Showing 70 results for Lar
Sayed Farhad Mousavi, Mohammad Nekoei-Meher, Mohammad Mahdavi,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (7-1998)
Abstract
As unit hydrograph is an important item in flood estimation of the rivers and since flood hydrograph and simultaneous rainfall hyetograph is needed to derive a unit hydrograph, hydrologists recommend synthetic unit hydrographs for areas lacking these hydrometeorological data. A research was conducted in the Zayandehrud-dam watershed (Pelasjan sub-basin) to test the efficiency of synthetic unit hydrographs (Snyder, SCS, and Triangular methods) in hydrological evaluations. For the purposes of this study, natural and synthetic unit hydrographs were determined and compared, using all morphologic, hydrometric and rainfall data. The results showed that Triangular and SCS methods fit natural unit hydrographs better than Snyder method does, but peak instantaneous flow is estimated to be higher than the observed flow. So, the constant 2.083 in peak flow equation is recommended to be changed to 1.74 in this watershed. The Snyder method predicts good peak flows, compared with the other two methods. Generally, it is concluded that Triangular, SCS, and Snyder methods are ranked 1 to 3 for determination of synthetic unit hydrographs in this watershed.
M. Nasr-Esfahani, A. Akhiani, H. Fatemi, H. Hassan-Pour,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2000)
Abstract
Solarization of field soil through mulching with transparent polyethylene sheets alone and in integration with farm yard manure (40 T/ha) and/or metalayl (25 kg/ha) during summer 1994-95 for five weeks in Isfahan resulted in an increase in temperature of 10 °C (± 1) and moisture preservation of up to 82%. Solarization effectively reduced foot-rot of cucumber (Phytophthora drechsleri) in the above treatments up to 88%, 96% and 95%, respectively.
Solarization, farm yard manure and their integration reduced the infection of Meloidogyne javanica up to 50%, 57% and 83% while plant parasitic nematodes were also reduced to 72%, 75% and 86%, respectively. The populations of free living nematodes increased only in farm yard manure and in integration with solarization by 30% and 53%, respectively.
Solarization effectively reduced the populations of almost all weeds by around 100%, except for Cyperus rotundus and Sonchus asper which were reduced by 59% and 44%, respectively.
K. Zibai, B. Hatami,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (1-2001)
Abstract
The efficiency of singular and joint usage of third larval instars of ladybeetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) and green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) was studied against cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover on cucumber plants in greenhouse.
The predator-prey ratio of 1:30 reduced the population of pest significantly. Singular and joint usage of predators, however, was not significantly different. The predator-prey ratio of 1:90 reduced the population of host significantly but the treatment with larvae of both predators and the treatment with only ladybeetle larvae were not significantly different. However, only the treatment with lacewing larvae was significantly different from the two above-mentioned treatments.
R. Fotouhi Ghazvini, Y. Hammidoghli, Y. Ebrahimi,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (7-2001)
Abstract
In order to produce Tristeza virus-free plants from Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) cultivars (Ishikawa, Sugiyama and Myogawa), unfertilized ovules of plants suspected of CTV (Citrus Tristeza virus), from Mazandaran Mahdasht orchard were cultured on 4 media.
Embryogenesis of nucellus tissue of ovules from Ishikawa and Sugiyama cultivars on MS medium were 31% and 25% and on MT medium from Ishikawa was 40.5%. Unfertilized ovules of Myogawa did not germinate on all media.
Nucellar embryos of Ishikawa and Sugiyama developed on MT+GA3+ME were 83% and 95%, respectively. Embryo differentiation, leaf and plantlet formation were observed on MT+GA3+ADE+ME medium. In the stage of two leaves, the plantlets’ growth under 1500 lux illumination was twice its growth under 800 lux illumination. Budding of in vitro plantlets from both cultivars on susceptible to Tristeza and virus-free seedlings of Key Lime did not show any infection by Tristeza.
A. Aryavand, H. Fathpour,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (7-2001)
Abstract
Muteh wildlife refuge, with an area of about 220,000 ha, is situated at 95 km north of Isfahan. In this refuge, 511 species of vascular plants belonging to 284 genera and 59 families live along with 117 species of vertebrate animals belonging to 84 genera and 37 families.
