JWSS - Journal of Water and Soil Science

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This study was carried out on the biochemical aspects of chickpea cultivars and the genomic behavior of A. rabiei pathotypes 4 and 6 in four parts: 1) Determining the number of resistant genes in chickpea native cultivars, 2) Comparing the variation of sodium and potassium electrolytes concentrations in noninfected and infected seedling stems of resistant and susceptible cultivars, 3) Studying the effect of potassium deficiency on five differential cultivars by Hoagland nutrient culture, and 4) Using RAPD-PCR method to detect any genomic differences between the two pathotypes used in this study.

Eighteen native chickpea cultivars were chosen for this study. The result of the experiments showed that cultivar 1-60-144 possesses the highest number of resistant genes, while the others were either relatively tolerant or susceptible. The reduction of electrolytes concentration in infected cultivar ILC-1929 in comparison to resistant cultivar ILC-5928 is an indication of compatibility between the host plant and the pathogen. Increasing the level of resistance in differential cultivars and appearance of induced resistance as the result of potassium deficiency is due to the production of putrecine diamine. Eighty percent similarity of pathotypes genomic bands by using CG marker and primer 171 showed insufficient primer numbers and the necessity for using complementary methods.

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In this study tractive efficiency (TE) of MF285 and U650 tractors during moldboard plowing were evaluated and compared. Field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Station, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, using a randomized complete block design with a 3*3 factorial. The soil was sandy clay loam with an average moisture content of 18% b.d. from zero to 30 cm depth. Test treatments were combinations of three tractor types or conditions (U650, MF285 liquid ballasted and MF285 with no liquid or weight ballast) and three levels of plowing depth (10-15 cm, 15-20 cm and 20-25 cm). Plowing speed was kept constant at about 4 km/h throughout the experiment. The measured or calculated parameters included: tractor drawbar pull and rolling resistance, drive wheel slip and tractor tractive efficiency. Statistical analysis of the test results showed that the primary difference between the tractor types or conditions was in their wheel slip, such that the average wheel slip of U650 was lowest (12.6%) while that of unballasted MF285 was highest (27%) and was reduced to 17.7% with liquid ballasting. Also, while growth of unballasted MF285 wheel slip with increasing plowing depth was drastically high (11% to 48%), that of U650 was quite moderate (9.7% to 16.5%). Analysis of the calculated values of TE showed that there was no significant changes in the TE of U650 with increasing plowing depth and that with an average of 73.8%, it had a desirable performance. The TE of unballasted MF285 that was over 75% at shallow plowing, dropped to 46% with increasing plowing depth, while water ballasting improved the decreasing trend of TE with plowing depth and raised its minimum value to about 63%. The overall results of this study showed that unballasted MF285 tractors had desirable TE only at shallow plowing and that for medium and deep plowing, U650 or water ballasted MF285 tractors should be used.

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During the period from 1997 to 1998, samples of wheat leaves were collected from different wheat farms in Fars and Kohgiluyeh & Boyrahmad provinces to identify the causal agent of wheat leaf blight. On the basis of LOPAT tests and production of fluorescent pigment on KB medium, 181 bacterial isolates were recovered from the samples. Based on biochemical, physiological and pathogenicity tests, the isolates were categorized in five groups. One group was found to be Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) and the remaining groups were identified as P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss). The pathogenicity test indicated that Pss strains were the causal agent of bacterial wheat leaf blight in Fars and Kohgiluyeh & Boyrahmad provinces. Whole protein electrophoretic patterns were similar in Pss isolates but only a few showed small variation in some subordinated bands. Pathogenic strains of Pss were also isolated from annual and perennial weeds such as foxtail, hairy vetch, oat grass, barley grass and Cynodon dactylon in some areas including Saadat Shahr and Marvdasht. Among the wheat cultivars tested, Tajan was susceptible to the pathogen but others were immune, resistant, moderately resistant, or moderately susceptible. The results showed that Pss is a seed-born pathogen in wheat kernel perhaps as endophyte in the seeds.

