 (8-2016)
Abstract
In this study, two different approaches of infiltration parameters estimation in traditional, variable and fixed alternate furrow irrigation, with and without cutback inflow, were performed and compared. Four usual methods including two-point (Elliott and Walker), Valiantzas one-point, Mailapalli one-point and Rodriguez and Martos optimization methods, as approaches based on advance data, and multilevel optimization method as an approach based on the advance, storage and recession data, were considered. Surface irrigation model: WinSRFR was used to simulate irrigation phases and infiltration value in each method. 13 furrow irrigation field experiments, from two case studies: Karaj and Urmia, were used to perform different methods. Based on the results, the multilevel optimization method predicted the advance and recession phases and runoff-infiltration with high accuracy for traditional, variable and fixed alternate furrow irrigation. The multilevel optimization method for traditional furrow irrigation, showed more accuracy than variable and fixed alternate furrow irrigation in advance and recession phases and the average root mean square error (RMSE) for predicting advance phase for the three furrow irrigation methods was 1.37, 1.8, and 1.57 minutes and for the recession phase was 3.76, 5.0, and 3.03 minutes, respectively. Also the multilevel optimization method for cutback options indicated high performance to advance and recession prediction and the average RMSE of advance and recession prediction were obtained 3.57 and 2.13 minutes for cutback option and 3.8 and 1.3 minutes for no cutback option, respectively. The multilevel optimization method indicated high performance in storage phase, too. The average of relative error (RE) of runoff estimation for traditional, variable and fixed alternate furrow irrigation was calculated 0.5, 0.4 and 0.4 percent, respectively. The runoff average RE of multilevel optimization method with cutback and no cutback option were obtained 1.85 and 0.85 percent, respectively; that showed high performance of this method for no cutback option in comparison with the cutback option. Therefore, the use of data of all irrigation phases to estimate infiltration parameters shows better performance in the prediction of irrigation and water balance components. (run-off and infiltration).
E. Rahimi, P. Tahmasebi, E. Omidzadeh Ardali,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (2-2018)
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess effect of dung beetles function in the soil water infiltration performance on the part of rangeland of university of Sharekord in the form of a completely randomized design within one year. Therefore, the meshes consisted of both large and small size were used and filled with cattle, sheep and goat dung in six treatments (presence of dwellers, tunellers and absence of roller beetles- presence of dwellers, tunellers and small rollers and absence of large rollers- present of dwellers, rollers and small tunellers and presence of large tunellers- presence of dwellers and small tunellers, absence of large tunellers and rollers- presence of dwellers, tunellers and small rollers, absence of tunellers and large rollers- absence of beetle) with four replications. The soil water infiltration was measured using double ring. The results illustrated that the maximum function of the dung beetles in the soil water infiltration of states with cattle and goat dung application was calculated at the investigated possible treatment of presence of dwellers, presence of large and small tunneler and absence of large roller beetles and, presence of small roller beetles (10.27 and 8.97 cm/hr respectively) and the state with sheep dung application was calculated at the investigated possible treatment of presence of dwellers, absence of large tunellers and presence of small tunellers and also presence of large and small rollers, respectively (7.97 cm/hr). The results of the effect of manure on the total amount of water infiltration in the soil by dung beetles from all treatments showed the greatest amount of water infiltration in the soil, dung beetles were related to performance of dung beetles by removing goat (40.47 cm/hr), cattle (39.77 cm/hr) and sheep (38.07 cm/hr) dung. Functional groups of dung beetles by removing and importing livestock dung to the soil influence the infiltration rates in pastures soils.
