Showing 13 results for Intake
H. Zahiraddini, S.r. Mirai Ashtiani, M. Shivazad, A. Nikkhah,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (7-2001)
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary energy levels on the performance of Arian broiler chicks. Trial 1 was performed in summer and trial 2 in fall. Both experiments were accomplished in 5×2 factorial designs, involving 5 levels of dietary metabolizable energy and two sexes. Each of the 10 resulting treatments was replicated 4 and 3 times in trials 1 and 2, respectively. The metabolizable energy contents in diets number 1 to 5 were 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal/kg for starter (0-4 weeks) period and 2900, 3000, 3100, 3200 and 3300 Kcal/kg for grower (4-7 weeks) period, respectively. The ratios of energy to each nutrient were the same for all diets in each stage of the experiments.
In both experiments, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved significantly (P<0.01) when diets with higher levels of energy were consumed. Feed intake was affected (P<0.01) by the dietary energy content only in summer (trial 1) resulting from the reduced intake of chicks fed with the lowest energy level. Abdominal fat percentage was decreased (P<0.01) in chicks fed with the lowest energy diet in summer. In both experiments, the cost of the feed per unit of live body weight was reduced (P<0.01) in accordance with the reduction in diet density. As expected, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, abdominal fat and cost of the feed per unit of live body weight for male chicks were significantly better than the same values for females (P<0.01).
M. Torki, J. Arshami, C. Douglass,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (1-2004)
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of broiler growth rate and feed intake on development of the inflammatory response‚ commercial broiler diets were fed to 275 day–old chicks of the modern 2000 strain and 1957 random-bred strain. Half of the chicks had free access to feed while others were restricted. Twelve birds from each strain and group pens were removed‚ weighed, and housed in individual cages by their original feeding programs on 0‚ 7‚ 14, and 28 days. Three feed-restricted and three ad libitum birds from each strain were injected with 1-3 ml of 100 μg/ml solution of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide on days 6‚ 13‚ 27‚ and 41, and 3 birds of each group were not injected‚ serving as controls. All birds were weighed and the liver‚ breast muscle‚ thymus gastro intestinal tract and bursa were removed on the day after injection. The thymocytes of the control birds were subjected to an interleukin–1 responsiveness assay. The 1957 strain birds were more severely affected by an inflammatory challenge going almost completely off feed‚ but the 2000 strain birds experienced a more drastic decline in growth rate after injection. Thymocytes of ad libitum birds were more sensitive to IL-1 than the restricted birds in week 4 (P=0.056). Interleukin-1 stimulated thymocytes of 2000 birds more effectively than the 1957 strain ones. In conclusion‚ the broiler inflammatory response was affected by growth rate and feed intake.
S. M. A. Zomorodian, M. R. Bagheri Sabzevari,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (1-2006)
Abstract
The vertical pipe intake is an economical structure relative to the other alternatives. VPI usually installed near the water surface and prevents from the coarse sediment entrance to the system. The strong vortex in VPI entrance is a major problem which may reduce the system efficiency. Recognizing the vortex affected parameters, helping engineers to design anti vortex structures. In this study an experimental model is built to study the effect of tangential velocity, flow direction at approach channel outlet on the discharge coefficient of vertical pipe intake. By dimensional analysis it is indicated that the vortex in VPI could be defined by the dimensionless numbers (Reynolds, Weber, Froude, Circulation and Submergence). The relationship between the Froude, Circulation and Submergence numbers are presented. By using this relation one can determine the Submergence number and then calculate the discharge coefficient of vertical pipe intake.
A. Keshavarzi, M. J. Kazemzadeh Parsi,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (4-2006)
Abstract
Flow structure at water intake is very complicated and three-dimensional. Due to this the application of one and two-dimensional equations can not sufficiently explain the flow structure at water intake. In this study, the simulation of flow structure at a 45 degree water intake was investigated numerically and experimentally. Here, the characteristic of separation zone and velocity distribution at 45 degree water intake were investigated using Standard k-ε and RNG k-ε models. It was found that the Standard k-ε model enables to estimate the flow and separation zone at water intake. Also, the location of separate zone at the inlet of water intake was studied using experimental and numerical approach. It was found that the separation zone at 45 degree water intake occurs at the downstream of the inlet.