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Russian Wheat Aphid (RWA) is a serious pest of wheat, barely and other small grains in cereal-producing regions of the world. The use of resistant cultivars is an effective management strategy to control this pest. In this study, 15 lines and 13 cultivars of durum and bread wheats along with two resistant and susceptible controls were used to evaluate their reaction to RWA under greenhouse conditions, using completely randomized design with four replications. Three seedlings at each plot were considered as an experimental unit. Five aphid nymphs (4-5 ages) were placed on each plant at 1-2 leaf stage. Leaf rolling and leaf chlorosis percentages were measured 21 days after infesting and used to screen the genotypes. Despite the relatively high linear correlation between two resistance components, leaf rolling and leaf chlorosis, estimated as 80%, analysis of variance indicated significant differences among genotypes. Eight durum lines DW9, DW14, DW4, DW2, DW7, DW8, DW12 and DW3 and one bread wheat cultivar (Azadi) were significantly more resistant than the resistant control (Halt). One durum line (DW13) and two bread wheat cultivars (Shiroodi and M-75-7) had higher leaf rolling and leaf chlorosis than the susceptible control (Sholeh). So they were selected as the most susceptible to the biotype of D. noxia. under study. Orthogonal comparison showed that durum lines were more resistant than bread wheat cultivars. These results were confirmed by Cluster Analysis based on leaf rolling and leaf chlorosis.

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The reaction of forty two barely landraces, mostly from Azarbijan Province and a susceptible cultivar, Zarjo, was studied under greenhouse conditions in the presence of four highly virulent isolates of Pyrenophora graminea, i.e. Marand 3, Ajabshir 2, Khasseban-Tireh, and Bostanabad. The experimental design was a split-plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Landraces were considered as sub-plots and the isolates as whole plots. The seeds were inoculated by the sandwich method and responses of the landraces were evaluated by the method of Mathur and Bhatnagar. The resistance of landrace #1 to the isolates of Marand 3 and Ajabshir 2 and that of landrace # 27 to the isolate of Ajabshir 2 was observed. These landraces could be used as a source of vertical resistance in barley. Landraces 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37 and 41 were classified within the range of partial resistance to partial susceptibility, which may be utilized as the sources of horizontal resistance.

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In this study, the effect of transmembrane pressure (TMP) on flux decline and protein rejection due to concentration polarization and fouling (adsorption) resistances during ultrafiltration of reconstituted skimmilk was investigated. UF experiments were carried out using a pilot plant unit equipped with spiral wound module and polysulfonamide UF membrane. A three-stage experimental strategy based on a resistance-in-series model (boundary layer-adsorption) was used to seperately determine the hydraulic membrane resistance, concentration polarization and fouling resistances. The results showed that increasing TMP had no effect on initial flux reduction (Jrt), but flux decline in each TMP was greatly due to concentration polarization, and fouling has a small role in flux decline, whereas dynamic response of flux decline proved that increasing Jrt during operation is due to fouling. The influence of TMP on resistances showed that total hydraulic resistance and reversible fouling resistance are increased with increasing TMP, but intrinsic membrane resistance and irreversible fouling resistance did not change. Increasing the total hydraulic resistance with time resulted in increasing both reversible and irreversible fouling resistances. Increasing TMP or operation time had no significant effect on protein rejection, but only led to an increase about 1-4 percent.

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In order to evaluate grain yield potential and study dry matter remobilization to seed, 8 commercial bread wheat cultivars were examined in two separate experiments, using randomized complete block design with 4 replications in 2003. There were significant differences for most traits in normal and drought conditions. Sarday variety had the least grain yield in the two environments. There was considerable variation between genotypes for independent parameters of dry matter remobilization to different plant parts in the two environments. Factor analysis showed that seven factors accounted for 100 % of the data total variance in normal and drought conditions. Factor analysis also showed that the effective traits to components grain yield , height and phenological traits were important for the selection of appropriate genotypes. Calculation of drought resistance indices showed that four indices including mean productivity, geometric mean productivity, harmonic index, stress tolerance index were more effective than other indices for the selection of drought tolerant genotypes.

