JWSS - Journal of Water and Soil Science

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The effectiveness of Buprofezin (40% SC) and Pyriproxifen (10% EC) on the mortality of nymphal stages and fecundity of cottony cushion scale was investigated under glasshouse conditions. The LC₅₀ of IGRs was also determined for the first nymphal stage. Two applications were conducted at intervals of 1 day prior to introduction of crawlers and 42 days after infestation. The results indicated that Buprofezin was superior to Pyriproxifen in suppressing the growth and development of crawlers. The mortality of first instars was determined 28 days after the first application. Although the total mortality of second instars due to Pyriproxifen was higher than that by Buprofezin, but the cummulative mortality of 1000 ppm treatment was estimated to be 100% in both experiments after 42 days. The effect of Buprofezin on incomplete molting of nymphs and its ovicidal activity showed a decreasing rate in third instar nymphs survival and fecundity of cottony cushion scale in relation to different concentrations of the IGRs, but it never reached 100%. Meanwhile the 1000 ppm concentration of Pyriproxifen in the same treatments brought about complete mortality to third instar nymphs and inhibited adult and egg formation due to imbalanced juvenile hormone activity. However in 1 ppm concentration of Pyriproxifen, a noticeable increase in fecundity of cottony cushion scale was observed.

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Pistachio oyster shell scale is one of the important pests of pistachio in Iran whose females are reported to exist in two or three forms, each form developing on a specific part of the pistachio tree. In this study, abundance of the pest is investigated on leaves and branches for different ages, two heights and four cardinal directions of tree crown. Paralelly seasonal population fluctuations of three forms were studied on leaves, and one-and two-year-old branches separately. This insect overwintered as female mostly on one and two-year-old branches. It had two separable periods of activity, through the season. In the first period, eggs mostly hatched in April and crawlers mostly settled on leaves, fruits and newly grown twigs but rarely on older branches.These populations are male and female. In the second period, eggs mostly hatched in June, and crawlers settled mostly on leaves and one and two-year-old branches, but all individuals settled on leaves are males and those on branches are females. Population density is significantly higher on upper surface of leaves than on the lower surface. Analysis of variance showed that only significant differences existed in densities observed between trees in both generations, and also between two heights of tree crown for populations settled on wood. Two predatory species from Cybocephalidae and Coccinellidae, one ectoparasitoid from Aphelinidae and two endoparasitoids from Encyrtidae were collected as natural enemies of this pest in Isfahan.

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Understanding the variability of pedological properties as well as the soil quality attributes on different landscape positions in hummocky terrains would result in a better land management in such areas. Despite the importance of such studies, no research has been couducted on the landscape-scale variability of soil quality indices in Iran and most researchers have so far focussed on pedological aspects of soil variability. The objective of this study was to understand the variability of selected soil quality indices at different landscape positions. A systematic grid including 120 points (12x10) with a distance of 30m was laid out in a hummocky rangeland around the city of Semirom. Surface soil samples were taken from 120 points on grid nodes and their organic carbon, microbial respiration rate, phosphatase activity, pH and EC were measured. Also, the thickness of A horizon and the soil moisture content were measured on grid nodes in the field. The results indicated that the lower slope positions including footslope and toeslope had the highest amount of phosphatase activity, microbial respiration, A horizon thickness, organic carbon, and EC. In contrast, soils occuring on shoulder had the least amount of the above-mentioned properties. Soils on summit and backslope seem to have been moderately degraded. Soil pH showed the opposite trend, as compared to other properties studied. The presence of a great variability in soil quality attributes at the landscape scale can be attributed to differenes in effective moisture that various landscape positions receive, as well as the differenes in soil erosion and deposition rates. This can also be an indication of a severe land degradion due to poor management practices. Since applying different management practices on different landscape positions are practically impossible, to be on the safe side, it is highly recommended to plan conservation practices based on soil quality of the most degraded landscape positions.