M. Aarab, M. Alikhani, S.h. Mosharaf,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2008)
Abstract
Eight hundred and fifty two multiparous Holstein cows in mid-lactation were used in a completely randomized and nested design with two treatments and three replications. Treatments were: 1) Isfahan and 2) Borkhar-Meymeh. Replications were: 1) class of one to five cows 2) class of six to ten cows and 3) class of eleven to twenty cows. Paired t-test was used for the comparison of nutrient consumption and requirement. The obtained results of one-year-old experiment indicated that township and different classes had no effect on consumption of dry matter intake (DMI), net energy lactating (NEL), metabolizable protein (MP), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), sulphur (S), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iodine (I), vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, rumen degradable protein (RDP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC). Township had a significant effect on consumption of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) (P<0/05). Township and different classes had no effect on nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. The difference between consumption and requirement for kg DMI, Mcal/d NEL, g Mp, (g absorbable) Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cl, S, mg per kg Se, Zn, Cu, I, Iu/d vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, g/d RDP, RUP, percentage of dry matter NDF, ADF and NFC were -1/6, -2/5, -630/2, -21/8, -5, 40/6, 0, -3/3, 44/2, -7/4, -3/11, -38/7, -3/26, -4/45, -14834, -234, -342/5, -542/5, -886, 28/5, 17/5 and -10/4, respectively. The difference between consumption and requirement was not significant for P, Mg and Na. This difference had a significant effect on the rest of nutrients (P<0/05). The results of this study indicated that we can feed dairy cattle by using diets containing protein supplements and mineral-vitamin premix and improve milk yield and percentage of milk protein's rural areas of Holstein cows.
M. Aarab, M. Alikhani, S.h. Mosharaf,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2008)
Abstract
Six hundred young calves, one month to three months old, were used in a completely randomized and nested design with two treatments and three replications. Treatments were: 1) Isfahan and 2) Borkhar-Meymeh. Replications were: 1) class of one to five cows 2) class of six to ten cows and 3) class of eleven to twenty cows. Paired t-test was used for comparison of nutrient consumption and requirement. Results of one-year-old experiment indicated that township and different classes had no effect on consumption of dry matter intake (whole milk and starter), net energy growth (NEg), crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), sulphur (S), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iodine (I), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), Zinc (Zn), vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E. Treatments (township) had no significant effect on the nutrient requirements of young calves. The daily difference between consumption and requirement for DMI (whole milk Kg/d), DMI (starter Kg/d), NEg Mcal/Kg, CP g/d, percentage of dry matter Ca, P, Mg, Cl, K, Na, S, mg/kg Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se, IU/kg vitamins A, D and E were -0/15, -0/092, -0/165, -17/7, -0/09, 0/1, 0/08, 0/53, 0/64, 0, 0/01, -0/1, -7/2, -0/32, -36/9, -14/1, -0/12, 0/5, -4499, -515 and -40/8, respectively. The difference between consumption and requirement had no significant effect on P, Na, S and Zn. This difference had a significant effect on the rest of nutrients (p <0/05). The results of this study indicated that young calves had received low DMI (whole milk and starter), NEg, CP, Ca, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se, vit A, vit D and vit E. This shortage can be compensated by increasing DMI (whole milk and starter) protein supplements, vitamin and mineral supplements .