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Generation mean analysis (GMA) was used to study the type of gene action and inheritance of grain yield and its components. Generation mean analysis with joint scaling test was performed. This research was conducted at research farm of college of Agriculture at the University of Tehran. The parents and their progenies ( F1, F2, BC1 & BC2) in three mating groups ( Sardari × 7007, Sardari × 7107& 7107 × 5593) were produced and planted using a randomized complete block design with four replications for each mating group. Of four replications in each experiment, two replications for drought and two replications for non-drought condition were used. The eight traits which were evaluated included grain yield, plant height, plant weight, tiller number, spike length, grains per spikes and 100 grain weight. Most of the genetic parameters including mean (m), additive (d), dominant (h), additive × additive [i], additive × dominant [j], and dominant × dominant[l] effects were significant. However, all gene effects were not significant in all traits.The dominant gene effect was the most contributor factor to inheritance of the majority of traits. For the majority of the traits, additive gene effect was significant, but its magnitude was less than dominant gene effect. Also the dominant × dominant[l] epistasis was more important than additive× additive [i] epistasis. The degree of dominance in most of traits indicated the predominance of dominant gene effects.

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Tractive efficiency and fuel consumption of Massey Ferguson (MF399) and John Deere (JD 4230) tractors during plowing with moldboard plow were evaluated and compared. The tests were conducted at the Experimental Station, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, in a field with sandy clay soil at average moisture content of 18% d. b. from zero to 30 cm depth. A randomized complete block design with a 4 3 factorial was used in three replications. The treatments consisted of two types of tractors, MF399 and JD 4230, each at two levels of axle load (standard and liquid ballasted) and three levels of plowing depth, shallow (15-20 cm), medium (20-25 cm) and deep (25-30 cm) using a semi-mounted 4-bottom moldboard plow. In all treatments, the tractor engine speed was set at rated rpm (2000 and 2200 for MF399 and JD 4230, respectively) and forward speed was kept constant at about 4.5±5 km/hr. The measured and calculated parameters included: drawbar pull, rolling resistance, wheel slip, tractive efficiency and fuel consumption. The results indicated that tractive efficiency of MF 399 in deep plowing increased from 36.5% to 53% with ballasting the drive wheels, even though the improved traction was not comparable to that of JD 4230 (64%) at the same plowing depth. However, at ballasted condition it is comparable to JD 4230 at shallow and medium depth plowing due to its lower fuel consumption. Using ballasted JD 4230 for shallow depth plowing is not economically justified due to the excessive fuel consumption and may cause soil compaction due to the lower than optimum wheel slippage. Generally, using MF399 is recommended for lower draft and JD 4230 for higher draft tillage operations. Otherwise, MF399 will encounter severe reduction in tractive efficiency and excessive increase in fuel consumption and JD 4230 will cause soil compaction.

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Safflower (Carthamus tinctoius L.) is an Iranian native crop that is adapted to different environmental conditions of this country. Sixteen safflower varieties/lines were spring-planted in 6 research stations including Sararood (Kermanshah), Maragheh, Ghamlo (Kordestan), Khodabandeh (Zanjan), Shirvan (North Khorasan)and Khohdasht (Lorestan) with and without drought stress conditions each in a RCBD with 3 replications. Some drought resistante indices including Mean of Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean of Productivity (GMP), Tolerance (TOL), Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI) for seed yield and genotypes Cell Membrane Stability (CMS) were calculated. Results showed that STI was the most appropriate index to identify drough resistant genotypes. Estimation of STI from mean of all stations revealed that Gila, CW-4440 and PI-537598 with high STI showed high seed yield in both stress and non-stress conditions. Caculation of STI standard deviation for these genotypes showed that Gila had less STI stability over the locations than other two genotypes so, CW-4440 and PI-537598 are more stable in drought stress resistance. Analysis of variance for cell membrane stability (CMS) of genotypes showed the significant differences in 1% level of probability between genotypes. S-541 had the highest and Kino-76 had the lowest CMS. There were significant and strong correlations between STI, MP and GMP with CMS namely, genotypes with more stable membrane having more drought resistance in field condition. So, cell membrance stability can be a useful and fast method to screen germplasm and identify drought resistant genotypes. Cluster analysis based on STI,MP,GMP, CMS and seed yield in both stress and non-stress conditions divided genotypes into 3 groupes. Results of clustering also identified S-541, Gila, CW-4440 and PI-537598 as 4 superior genotypes and confirmed the results of other methods.