Rare plants of the area were classified into two categories of “endangered” and “vulnerable” according to IUCN, 1996 categories. The endangered species include Astragalus chaetopodus Bunge. Astragalus eriostomus Bornm. Astragalus indistinctus Podl. and Maassoumi Cousinia phyllocephala Bornm. and Gauba Cousinia rhaphiocephala Rech. f. Cousinia straussii Hausskn. and C. Winkl. Ferula kashanica Rech. f. Onobrychis psoraleifolia Boiss. var. Psoraleifolia and var. pleiophylla Bornm. The vulnerable species include Bunium caroides (Boiss.) Hausskn. ex Bornm. Dielsiocharis kotschyi (Boiss.) O. E. Schultz Dionysia caespitosa (Duby) Boiss. Dorema ammoniacum D. Don. Dorema aucheri Boiss. Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. Echinophora platyloba DC. Hymenocrater bituminosus Fisch. and C. A. Mey. Pimpinella deverroides (Boiss.) Boiss. Prangos cheilanthifolia Boiss. and Thymus daenensis Celak subsp. daenensis.
The rare animal species of the region were classified into four categories: “critically endangered”, “endangered”, “vulnerable”, and “conservation-dependent species”. The critically endangered species are Felis silvestris Schreber F. caracal Schreber Jaculus blanfordi Murray (mammals) Gypaetus barbatus Falco pelegrinoides F. cherrug and F. peregrinus (birds). The endangered species include Vulpes cana Blanford Ochotona rufescens Gray (mammals) Falco naumanni F. columbarius Chlamydotis undulata (birds) and Varanus griseus (reptilian). The vulnerable species are Gazella subgutturosa Guldensteadt Canis lupus Linnaeus Meles meles Linnaeus Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus (mammals) and Aquila chrysaetos (bird). And, finally, the conservation-dependent species include Ovis orientalis Linnaeus Capra aegagrus Elxleben Panthera pardus Linnaeus (mammals) and Ammoperdix griseogularis (bird). The results from this survey were compared with the findings from the survey of some other protected areas in Iran.
H. Hamzeh-Zarghani, Z. Bani-Hashemi,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2001)
Abstract
A field survey was carried out in Firoozabad Beneh (Pistacia mutica) Forest Station covering about 12000 hectares. Data were collected using combined random and systematic sampling methods to study the effect of altitude, dominant slope direction, sex and age of the host and plant canopy on rust severity caused by Pileolaria terebinthi.
The rust severity decreased with plant age and elevations above 2000 meters. Female trees were more susceptible to the pathogen than males. The slope direction and plant canopy had no effect on disease severity. There was a significant correlation between plant age and elevation with disease severity but not with plant canopy. Regression analyses indicated a linear regression between disease severity variables and dependent variables of age, sex, and elevation.
M. Heidarpour, H. Afzalimehr, E. Khorami,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (10-2002)
Abstract
Of the many hydraulic structures developed by man, the weir is perhaps the oldest. Weirs are used for the measurement of discharge and regulation of water flow. The most common types of weirs are broad-crested, sharp-crested, circular-crested and cylindrical, and ogee crest weirs. Advantage of the circular-crested and cylindrical weir compared to the other weirs include simplicity of design, stable overflow pattern, larger coefficient of discharge and the associated lower costs. In the present study, potential flow around a circular cylinder are adapted to determine the velocity distribution at the crest section and to develop a model for coefficient of discharge (Cd) for circular-crested weirs. These results were evaluated using present test data for three types of weir models, namely, cylindrical, semicylindrical and semicylindrical with different heights and also Dressler theory. The results of the study showed that the experimental velocity profile agree very well with the theoretical profiles for the range of the study. Also, the prediction of the velocity distribution over the weir crest using Dressler theory is always less than the proposed model and measured data. The predicted values of coefficient of discharge (Cd) based on the proposed model agree well with Cd determined from direct discharge measurements. For the cylindrical model, the coefficient of discharge can be predicted from the proposed model within an error of –7% and for the semicylindrical and semicylindrical with different heights within ± 5%.