M. Karami Moghaddam, M. Shafai Bajestan, H. Sedghi,
Volume 15, Issue 57 (10-2011)
Abstract
In diversion flows, a portion of stream flow which enters the intake is diverted from upstream of the intake denoted by a surface and is called dividing stream surface (DSS). The amount of flow and sediment discharge entering the intake as well as design of submerged vanes to control sediment depends on determination of dividing stream width. In this study, the experimental tests were carried out at a 30 degree water intake from a trapezoidal section. Three components of velocity data were obtained for different flow conditions. Then numerical SSIIM2 model was calibrated and verified using tests data. More flow conditions such as the main channel with rectangular section were run using SSIIM2 model to get enough hydraulic data. From analysis of these datas it was found that the dividing stream width in different distances from the bed depends directly upon the diversion flow ratio. It was found that in comparison to the rectangular section, in trapezoidal cross section, the DSS dimensions are modified in such a way that its width is increases at the surface and reduced at the bed for the same flow conditions. Relations for predicting the dividing stream width and diversion flow ratio have been presented in this paper for intake from both rectangular and trapezoidal cross sections.
A. Masjedi, A. Taeedi,
Volume 18, Issue 67 (6-2014)
Abstract
Floor intake is one of the best options for diverting mountain rivers' flow. Determination of discharge diverted in different conditions of flow in main channel is one of the main objectives for intake under rack floor condition. Gradient and shape of grid rod floor can affect the discharge deviated. In this experiment, placement and gradient of grid rods and also their effects on the discharge coefficient and hydraulic parameters were investigated. For this purpose, a physical model made of glass with variable gradient was used for the main channel. To conduct and measure the discharge diverted, a sub-channel 8 meters away from the entrance of main channel was installed below the main channel. Length and width of intake entrance were 10 and 50 cm, respectively. At the entrance of intake a longitudinal grid with four different rod diameters, constant-space passing, and four different gradients were used. Meanwhile, for the investigation of flow rate four discharges were used. The results showed that intake discharge coefficient was increased with an increase in diameter of grid rod floor, reduction in floor gradient, and increasing of depth in the upstream network. In all cases, increasing the Froude number resulted in an increase in the intake discharge coefficient in the upstream network
M.salehipour Baversad, H.ghorbani, M.afyuni, H.kheirabadi,
Volume 18, Issue 67 (6-2014)
Abstract
Regards to the importance of using safe vegetables, controlling the concentrations of heavy metals is necessary for
consumer's health. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the potential risk of heavy metals on human health for
non-cancerous and cancerous diseases through consumption of agricultural products in Isfahan province. The samples
were included wheat, rice, carrots, onions, leafy vegetables and potatoes which were collected randomly from the
studied area. In order to assess the risk of non-cancerous diseases, Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index
(HI) were calculated for a specific element as well as combinations of different elements. The results showed that the
THQ for arsenic was more than one in wheat and was less than one for other heavy metals if one product is consumed.
This indicates that the likely effects of arsenic for noncancerous diseases of wheat are not alone, rather they are for
other elements in various products. Risk indicators for men and women are 2.6 and 2.9 respectively, which indicates the
effects of noncancerous diseases resulting from consumption of products. Cancer risk due to arsenic in samples of
wheat consumption is higher than the Onion and potential cancer risk for this disease for this element is in the middle.
The parameters for the lead element in both cases is low.
M. Halvaeifard, A. Masjedi,
Volume 20, Issue 78 (1-2017)
Abstract
One of the methods for sediment control in lateral intake can be application of submerged vanes in front of the inlet. The establishment of submerged vanes in flow path causes a flow diversion toward the inner arc. In this research, the performance of submerged vanes on sediment transport to the inlet at 180 degree of intake has been investigated. Several experiments were carried out in a laboratory channel made of Plexiglas at a 180-degree arc, under clear water condition. In this research a series of experiments were done by inserting several vanes made of Plexiglas in front of lateral intake. Experiments were done by using two rows of parallel vanes with variable angles at four different discharges under two conditions of with and without vanes. In each experiment, the main channel discharge and diversion channel discharge, sediment discharge through the diversion and transmission were measured. The results of research showed that the performance of the parallel submerged vanes in diverting the path of sediments depends on contacted vanes angle by water flow. Also, entering water rate is directly proportional with entering sediment rate and entering sediment rate are increased with the increase of entering water rate at all angles. Suitable performance in reducing the sediment transport to the inlet was observed at an angle of 15 degrees of vanes relative to the axis of water flow. In other words, by increasing the angle relative to the axis of flow, sediment transport to the inlet will be increased.