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Tamarix sricta plant grows in riversides of Karun river. Outer body plant in the flood times causes decrease in water velocity, preventing erosion. One of the factors by which the hydraulic resistance is expressed is the roughness coefficient. Measurement of roughness coefficient of the existing plants in these riversides and floodplains, and surveying their effects on the velocity decrease and shear stress of the flow are important. The present research studies roughness coefficient of the plants manning existing in the riverside. Tamaix sricta was studied in non-submerged and sub-critical conditions in a flume with the length of 12.6 m, width of 0.5 m and height of 0.6 m in different velocity, discharge and depth ranges. The height of plants in this study was 35 cm with a natural arrangement in a bench of 2.8 m in length put in the bed of the flume. The total number of the experiments is 22. The results of this study show that roughness coefficients of plants are functions of velocity, depth, hydraulic radius and type of plants. Roughness coefficients in non-submerge condition change nonlinearly with changes in velocity, depth, Reynolds number, submerge depth and (VR) in natural conditions.

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Tillage systems and organic manures could affect soil physical and mechanical properties. This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of two tillage systems including conventional tillage by moldboard plowing (plowing depth, 30 cm) and reduced tillage by disk plow (plowing depth, 15 cm) and three rates (0, 30 and 60 ton ha-1) of farmyard manure (FYM) on the soil penetration resistance under corn cropping in a split block design with 3 replications. The cone index (CI) decreased with increase of the tillage depth. It is attributable to soil disturbing and loosening of the deeper layers under conventional tillage compared to reduced tillage. This trend, however, was observed only in the first (after treatments’ application and before cropping) and second (the highest rate of vegetative growth) samplings. In the third sampling (after harvest), there were not significant differences between the CI values under two tillage systems in different soil depths. It might be due to soil re-compaction (approaching the pre-tillage state) as well as disappearance of the tillage effects seven month after commencement of the experiment. In fact, the soil mechanical resistance increased with the time indicating soil re-compaction over the growing season. Adding FYM to the surface layer (i.e. 0-10 cm) of ridge soil resulted in significant decrease of soil mechanical resistance compared to control treatment. The CI decreased significantly in the 30 ton ha-1 treatment up to the stage of highest rate of vegetative grow, but the effect on CI was diminished after harvest. However, the decreasing effects of the 60 ton ha-1 treatment on the CI continued to the harvesting time. There were no significant effects of FYM in the soil deeper than 10 cm from the ridge surface and in all of the layers in furrow. The CI did not decrease significantly in the furrow due to negligible effect of manure application for the inter-row position.

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In Guilan province, Sefidrud River, as the main source of irrigating rice in Guilan province, has been subjected to increasing salinity and a decreasing discharge because of decreasing in the volume of sefidrud dam, diverting water upstream and entering different sewages into the river. This research tries to determine optimum irrigation depth and intermittent periods in proportion to salinity resistance at different growth stages using optimization- simulation model. After calibration, Agro-hydrological SWAP model was used to simulate different growth stages of rice. Optimization results were obtained for managing fresh and saline intermittent water, 8-day intermittent period, for salinity of 0.747 dS/m in sensitive maturity stage and salinity of 3.36 dS/m in resistant vegetative, tiller and harvest growth stages. It is suggested that the depth of irrigation water be 1, 3, 3 and 5 cm for vegetative, tiller, maturity and harvest stages, respectively. Comparing managements of irrigation and saline based on the resistance of different growth stages to salinity and exploitation of irrigating water with a constant salinity during growth periods of the plant showed that irrigation management based on resistance of different growth periods of the plant to salinity causes rice yield to be improved by 23percent.