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The results of diallel analysis of 7 parents and 21 F2 progenies of Burley tobacco cultivars, which were transplanted in 2002 as RCBD with 3 replications in the Tobacco Research Center, Rasht, Iran, showed significant genetic differences among genotypes and high GCA and SCA for most of the traits. Therefore the role of additive and non-additive (dominant) effects of genes on the formation of the corresponding characteristics was important. The graphical analysis of progenies of diallel crosses showed partial dominant effect for nicotine percentage in leaves. The distribution of parents around regression line showed most dominant genes in cultivars B.CDL 28, B.Banket, and B.21 while cultivars B.14 and B.TN 86 hade most recessive genes for this characteristic. Also the low and high percentages of nicotine were controlled by dominant and recessive genes, respectively. Estimated simple (phenotypic) relationships between characteristics showed significant correlation between dry leaf yield of tobacco cultivars and its components such as leaf area index (LAI) (r = 0.482**), time to flowering (r = 0.440*), appearance of leaves (r = 0.648**) and percent age of dry matter of leaves. The path coefficient analysis showed very high direct influence of dry matter percent age of leaves, appearance of leaves, and LAI in dry leaf yield. These characteristics would be a favorite selection index for increasing tobacco yield, since characteristics such as leaves per plant, plant height and time to flowering have no significant direct influence on dry leaf yield of tobacco cultivars. These yield components explain 82% of variance of tobacco yield. Results of factor analysis, using principal Component Analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation showed that characteristics such as leaves per plant, LAI, and plant height with high positive and significant factor loading as a morphological factor explain 44% of data variance. The second factor including such traits as time to flowering, appearance, and percent of dry matter of leaves with high positive and significant factor loading, form a physiological factor. These two factors together explains 65% of variance of dry leaf yield of tobacco cultivars.

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The coccinellid Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. is an oligophagous predator that is used to control mealy bugs in the orchards and greenhouses. Citrus soft scale, Pulvinaria aurantii, as an active pest on citrus plants in North of Iran is also attacked by this predator. This research was conducted to study biological characteristics of C. montrouzieri on citrus soft scale and mealy bug, Planococcus citri. Initially, Cryptolaemus eggs were collected from colonies of two preys and reared in laboratory (14 L: 10 D, 25±1˚C, and RH 70 ±5%). The incubation period of eggs, 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd and, 4^th larval instars, and total larval, prepupal, and pupal stages were studied on two preys. The developmental stages on two preys were not significantly different, except for the 4^th larval instar at 1% and total larval stages at 5%. The sex ratio of male to female on two preys were not significantly different at 1% and was 1:1. Except for pre-oviposition period, other parameters including female longevity, average number of eggs laid per day, average total number of eggs laid per female and percentage of hatching were significantly different at 1% on the two preys. The average feeding of total larval period on eggs of mealy bug and citrus soft scale were 5715 and 7694, respectively that, the difference was significant at 1%. The results showed that some of the biological characteristics of Cryptolaemus on two preys were significantly different. Since the predator feeding on the eggs of citrus soft scale was higher than the mealy bug, it seems that this beneficial insect could be used for biological control of the citrus soft scale.

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In this study changes in microstructure of casein micelles in raw and pasteurized milk were investigated by SEM and TEM. Milk was pasteurized by L.T.L.T. method (Temperature: 63 ^oC_ Time:30 minute).Samples of raw and pasteurized milk were taken from research pilot plant of The College of Agriculture. Each sample was divided into two parts. One part of each sample was directly prepared for SEM and TEM, whereas the second part were renneted at 2 ^oC and kept at this temperature for 24 h. and then prepared for evaluation by electron microscopes. Results indicated that in native state, particularly in raw milk casein micelles are in spherical shape with smooth surface and in the single form. The samples, which stored in the cold were under the effect of the rennet, encounter of filamentous status that might be due to the changes occurred in kappa-casein following the action of rennet along with partial removal of beta-casein and micellar calcium phosphate. Micrographs of casein micelles in pasteurized milk indicated that thermal condition during pasteurization had influenced on increasing of casein micelles size.