A. Zomorodian, A. R. Allameh,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (1-2003)
Abstract
Rice is only second to wheat as a major food for Iranians. It has to be dried for processing and/or storing due to excessive moisture content after harvesting. In most parts of Iran, rice is sun-dried by spreading it on the ground under solar radiation which leads to excessive losses such as attacking birds and rodents, grain contamination, wind and rainfall hazards, as well as thermal and moisture stresses. The present research aims to investigate the feasibility of thin layer solar drying process of rough rice to determine the appropriate bed depth of seed. A mixed mode passive solar dryer was used. In this system, hot air is provided by natural convection through an air solar collector. Thin-layer drying process was investigated using the thin layer mathematical models (Newton and Page models). One of the main aims of this research was to find an appropriate depth that can be regarded as thin layer. Therefore, bed grain depths of 2, 4 and 6 cm were selected for the experiments.
The results illustrated that the bed depth of 2 cm showed the thin layer drying behavior whereas bed depths of 4 and 6 cm did not.
M. R. Mosaddeghi, A. Hemmat, M. A. Hajabbasi,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (4-2003)
Abstract
Soil tilth is crucial to seedling emergence, plant growth, and crop yield. Soil tilth of unstable soil is very susceptible to change. Internal forces originating from matric suction can change soil physical properties. A laboratory study was conducted on pots of a surface silty clay loam soil of Khomeinishahr series (fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Haplargids, USDA), located in Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology. Soil surface subsidence, bulk density, cone index, and tensile strength were measured after first flood irrigation. Results showed that the seedbed (0-20 cm) with a bulk density of 1.2 Mg.m-3 will be changed to a massive soil with high values of bulk density, cone index, and tensile strength after soil wetting. Slaking, slumping and coalescence of the soil caused soil surface to subside about 1.5 cm in 20 cm soil layer. After irrigation, cone index and tensile strength increased abruptly with decreasing of moisture content. It is shown that the dominant source of strength (cone index and tensile strength) gain during drying is the effective stress due to matric suction. In the absence of external loads, physical state (tilth) of the soil returned back to the original state. Therefore, soil slaking and slumping and rearrangement of particles along with the internal forces are the factors leading to soil hardness.
P. Norouzi, D. Cai, M. A. Malboobi, B. Yazdi Samadi,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (10-2003)
Abstract
OF2 and VAP genes, probably involved in signal transduction of sugarbeet nematode resistance, have already been cloned in bacterial vector by AFLP molecular marker and a two-hybrid system, respectively. To examine their capability to introduce resistance in sugarbeet, the genes were transferred to plant expression vectors. For this reason, OF2 gene after isolation was inserted within T-DNA of pAM194 binary vector, downstream of CaMV35S constitutive promoter and also inserted within T-DNA of modified pBin121 binary vector, downstream of HS1pro-1 gene inducing promoter (responsible for nematode resistance). VAP gene after isolation was inserted within T-DNA of pAM194 plasmid, downstream of CaMV35S constitutive promoter. Thus, three new constructs were made in which genes of signal transduction pathway were expressed to give beet cyst nematode resistance. These plasmids were separately transferred to Agrobacterium rhizogenes, strain AR15834. In the next step, petiole explants of sugarbeet were inoculated with the bacterial cells. Transformation-derived hairy roots were analyzed by GUS staining and/or PCR and were then inoculated with nematode larvae. Primary results showed partial resistance against nematode larvae in some hairy roots. As a result, this resistance can be related to OF2 and VAP genes effect.
M. Hajian Shahri, M. Abbasi,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (1-2005)
Abstract
In order to investigate variations of spore population, root colonization and also to determine mycorrhizal symbiosis in the root and rhizosphere of Pistachio trees (Pistacia vera) in natural forests, two study stations in Kalat (Chachaeh) and Sarakhs (Shorlogh) regions were selected. Sampling from soil and root of the trees were taken from under the canopy and from a depth of 30 cm. On a monthly basis. The roots were stained and the colonization rate and the variations of spore population were measured. Some soil characteristics including pH, moisture, organic material percentage and available phosphorus were determined, The correlation coefficients between the measured factors were calculated. The results indicated that vesicular – arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) was the only symbiotic mycorriza of pistachio trees. Average amounts of root colonization were 13% and 11% in Chahchaheh and Shorlogh stations, respectively. Also, average numbers of spores per 1 gram of dry soil in the above stations were 12 and 10, respectively. The correlation between the variation of spore population and colonization levels was positive but the correlation between spore population and soil moisture, organic material, available phosphorus and pH was negative.