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Hardsetting phenomenon is an indicator of poor soil physical quality. Hardsetting soils are soils with high rate of mechanical strength increase upon drying and are hardened and/or compacted when dry out. It is difficult to till such soils. Hardsetting soils have additional limitations such as poor aeration at wet conditions, low infiltrability and high runoff and erosion. Most of Iran soils have low organic matter content and it is expected that hardsetting phenomenon occurs in some of these soils. This study was conducted to investigate the hardsetting phenomenon on 9 soil series collected from Hamadan province. Three types of mechanical strength consisting tensile strength (ITS), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and penetration resistance (PR) were measured on the repacked soil samples prepared in the lab. The ITS, UCS and PR tests were done on the soil cores which had been prepared at bulk density (BD) equal to 90% of critical BD for root growth (0.9BDcritical). The effects of intrinsic properties on the hardsetting phenomenon were studied, too. Based on the suggested definition in “International Symposium on Sealing, Crusting and Hardsetting Soils” to International :::union::: of Soil Science, in which a hardsetting soil has air-dry tensile strength ≥ 90 kPa, one soil (medium-textured) out of the studied soils showed the hardsetting phenomenon at 0.9BDcritical. It might be concluded that medium-textured soils are more susceptible to hardsetting. For all of the studied soils, the ITS increased with the increase in clay content. The increasing impacts of clay and carbonate contents were also observed for the UCS and PR, respectively. Calcium carbonate could act as a cementing agent in between the soil particles and brings about the soil susceptibility to hardsetting. Moreover, the decreasing trend of all soil mechanical strengths was observed with water content increase. Slope (b) of the exponential model (fitted to the soil mechanical strength characteristic curve), as an index of hardsetting, had positive correlation with the sand content and negative correlation with the silt content. Overall, texture and calcium carbonate content are major and effective properties in terms of hardsetting phenomenon in Hamadan soils.

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efficiency was investigated during a 2-year period (2009-2010) in a silty clay loam soil in Tajarak Research Station (Kaboudarahang Township), Hamedan. The experimental design was a strip-plot within a randomized complete blocks design. The horizontal band, the irrigation water rate after flowering, included full and deficit irrigation (100% and 75% potato water requirement) and the vertical band, kind of inter-planting row tillage including 1- subsoiling to 30-35 cm soil depth, 2- chiseling to 20-25 cm soil depth, 3- sweeping to 5 cm soil depth and 4- no-till. During the growing season, soil mechanical resistance (cone index) in two stages and water infiltration into the soil were measured. At the end of the growth season (harvesting time), potato yield quantity and quality were measured. Result showed that the effect of inter-row tillage on soil mechanical resistance was significant. Subsoiling and chiseling had lower soil mechanical resistance and higher water permeability between treatments, respectively. The effect of inter-row tillage on potato yield was significant so subsoiling and chiseling had a higher potato yield between treatments, respectively. The effect of irrigation water rate on potato yield was not significant. The effect of inter-row tillage on water use efficiency wasn’t significant.

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Organic substances produced by cyanobacteria and some polymeric compounds play a role in soil aggregation and increase soil structure stability in sandy soils. Effects of biological soil crusts and some polymeric compounds on some properties of a sandy soil were investigated in this research. Inoculation of three cyanobacterial treatments (Nostoc sp., Phormidium sp. and their combination) and four time intervals on crust formation, organic carbon and calcium carbonate contents, resistance to penetration and MWDD in soils below the crusts were studied in the first experiment. Combination of two cyanobacterial species in 60 days treatment with 2.2 % organic carbon, 0.2 Mpa resistance to penetration, and 96.7 % large aggregates was introduced as the superior treatment. Effect of superior cyanobacteria and time treatments on aggregate size distribution was studied in the second part of this experiment. Sixty-day treatment with 96.7 % of large aggregates was the most effective treatment. Structural stability of a sandy soil influenced by four concentration levels (0, 1, 2 and 4%) of anionic polyelectrolyte polymer at the depths of 1, 2 and 3 cm was investigated in the second experiment. Four percent concentration treatment of polymer with 0.6 Mpa resistance to penetration and 90.9 % large aggregates was the most effective one. A significant difference in resistance to penetration among three depth intervals was also observed

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In this research, the hydraulic behavior of two kinds of envelopes including synthetic envelope, PP450 and gravel envelope with USBR standard in two soil tank models with silty loam texture was investigated. Three water heads including 55, 75 and 105 cm (water logging) from drain level were used. The discharge of pipe drain in the steady state condition for gravel envelope and at 55, 75 and 105 cm water heads was 188.9, 172.0 and 897.0% more than those in PP450, respectively. Envelope hydraulic conductivity rates at gravel envelope for 55, 75 and 105 cm water heads were 24.6, 14.0 and 21.2 times higher than those in PP450, respectively, and gradient ratios in these water heads for gravel envelope were 14.5%, 2.8% and 14.2% lower than those for synthetic envelope. There were also different behaviors in the two kinds of envelopes for hydraulic conductivity and entrance resistance of pipe and envelope in 55 and 75 cm water heads relative to 105 cm. In general, according to the measured parameters in this research, gravel envelope showed a better performance.

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