K. Asgari, S. H. Tabatabaei, P. Najafi, Sh. Kiani,
Volume 20, Issue 78 (1-2017)
Abstract
Constant use of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation over long periods may cause buildup of heavy metals up to toxic levels for plants, animals, and entails environmental hazards in different aspects. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of using a deep emitter installation on lowering the potential heavy metal accumulation in soil and wheat grain, and health risk under drip irrigation with treated municipal wastewater. A field experiment was conducted according to a split block design with two treatments (fresh and wastewater) and three sub treatments (0, 15 and 30 cm depth of emitters) in four replicates in Esfahan, Iran. Soil samples were collected before planting (initial value) and after harvesting (final value) in each year. Elemental concentrations (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni) in soil and grain were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A pollution load index (PLI) showed that there was not substantial buildup of heavy metals in the wastewater-irrigated soils compared to the freshwater-irrigated soils. Cu, Pb, Cr and Zn concentrations in wheat grain were within permissible EPA limits, but concentrations of Cr was above the safe limits of EPA. In addition, concentrations of Ni in wheat grain were several folds higher than EPA standards. A health risk index (HRI) which is usually adopted to assess the health risk to hazard materials in foods showed values higher than 1 for Cd and Cu, whereas children might also be exposed to health risk of Cd, Cu and Cr. Based on aforementioned results, it can be concluded that the depth of emitter in drip irrigation does not play a significant role in the accumulation of heavy metals from TWW in our sandy loam soil.
E. Gravandi, A. Kamanbeadst, A. R. Masjedi, M. Heidarnejad, A. Bordbar,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (11-2018)
Abstract
Rivers has long been regarded as one of the most basic human water supplies. If the topography, a morphology, water requirements conditions, etc. allow water to be transferred to gravity, the use of the dike can have a significant impact on the flow rate and the sediment input to Intake. Dike design needs to consider several parameters such as position, length, type, etc. Using a good design can increase the input flow rate and reduce the sediment entering it. In this study, to evaluate the dike impact on flow hydraulic conditions in the Intake with different situations, 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees two simple L-shaped dikes in the upstream and downstream Intake and for five inlet flows (0.7, 1.12, 2.84, 5.04 and 6.23 Lit/s) were considered in the laboratory flume made by the author as a physical model to simulate the flow of the basin; then different effects of the dike on the hydraulic flow were studied. The results of the tests showed that the L-shaped dike in the upstream and downstream Intake in the internal arc flume increased the inflow flow rate into the Intake. Also, the best angle of deviation for the maximum flow entered the Intake angle of 60 degrees.
P. Heidarirad, A. A. Kamanbedast, M. Heidarnezhad, A. R. Masjedi, H. Hasoonizadeh,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (5-2020)
Abstract
Water supply at a desired rate at any time to meet the water requirements regardless of river discharge must be considered in the general design of intakes provided that the needs do not exceed the river flow. Due to the lack of necessary information in this field and the importance of sediment transport to the lateral intakes at river bends, this study aimed at understanding the mechanism of this phenomenon. To this end, the combined effect of convergence and divergence in lateral intakes on the sediment transport was investigated. According to the results, the diversion discharge to the intake was increased by converging the laboratory flume. By narrowing and converging the end of the flume, the diversion discharge was increased further, so that as the flume was converged to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion discharge to the intake was increased by 13.6% and 75%, respectively. This could be connected to narrowing, flow obstruction and backflow to the intake. In contrast, different results were found by diverging the flume. In other words, the inflow to the intake was decreased by diverging the flume. As the flume end was diverged, the diversion discharge was decreased further. By diverging the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion discharge to the intake was decreased by 21.9 and 31.8%, respectively. The average diversion discharge to the intake at 30, 60 and 90º was 13.2, 15.2 and 11.5%, respectively. By converting the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion sediment to the intake was increased by 18.5 and 71.4%. In contrast, by diverging the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion sediment to the intake was decreased by 35.4 and 49.9%, respectively.