D. Zare, A. Zomorodian, H. Ghasemkhani,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (4-2005)
Abstract
The application of solar energy for drying cereals and other agricultural commodities has been increasing lately. This is due to the fact that solar energy is free, renewable, inexhaustible and environmentally friendly. This research is a new approach for employing solar energy as the main energy source for drying purposes. The drying test rig was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The grain solar dryer is an active mixed mode type with a semi-continuous discharge system. The rig consists of six solar air collectors, a heating channel, a drying chamber and an air distributing system. Rough rice was selected as cereal grain to be dried in the dryer to evaluate the system of the drying rig. In this research the effect of mass flow rate and time of crop discharge, on the rate of crop drying were evaluated. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment on the basis of a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was mass flow rate at three levels of 0.011, 0.0066 and 0.0048 kg/m2s and the second factor was the time of crop discharge at two levels of 15 and 30 min. The dryer capacity, the amount of energy consumed (electrical and solar) during drying process, and the efficiency of collectors were also evaluated. According to Duncan's multiples range test, the effects of mass flow rate of drying air, and the interval time of discharge, were highly significant on the moisture content of discharged rough rice. The maximum efficiency of the collectors was 37.13% and the fraction of energy consumed by heating channel during the drying process, compared with solar energy, was 6-8 percent. The maximum capacity of the dryer was about 132 kg of rough rice from 11 AM to 2 PM reducing the initial moisture content from 27% to 13%. On the whole, the evaluation results indicated that the dryer could reduce the moisture content of the crop to the storage safe moisture content during appropriate time with highenergy efficiency.
M. R. Safari Motlagh, F. Padasht, Gh. Hedjaroude,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (7-2005)
Abstract
The brown spot disease is one of the seed-borne diseases of rice, found in the all stages of its growth from nursery to farm. It causes qualitative and quantitative damage on rice. Therefore, some studies carried out on the different aspects of this disease and the reaction of some cultivars of rice against the pathogenic fungous agent of the diseases. To do so, 120 isolates, isolated from plant samples were collected from the 91 paddy fields in Guilan. To isolate the pathogenic fungous agent of the disease, the collected samples were cultured on PDA and filter paper. According to the results, the present isolation related to Bipolaris with the 3 species : Bipolaris oryzae (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur Bipolaris victoriae Nelson Bipolaris sp. The total isolataes were consisted of 15% Bipolaris oryzae, 75% Bipolaris -victoriae and 10% Bipolaris sp. The study of pathogenicity of isolation in these three species was applied to Khazar rice in desicator. The symptoms created by these three species were different from necrotic spots to leaf death. The results indicated that not only the symptoms but also the virulence in these three species were different. The virulence in B. oryzae was more than B. sp and this was more than B. victoriae. To study the reaction of some cultivars of rices to the pathogenic fungous agent, 8 cultivars of rice: “ Bejar, Khazar, Sepeedroud, Domsephid, Hassan saraee, Binam, Neda, Nemat” respectively were used in the two stages of the plant growth, to leaf in the seedling stage and heading. The results indicated that in seedling stage there was no significant difference between these cultivars with respect to the amount of infection. And in heading stage, according to “Dunken” test (5%) they divided into the 3 groups: “Neda, Sepeedrud, Khazar and Binam” with the lowest amount of infection were in the first group, “Bejar, Domsephid and Hassan saraee” classified in the second group and “Nemat” was in the third one. But there was no significant difference between them according to the variance analysis table.
M. J. Soleimani,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (7-2005)
Abstract
Some of the field crops are severely affected by the Fusarium foot and root-rot in the west of Iran, Hamadan. Pathogenic Fusarium species are potentially severe destructive diseases and could be a major limiting factor for the cereals and potato production in this province. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible effect of soil solarization on the population dynamics of Fusarium spp. The propagules under Hamadan climatic conditions. Pre-tarping irrigation to achieve the field capacity was carried out prior to the various treatments including the black and transparent polyethylene plastic sheets. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized block design with three replicates, in a naturally infested soil. After three, five and eight weeks, soil samples were collected from different soil depths in appropriate plots. The propagule numbers of Fusaria were counted through dilution plate method using selective Nash & Synder and PDA media. The results indicated that the propagules of Fusarium in treated soils (five and eight weeks treatments) were significantly decreased as compared with the three week treated and untreated control plots. Better results obtained with the transparent sheets after eight weeks, followed by treatments with five weeks of mulching. Accordingly, the hydrothermal control of the Fusarium foot and the root-rot disease seem to be effective under the cool and temperate area of Hamadan.