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Conventional soil survey methods for soils within the watersheds in Iran require a significant budget with many soil surveyors and much time. Additionally, no accurate and reliable information exists on the spatial variability of superface soil parameters in order to predict the soil loss by different models (RUSLE, PISAC, EUPOSEM, MORGAN). Also information on planning and management activities is lacking. These limitations call for methods of estimating soil properties using minimum sampling derived from important terrain parameters. This study was performed to develop soil-landscape models in three geological units (E2Sc, Ku, Plc), in a part of Mehr- watershed, Sabzevar. Six soil variables selected for this study were topsoil clay, gravel, sand, organic matter content, field capacity and bulk density measured at 316 sites on a regular 100m grid. Topographic attributes were calculated by a digital elevation model with 100m spacing. Finally, multiple linear regression analyses relating soil to topographic attributes were performed and then models were validated by additional sample points (78 of 316). The developed regression models showed significant relationships between surface soil properties and topographic attributes such as elevation, slope, aspect, wetness index, stream power index and sediment transport index. The mean errors and root mean square errors in the validation of the models were low and acceptable. The regression equations could explain only 26 to 72 % of the variability measured in the soil attributes in the watershed scale with 100m spacing.

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The predatory beetle Cybocephalus fodori minor has recently been reported in Iran. Also few studies have been reported on life cycle of Cybocephalus beetles, especially on that of C. f. minor. Thus, the life cycle and feeding rate of this predatory beetle was studied on pistachio oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes pistaciae under laboratory conditions (temperature: 25 ± 2 °c relative humidity: 65 ± 5% and photoperiod: 16:8 L: D/h). Life cycle of C. f. minor was completed at six stages including egg, three larval instars, pupa and adult. Duration of the development for one generation (not considering preoviposition period) was 43-46 days for males and 38- 42 days for females. The developmental time length for the egg, larval instars1-3, pupa, male and female adults longevity, preoviposition and postoviposition periods was 8.8 ± 0.1, 5.2 ± 0.1, 34 ± 0.1, 6.8 ± 0.1, 17.3 ± 0.3, 59.2 ± 2.2, 65.8 ± 3.1, 6.8 ± 1.6 and 3.5 ± 0.5, respectively. Average fecundidity (number of eggs laid by a female per her life time) was 64.7 ± 6.2. Sex ratio in the laboratory and in the field was 1:1. Daily feeding rate for the female and male adults, larval instars feeding on adult female scale was 7.1 ± 3.5, 6.9 ± 2.2, 1.8 ± 0.2, 3.7 ± 0.2 and 5.9 ± 0.3, respectively. These parameters were also determined when those stages were fed on the eggs and second nymphal stages of pistachio oyster shell scale. Adult beetles over 60 days exhibited the highest feeding on this scale.

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Inheritance of physiologicaly related salt tolerance traits including Na⁺ and K⁺ contents, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio of young leaves and biological yield (BY) in six basic generations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, Bc₁ and Bc₂) and their reciprocal crosses derived from crosses between Kharchia × Niknejad and Shorawaki × Niknejad were studied in sand culture under high salinity treatment (EC = 22.5 dS m^-1). Generation means analysis indicated that a simple genetic model (including additive and dominance effects) is sufficient for Na⁺ and BY in Kharchia × Niknejad cross and for Na⁺, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and BY in Shorawaki × Niknejad cross but, for other traits digenic interactions (additive × additive and dominance × dominance) were important parameters in the expression of salt tolerance of the various generations. Dominance genetic effects were predominant genetic components in most of the models. Weighted generation variances analysis suggested that dominance variance component was more important for Na⁺ and K⁺ content in both crosses. This result was confirmed by significant differences between back cross generations. Results also showed negligible dominance for K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in both crosses, multidirectional dominance for BY in Kharchia × Niknejad cross and absence of dominance gene action in Shorawaki × Niknejad. Kharchia × Niknejad cross showed, in general, more genetic variation, broad-and narrow sense heritabilities than Shorawaki × Niknejad cross, indicating the important role of primary differences between parents. These results revealed that recurrent selection followed by pedigree breeding or a selective diallel mating system may prove useful in improving salinity tolerance of wheat plants. The involvement of dominance × dominance interactions for some traits indicates that it is necessary to postpone selection for salt tolerance of wheat to advanced generations, when sufficient epistatic interactions have become fixed.