N. Rashidi, M. Naderi, Sh. Ghorbani Dashtaki,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (2-2018)
Abstract
Nowadays application of soil conditioners for mitigation and reduction of runoff is a current method. Considering the advantages of Polyacrylamide (PAM), this study was arranged to evaluate impacts of this soil conditioner on soil infiltration rate, runoff and erosion control. To fulfill the goal, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was carried out with four PAM treatments (0, 6, 10, 20 kgha-1), three slope levels (3, 6 and 9 %), three irrigation treatments and three replications. Surficial (0-10 cm) soil samples were collected from Shahrekord University campus and poured into square plots (55×55cm) with 15 cm depth, after pretreatments. The plots were treated with a simulated rainfall intensity of 36 mm.h-1 for 15 minutes and the attributed runoff, sediment load and drained water were collected and measured. The results showed significant differences among the runoff and soil erosion of control and of PAM treated soils. PAM minimized the raindrop negative impacts on soils and improved water infiltration and diminished the attributed runoff. Soil treatment with PAM as a soil conditioner significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield in all treatments.
A. Shabani, A. Jahanbazi, S. H. Ahmadi, M. M. Moghimi, M. Bahrami,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
In this study, five infiltration models including Kostiakov, Kostiakov-Lewis, Philip, Soil Conservation Service (SCS) and Horton were fitted to the experimental data using the double rings, and the empirical coefficients of these models were determined. Infiltration experiments were conducted in the gravelly sandy loam soil under and between the olive and orange trees in Fasa city, Fars Province, Iran. The results showed that all five models were fitted accurately to the measured data. The accumulated infiltration under the trees was higher than those measured between two trees. Higher infiltration under the tree canopies was probably due to the higher soil organic matter, the lower soil bulk density, and the tree root channeling, which were more pronounced when compared to the small pores in these soils. Despite the positive effect of sand particles on soil infiltration, the big gravel occurrence in soil would decrease the cross section area of water flow path, thereby reducing the infiltration. Therefore, changing the land use and planting olive and orange trees in the gravel soils would increase the infiltration rate and consequently, decrease runoff and erosion rates in such soils.
A. Karami, M. Homaee,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Quantitative description of the spatial variability of soil hydraulic characteristics is crucial for planning, management and the optimum application. Field measurement of infiltration is very expensive, time-consuming and laborious. Soil structure also important effects on water infiltration in the soil. The objectives of this study were to determine the spatial variability of water infiltration, to select the most appropriate infiltration model, to calculate the parameters of relevant models, and to quantify the soil structure by using the fractal geometry. Infiltration parameters were estimated by using some physical soil properties, as well as fractal parameters, in this research. To achieve these purposes, 161 sites were selected and their infiltration was measured by using the constant head double-ring infiltrometers method in a systematic array of 500*500 m. The observed infiltration data from all examined sites were fitted to three selected infiltration models. Soil bulk density (BD), soil water content, soil particle size distribution, soil aggregate size distribution (ASD), organic carbon content (OC), saturation percentage (SP), soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were also measured in all 161 sites. For the quantitative assessment of soil structure, the aggregate size distribution, fractal parameters of the Rieu and Sposito model as well as the mean weight diameters (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) were also obtained. The obtained results indicated that the infiltration rates of the studied areas had generally low basic infiltration rates (1.1-31.1 cm hr-1) for most sites with the average of 6.69 cm hr-1. According to all obtained results and based on the least-square method, the Philip model was selected as the best performing model to account for infiltration. The aggregate size distribution demonstrated a fractal behavior, and the infiltration parameters could be significantly correlated with the fractal parameters and other soil physical properties.
B. Moravejalahkami,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Furrow irrigation is the most common method of surface irrigation. However, the accurate estimation of the soil water infiltration equation is the most important challenge for evaluating this method of irrigation. In this study, a fast and simple method that is named soil intake families and presented by USDA-NRCS (RSIF), evaluated for estimation of the Kostiakove-lewis infiltration equation parameters based on soil information. Also, this method was developed based on irrigation condition and considering soil characteristics (D-RSIF). Two treatments including constant and variable inflow discharge were tested with 4 repetitions and different irrigation phases including advance, storage and recession were simulated by developed Zero-Inertia model using RSIF and D-RSIF methods. The results showed that using the zero- inertial model, the difference between simulated advance times and simulated runoff were significant at 5% level for D-RSIF and RSIF methods. For variable inflow discharge, the error of estimating runoff volume was 10%, 6%, 12% and 41% for RSIF, D-RSIF, multilevel calibration and two-point methods respectively. Also, the irrigation scheduling error, based on soil physics characteristics (RSIF) was 14% that means consuming water more than required.