H. Arzani, M. Jangjo, H. Shams, S. Mohtashamnia, M. A. Fashami, H. Ahmadi, M. Jafari, A. A. Darvishsefat, E. Shahriary,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (4-2006)
Abstract
Range suitability and its grazing capability are the most important criteria in rangeland analysis and monitoring. Determination and monitoring of factors affecting on range suitability and diagnosis of them are important .All range ecosystem components affect range suitability. Which among them physical and vegetational factors, forage production, water resources and sensitivity to erosion were considered. The objective of this research was to determine range suitability of Lar, Dasht bakan, Ardestan, Siahrood rangelands to design a model for sheep grazing. This study was carried out in four regions, two of them (Siahrood and Lar) located in Alborz mountain chain, Ardestan in center of Iran and Dashtbakan in Zagros mountain chain. According to the results among physical factors, slope remoteness of watering points and sensitivity to erosion had more effect on grazing capability than vegetation factors. In Siahrood watershed aboundancy of poisonous plants, high slope, transient watering points and non resistant formations were limiting factors. High slope, sensitivity of soils and stones to erosion, kind of exploitation in Lar watershed affected range suitability. In Ardestan watershed, low range productivity, presence of invader plants, erosion, remoteness of watering points are major limitation of range suitability. In Dasht Bakan factors including slope, elevation, dispersion of water resources and transient water resources were limited grazing capability. In land evaluation each land utilization type has certain land use requirement and each land unit has certain land qualities. Utilization of rangeland based on grazing capacity, range readiness and recreation of degraded rangeland can improve suitability of rangelands in the studied areas.
S. M. A. Razavi, S. A. Mortazavi, S. M. Mousavi,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (7-2006)
Abstract
In this study, the effect of transmembrane pressure (TMP) on flux decline and protein rejection due to concentration polarization and fouling (adsorption) resistances during ultrafiltration of reconstituted skimmilk was investigated. UF experiments were carried out using a pilot plant unit equipped with spiral wound module and polysulfonamide UF membrane. A three-stage experimental strategy based on a resistance-in-series model (boundary layer-adsorption) was used to seperately determine the hydraulic membrane resistance, concentration polarization and fouling resistances. The results showed that increasing TMP had no effect on initial flux reduction (Jrt), but flux decline in each TMP was greatly due to concentration polarization, and fouling has a small role in flux decline, whereas dynamic response of flux decline proved that increasing Jrt during operation is due to fouling. The influence of TMP on resistances showed that total hydraulic resistance and reversible fouling resistance are increased with increasing TMP, but intrinsic membrane resistance and irreversible fouling resistance did not change. Increasing the total hydraulic resistance with time resulted in increasing both reversible and irreversible fouling resistances. Increasing TMP or operation time had no significant effect on protein rejection, but only led to an increase about 1-4 percent.
M. Falahati-Anbaran, A. A. Habashi, M. Esfahany, S. A. Mohammadi, B. Ghareyazie,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (10-2006)
Abstract
Annual medics are used for hey production, soil protection, biological fixation of N2 and green manure. In the present study, the inter and intra specific genetic diversity and relatedness of 4 diploid and two tetraploid (M. rugosa and M. scutellata) annual medics were evaluated using microsatellite markers. PCR analysis was performed on genomic DNA from individual plant and PCR products were detected using standard polyacrylamide sequencing gel. Totally twenty five polymorphic alleles were observed in the studied species. Average intra-specific genetic diversity ranged from zero (0.0) in both M. rugosa and M. scutellata to 0.114 in M. minima species, and the level of genetic diversity was similar in both M. orbicularis and M. truncatula species. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was used to partition the overall genetic diversity into within and among species, and between diploids and tetraploids. The results revealed significant (P<0.05) inter and intra-specific genetic variation. Pairwise comparisons based on Fst indicated significant differences among all of the species. Clustering analysis using UPGMA algorithm based on coancestary coefficient revealed a clear genetic relationship among species. The hypothesis on a common origin of two tetraploid species was supported by UPGMA clustering and phylogenetic analysis. The high level of Genetic diversity in spiny pod species respect to spineless pod species suggested the high importance of species with spiny pods in annual medics evolution. The findings support the usefulness of microsatellite markers for assessing inter and intra specific genetic diversity, differentiation and genetic relationships.