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Six Iranian rice cultivars (Binam, Domsiyah, Shahpasand, Sepidrud, Khazar and Valed 46) were crossed in 1989 in the Iranian Rice Research Institute in Rasht, Iran in a full-diallel design. The F1 progenies together with parents were transplanted in a CRBD in the 5 x 0.75 m plots at plant density of 25 x 25 cm (60 plantlets per plot) in 3 replications. Part of this research was published in 1994 as a half-diallel design and the data of full-diallel, using Griffing approach, is subject of this paper. The analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes. The mean of six parents, 15 crosses and 15 reciprocal crosses were analyzed using the four diallel crossing systems of the Griffing approach. The SS of genotypes were separated into GCA for each parent and SCA for each cross using corresponding formula. The additive variance (V_A) and dominance variance (V_D) values were estimated using the table of variance analysis. The heritability (h²_ns) was also estimated from V_A and V_D variances. The simple variance analysis of “grain yield per plant” and other agronomic traits using each of the 4 diallel crossing methods of Griffing showed significant differences (P < 1%) among genotypes, indicating a sufficient genetic potential of the investigated genotypes. The GCA variance analysis of the lines was significant for all the characteristics, indicating the importance of additive variance (V_A) by inheritance of these traits. Using Griffing’s diallel methods 1 and 3, SCA variances for all investigated traits showed significance, whereas in the methods 2 and 4, traits “1000 grain weight” and “tiller per plant” were not significant according to SCA. This also indicates the importance of dominant variance (V_D) in most of the traits, except for “1000 grain weight” and “tiller per plant”. The differences among the reciprocal crosses in diallel methods 1 and 3 were also examined where for all the characteristics (except for “deaf grains per panicle” and “length to breadth ratio of brown rice grain”) significant differences were observed, suggesting the possibility of cytoplasmic effect of mother line on the reciprocal crosses. The heritability (h²_ns), which indicates the ratio of additive variance (V_A) to phenotypic variance (V_P), was estimated to be equal to zero due to the absence of additive variance for grain per panicle and the number of days from transplanting to full maturity of grain. The heritability for other characteristics was estimated high or low according to additive variance. For example in all 4 diallel methods the heritability estimation for length to breadth ratio of brown rice grain was relatively high (65 – 71%) whereas for “panicle length” and “grain yield per plant” was relatively low (13 – 48%). The correlation among genetic parameters (V_A, V_D, D, h²_ns ) were generally high and significant.

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One of the properties of systemically acquired resistance in plants is their concomitance with the biochemical changes including enhancement of activities of defense-related enzymes. The leaf extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai is known to be an effective compound for the control of a few plant diseases particularly powdery mildew of cucurbits (caused by fungal pathogen Podosphaera fusca), by inducing host defense responses. In the present investigation, the effects of this extract on some defense responses of cucumber plants were studied via in vivo tests. Changes of defense responses in the extract treated-cucumber plants, with or without pathogen inoculation, were studied and compared with those of non-treated control plants. Results indicated that specific activity of peroxidase increased significantly in treated tissues. Enhancement of enzyme activity showed the same patterns in both the pathogen inoculated- and non-inoculated-plants thus the pathogen attack did not affect the enzyme activity. Specific activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the non-inoculated extract treated-plants showed a transient fast increase during 24 hours after the treatment, whereas in the inoculated ones, it showed a permanent slow increase probably due to the interaction between extract treatment and pathogen attack. Phenolic content of extract treated-plant tissues, despite small fluctuations, did not show any definite pattern of changes.

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Determination of landscape evolution is useful to well understand the physical environment and it also enables us to conduct the soil related studies. The objective of this study was to establish the historic evolution of Zayandeh-rud Valley from late Tertiary to Quaternary. To achieve this objective, the spatial structure of a representative area of Zayandeh-rud Valley in three dimensions was examined. Responsible geologic and geomorphic processes of landscape formation were determined and inherited records and evidences of changes in soil development were investigated. The inherited foot marks and different analyses proved that following the Zayandeh-rud River formation, from Miocene to present time, the following processes and events have occurred during valley formation pathway: 1- formation of old gypsiferous gravelly alluviums, 2- lagoon formation, the change in the river pathway, 3- playa formation, 4- river terrace deposition and 5- starting of wind erosion.