F. Haghnazari, M. Ghanbarian Alavijeh, A. Sheini Dashtegol, S. Boroomand Nnasab,
Volume 25, Issue 1 (5-2021)
Abstract
Changes in soil infiltration cause changes in irrigation efficiencies; therefore, estimating it in calculating irrigation efficiencies provides a more accurate estimate of irrigation performance indicators. In a study conducted on ARC2-7 farm in Amirkabir agro-industry in the 2010-2011 crop year, during four irrigations; two furrows were selected in terms of uniform infiltration and variable infiltration with a length of 140 and a width of 1.83 m. In the furrow assuming uniform infiltration two flume type II, at the beginning and end of it, were installed and the cumulative infiltration was determined by the volume balance method. The furrow with variable conditions was divided into four sections by installing five flumes. By examining the spatial variations of the mean cumulative infiltration, its value decreased from the first to the fourth section for the first irrigation by 15% and for the subsequent irrigations by 13%. Temporal changes of cumulative infiltration decreased by 27 and 30% for the first and second sections and by 26% for the third and fourth sections. An 11% increase in the average weight of the aggregate diameter and a 7% decrease in bulk density indicate physical changes in the soil. Surface runoff losses increased from 8 to 18.77% in the furrow assuming uniform infiltration and from 10.91 to 19.77% in the furrow with variable infiltration, and application efficiency decreased by 6%.
A.r. Vaezi, S. Rezaeipour, M. Babaakbari, F. Azarifam,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
Improving soil physical properties and increasing water retention in the soil are management strategies in soil and water conservation and enhancing crop yield in rainfed lands. This study was conducted to investigate the role of tillage direction and wheat stubble mulch level in improving soil physical properties in rainfed land in Zanjan province. A field experiment was done at two tillage directions: up to the downslope and contour line, and five stubble mulch levels: zero, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of land cover equal to 6 tons per hectare. A total of 30 plots (2 m×5 m) were created. The results indicated that water infiltration and water content were considerably affected by tillage direction, whereas its effect on water holding capacity was not significant. This physical property of the soil was influenced by the inherent properties of the soil, including particle size distribution. The change of up to down tillage direction to the contour line increased soil infiltration to 11% and water content to 6%. The physical soil properties were wholly influenced by mulch consumption. Soil water content increased in mulch treatments along with water holding capacity and infiltration rate. The highest volumetric water content was at 100% mulch level (10.62%) which was 11% more than the control treatment. However, there was no significant difference between 100% and 75% mulch treatment. This revealed that the application of 75% stubble mulch in contouring tillage is a substantial strategy for improving soil physical properties and controlling water loss in rainfed lands of semi-arid regions.
H. Ebrahimi Golbosi, E. Fazel Najafabadi, M. Shayannejad,
Volume 28, Issue 2 (8-2024)
Abstract
Surface irrigation is one of the most common irrigation methods. Due to the low efficiency of surface irrigation, water loss is significant in this system. It is necessary to know the characteristics and coefficients of water infiltration rate in the soil for accurate and adequate planning of surface irrigation. One of the equations used in this field is Phillip's infiltration equation. In this study, the infiltration coefficients of Phillip's equation and Manning's roughness coefficient in border irrigation are determined based on the comparison of the actual advance curve with the advance curve calculated with the dynamic wave model, and the results were compared with the double cylinder method and the two-point method of Ebrahimian et al. (5). The actual infiltration volume was obtained from the difference between the inlet and outlet volumes. The error of the mentioned method in calculating the infiltration volume was 5.53%. Meanwhile, the errors in the double cylinder and two-point Ebrahimian (5) method were 59.62% and 19.08%, respectively. In heavy soils, the longer the length of the border increases, the method is more accurate in estimating Philip's coefficients, while in light soils, the advancing time, which in addition to length is a function of permeability, input discharge, and the slope of the bottom of the bed is increased, the accuracy of the method in estimating Philip's penetration coefficients is increased.