M. Yahyavi, Gh. Azari Takami, Gh. Vosoughi,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (1-2007)
Abstract
Stress tests are commonly applied in shrimp hatcheries to estimate the quality of postlarvae to be used during growout. The highest larval survival rate during culture and in shrimp stress tests has been reported when specimens are offered a diet containing high levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids ( HUFA ) . Also vitamin C has positive effect to resistance and survival of larvae . In this study in postlarvae stage 1 in the salinity stress tests (10 and 20 ppt ) the highest survival rate was observed in treatment 3 ( 56.667 % and 90.00 % ) which was enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C . As for the second, treatment 2 ( 43.333 % and 76.667 % ) which was solely enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids showed significant differences at a level of ( P < 0.05 ) with treatment 3 . The difference between these two treatments and treatment 1( larvae fed rotifers cultured on Chlorella sp. ) and control ( larvae fed newly hatched Artemia nauplii ) was also significant . No significant difference was observed in formalin stress test ( 100 ppm ) in this stage between treatments 3 ( 86.667 % ) and 2 ( 80.00 % ) which shows the highest survival rate . But difference between them with treatment 1( 60.00 % ) which was unenriched and control ( 53.333 % ) was significant . Also, in postlarvae stage 5 in the salinity stress tests (10and20 ppt) the highest survival rate was observed in treatment 3 ( 56.667 % and 83.333 % ) and later treatment 2 ( 40.00 % and 70.00 % ) which showed significant difference . In this stage , the survival rate the treatment control ( 60.00 % and 86.667 % ) and treatment 3 showed no significant difference but they showed significant differences with treatment 1 and 2 .The lowest survival rate was observed in treatment 1( 26.667 % and 56.667 % ) . And the highest survival rate was observed in formalin stress test ( 100 ppm ) in this stage in treatments control , 3 and 2 ( 76.667 % , 73.333 % and 70.00 % ) among which there were no significant differences . However, the difference between these three treatments with treatment 1 ( 53.333 % ) was significant .
Gh. R. Mesbahi, J. Jamalian,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (7-2007)
Abstract
Mayonnaise sauce is a nutritious food product with high caloric content, which is usually incorporated into other products as an ingredient. The product should be produced under hygienic conditions to avoid its physical and chemical deterioration along with microbial spoilage, which mostly happens due to the lack of thermal treatment. Mayonnaise is often stored for long periods at room temperature in large plastic containers before consumption. To carry out the investigation, samples of the sauce in large plastic containers and glass jars were obtained directly from a commercial producer. After preliminary quality examinations, they were allocated into 3 lots and stored at 5, 25 or 40oC for up to 6 months. They were then subjected to physical, chemical, microbiological and organoleptic tests at monthly intervals. The results showed no significant microbial growth even when kept at higher temperatures. Significant chemical changes (autoxidation), however, occurred in both containers at temperatures close to 40oC. Organoleptic examinations revealed significant changes, especially in color and emulsion stability, which were more evidenced for those stored at higher temperature. It was concluded that the storage of mayonnaise sauce in large plastic containers at higher temperatures should be avoided mostly due to deterioration through physical, chemical and organoleptic changes of the sauce.
K. Solaimani, R. Tamartash, F. Alavi, S. Lotfi,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (7-2007)
Abstract
In order to manage the rangeland resources, remote sensing data is able to provide a sensible role of different cases in flora community such as biomass. The study area in SefidAb subbasin of the Lar Dam basin is located in central Alborz, where the climatic condition is semihumid and near to moderate. For the assessment of the sattelite data and their capability in estimation of the range production, Landsat-TM data with different bands was used. In this research, the field data was collected using random-systematic method in 20 sampling units of 200 plots. For geographic coordinates of the sampling units and related pixels in digital data, GPS and also existing benchmark data of the nearest points were used. Then correlation between ground data and vegetation index from different band combination was investigated and the reasonble vegetation indices were obtained. Finally, the best models were extracted for this purpose, which showed sensible relation between the field data and vegetation index. Therefor, it is possible to estimate range production using Landsat TM data related to ground control.