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In order to study agronomic and morphological traits in maize hybrids in Hammedan, two early (108 and 301), three medium (604, 647 and TWC647) and two late maturing (704 and 711) hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station in Hammedan in 2005. 33 morphological and phonological traits were recorded from 10 plants randomly selected from two central rows of each plot. The maximum and minimum grain yield was obtained from SC647 and SC301, respectively. The grain yield had the highest correlation with dehusked ear weight. Factor analysis of data after varimax rotation identified four factors that accounted for 98.03% of total variance. The scatter plot of hybrids based on the two first factors (the seed yield factor and phenological structure factor) showed that SC704 had the maximum forage yield and the best physiological characteristics and SC647 had the maximum grain yield, cob diameter and number of seed in row.

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Iran, with an average annual precipitation of about 252 mm (413 BCM) and renewable freshwater resources of 130 BCM, has irregular distribution of water resources. With a high population growth rate, agriculture remains the greatest water user in Iran but its production still does not meet the total food demand of the country. Due to unreliable water availability, the competition for water from other sectors and the increasing demand for food and better diets, Iran will experience water stress. In this study, virtual water trade in relation to water resources availability has been assessed as a way of relaxing water stress in Iran. The results showed that from the 21 food products, cereals, pulses, nuts and oilseeds are water-intensive crops according to their estimated virtual water content, while fruits, vegetables and industrial crops are not water-intensive. Considering the volume of virtual water entering the country through food imports, more water will be available for other essential uses. However, the virtual water trade has been developed rather unconsciously regarding water use and crop water productivity during the past two decades. For instance, wheat with a share of 58.5% in the virtual water import to Iran, was the dominant imported crop during 1983-2003. By importing 10.4 Mt of wheat, 11.6 BCM of water has been saved within the country during 1999-2003. However, Iran became self-sufficient in wheat production in early 2005. Consequently, this latest drive for self-sufficiency in the production of wheat, as a water-intensive crop, put tremendous pressure on domestic water resources. The trend in crop trade in terms of quantity and virtual water for other groups of crops has also been shown in the study. Seemingly, crop production and import have been greatly influenced by the weather conditions. With the increasing water scarcity, the role of virtual water in food security is expected to rise continuously in Iran. Thus, conscious virtual water trade as a policy measure in water management and judicious adjustment in agricultural structure will ensure sustainable food security and water availability in Iran.

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Magnetic susceptibility (χ) measurements are widely used for the evaluation of soil profile development. Fourteen soil profiles were studied in a relatively wide range of climatic conditions in Fars Province. Citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD) extraction and micro CT-Scan images were used to evaluate the source of magnetic susceptibility. The results showed that soil samples lost 23 to 91 percent of their magnetic susceptibility after CBD extraction (χCBD), reflecting differences in the source (pedogenic or lithogenic) of magnetic susceptibility. Greater values of the decrease were noticed mostly in well developed soil profiles as well as in soil surface. 22 to 89% of the decrease was observed in frequency dependence of magnetic susceptibility (χfd) after CBD extraction. A significant positive correlation (P<0.01) was obtained between χCBD and χfd in the soil studied. Micro CT-Scan images with a spatial resolution of 33 µm showed lithogenic magnetic Fe oxide (magnetite) grains.

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Landscape ecology as a modern interdisciplinary science offers new concepts, theories, and methods for land evaluation and management. One main part of landscape ecology is describing patterns in the landscape and interpreting the ecological effects of these patterns on flora, fauna, flow of energy and materials. Landscape studies require methods to identify and quantify spatial patterns of landscape. Quantification of spatial patterns is essential to understand landscape functions and processes. Landscape indices as diversity and naturalness can provide quantitative information about landscape pattern. Remote sensing and GIS techniques have high ability for landscape researchers to specify, map and analyze landscape patterns. The objectives of the research include mapping and quantifing diversity and naturalness indices for Mooteh wildlife refuge by land use/land cover map derived from remote sensing images. Finally, diversity and naturalness were classified in 4 and 6 classes, respectively. Results showed that the intermediate and high diversity classes (class 1 & 2) have occupied the largest area in the study area. Among naturalness classes, class 1 which represents the high level of naturalness has taken the largest area in Mooteh W.R.

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In this study, the Penman-Monteith methods proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO-56) and American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) were used for hourly ETo estimation under the semiarid climate of Kerman, Iran. Hourly ETo estimations obtained from the proposed methods were compared with measured ETo values by using a large weighing electronic lysimeter during April to September 2005 (totally 3352 hourly ETo data cases). Simple linear regression and statistical factors such as root mean square error and index of agreement were used for estimated and observed value comparison. The average of measured and estimated hourly ETo values using these methods for integrated data were 0.28 and 0.23 mm hr-1, respectively, which means that average estimated ETo values were approximately 21 percent less than the measured ETo values. This analysis was also performed for hourly data of each month during the study period. The results showed that FAO-56 Penman-Monteith underestimated ETo values by 18.4, 19.3, 26.3, 20.4, 21.4 and 22.1 percent for April to September, respectively, when compared with the measured values. Similarly, the ASCE Penman-Monteith underestimated ETo values by 17, 19.6, 18.4, 18.2, 19.7 and 20.9 percent for the same period, respectively, when compared with the lysimetric data. Finally, a set of regression equation for transformation of the estimated hourly data into the measured hourly ETo values has been presented for each month.

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The last two decades have seen increasing applications of digital terrain modeling in hydrological, geomorphological, pedagogical, and biological research, aided by rapid advancement of geographic information system (GIS). Hydrologic models are sensitive to change in the input values to the model, so the change of pixel size input data affects the output values of the model and produces different significant results. In this study, using topographic maps 1:25000 and 1:50000 and choosing ten pixel sizes (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, 75, 80, 100, and 200) and software Arc GIS and HEC-HMS, output values of HEC-HMS model have been studied. Results of this study indicate that accuracy of peak discharge calculated by HEC-HMS model in the spatial scale map 1:50000 is more than the peak discharge calculated by HEC-HMS model in the spatial scale map 1:25000. Also accuracy of the calculated peak flows in a smaller pixel sizes (20 to 50) is more than the larger pixel sizes.

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Water scarcity is a major and structural problem in arid and semi-arid regions across the world that greatly concerns environmental policy-makers. The problem of adjusting the demand exceeding the sustainable supply has been mainly tackled with demand policies, particularly through investment in water saving technology and promotion of irrigation efficiency programs. However, there have been very few evaluations of these programs and many of those that exist raise serious doubt about the programs’ effectiveness in reducing the consumptive use of water, due to the occurrence of the rebound effect. In this study, a sample of 243 farmers in Fars province who have the sprinkler irrigation system installed in their farms was interviewed to collect needed data for investigating the rebound effect using AHP and ordered logit regression model. The results indicated that 74.5 percent of sampled farmers have experienced medium to large rebound effect. It was also found that the amount of dry and fallow land during installation of sprinkler irrigation system have a positive relationship with the probability of occurrence of the rebound effect. Finally, the results of this study can be used to determine the probability of the rebound effect occurrence after installment of the sprinkler system for farms where data is available. For example, in the farms with farm features 24, probability of the rebound effect as a result of water saving measures at the low, medium and high levels are 0.4, 32 and 67.4 percent, respectively. Therefore, we must apply specific water conservation and efficiency practices in such farms based on a combined use of technical, economic, social and political tools to reduce pressure on scarce water supplies.

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This study aims to investigate the changes of minimum and maximum temperature variables under the impact of climate change for time period of 2015-2100 in the Zayandeh-Rud River Basin. The outputs of 14 Global Climate Models (GCMs) under three green-house emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) are employed from the Fifth Assessment Report (CMIP5) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). A novel statistical downscaling method using a Bayesian Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) is used to project the impact of climate change on the temperature variables at regional scale. The results of the weighting average of the GCMs show that the various models have different accuracy in the projecting the minimum and maximum temperatures in the study area. The results demonstrate that the MIROC5 and CCSM4 are the most reliable models in projecting the maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively. The highest increase for both maximum and minimum temperatures was obtained in winter.
    On the annual basis, the maximum temperature will increase by 0.18-0.76 °C and 0.25-1.67 °C, respectively, in the near and long-term future periods under different emission scenarios. The annual minimum temperature will increase by 0.28 to 0.82 °C and 0.24-1.56 °C, respectively, in the near and long-term future periods. In a general view, changes in maximum temperature will be slightly higher than minimum temperature changes in the future.