Showing 14 results for Tea
A. Nikkhah, M. Alikhani, H. Amanlou, A. Samie,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (4-2003)
Abstract
A ruminal in situ experiment using three fistulated ewes was conducted to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation of steam–flaked broomcorn (SFBr), ground broomcorn (GBr) and ground barley (GB). Grain samples were suspended in the rumen of sheep for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. Nylon bags were washed with tap water after removal. Effective degradability of DM at outflow rates of k = 0.05 and k = 0.08 h-1 was significantly higher for SFBr than for GBr (59 and 53% vs. 43 and 35%). SFBr has considerably higher soluble DM than GBr and GB. Insoluble DM of SFBr was lower than that of GBr and GB. Solubility of CP in broomcorn grain was significantly decreased by steam–flaking, but degradation rate of insoluble CP was not altered. Results from this study showed that SFBr supplies the major source of availabe nutrients for rumen microorganisms compared with GBr. In other words, using the most efficient processing method for ruminants will be necessary.
D. Ataii, M. A. Sahari, M. Hamedi,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (10-2003)
Abstract
In this study, some physico-chemical characteristics of Iranian tea-seed oil (Lahijan variety) were compared with those of the oils from sunflower seed (Fars variety) and olive (Gilezeytoon variety) in terms of fatty acid contents, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, and oil shelf-life. Also the shelf-life of sunflower and olive oils containing 5% and 10% tea-seed oil were compared against control sample shelf-life. Tea-seed oil was found to be suitable and stable in nutritional properties. At a temeprature of 63oC, tea-seed and olive oils were found to have identical shelf-life values, which was higher than that of sunflower oil. Furthermore, the shelf-life of sunflower oil increased when mixed with tea-seed oil.
H. R. Karimzadeh, A. Jalalian, H. Khademi,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (4-2004)
Abstract
Clay minerals deserve special attention as they play a crucial role in many soils. The clay mineralogy of five gypsiferous soils from different landforms in eastern Isfahan was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, soil aggregates and wind-deposited sediments were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX).
The results indicate the presence of palygorskite, mica, kaolinite, chlorite, and quartz with a trace amount of vermiculite and randomly interstratified layers in all soils. Smectite occurs in soils of both the piedmont plain and old river terrace, but not in the alluvial fan soils. Mica, chlorite, quartz, and kaolinite were probably inherited from the parent material. Palygorskite seems to increase with depth in the alluvial fan, whereas, in the old terrace soils, this clay mineral decreases with depth. Palygorskite present in alluvial fan soil appears to have been formed authigenically when the basin was covered with shallow hyper-saline lagoons toward the end of the Tertiary. Palygorskite in the old terrace seems to be mostly detrital and an eolian origin of palygorskite is likely because a large amount of palygorskite is present in upper soil horizons. A higher proportion of smectite in deep soils of the old terrace, as compared with palygorskite, suggests the possibility of authigenic formation of smectite from palygorskite.
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Gh. Riazi,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (4-2007)
Abstract
Isolating and cloning of plant protease inhibitor (PIs) genes and transforming them to the genome of other plants have paved the way for producing resistant transgenic plants against pests. Knowing that cystatins act as inhibitor factor against cysteine protease, short and long cystatin genes were isolated from maize mRNA. By using specific primers, cDNA of these genes were constructed and cloned in pUC19 and pGEX 2T plasmid vectors. The recombinant plasmid vectors were then transformed to E. coli (strain DH5 α) competent cells using electroporation. The competent cells harboring the clones were grown in suitable medium and cystatin proteins fused to Glutation-S-transferase (GST) were purified by glutation agarose bead filter. In each step of the procedure the presence of cystatin genes were confirmed through electrophoresis. Further evaluation proved the inhibitory effect and a mild stability of at least one of the corn cystatin (CC II) when incubated with cysteine protease.
R. Hojat Ansari, M. Hasanpour Asil, A. Hatamzadeh, B. Rabiei, S.h. Roofigari Haghighat,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2008)
Abstract
Variations in theaflavin and thearubigin content during fermentation and the effects of these variations on brightness and total color in black tea were evaluated at the Tea Research Center in Lahijan in the year 2004. Percentages of theaflavin (TF), thearubigin (TR), total color and brightness were determined in two clones 100 and in the natural Chinese hybrid during flushing in the months of June, August and October and different fermentation time (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes). It is evident from the results obtained that apart from genetic differences in the clones under study, changes in climatic conditions during different periods of flushing and fermentation time can to a great extent influence the amount of TF, TR, total color and brightness in black tea. Results obtained also indicated significant interacting effects of clones, different flushing and fermentation times on the quality-determining characteristics of black tea. No significant correlations were found between TR and brightness however, significant correlations were found between other characteristics studied at the 1% probability level. On the basis of regression analysis with fermentation time (independent variable) and each of the characteristics studied (dependent variable), linear relationships were detected between fermentation time and brightness and TF content. Multi-variable regression analysis between brightness (dependent variable) and TF and TR (independent variables) showed that more than 56% of variations in brightness in black tea was related to TF and TR. Also multi-variable regression analysis between total color (dependent variable) and TF and TR (independent variable) indicated that more than 43% of variations in total color in black tea can be attributed to TF and TR percentages
H.r. Rahmani, A.a. Gheisari, R. Taheri, A. Khodami, M. Toghiani,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2008)
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of 7 experimental diets (2 diets containing 100 and 200 mg vitamin E (VE)/kg and 5 diets containing 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% green tea powder (GTP) ) on performance and breast and thigh meat oxidative stability of broiler chicks during different storage times. A total of 364 male broiler chicks were divided to 28 groups of 13 chicks each. Then every 4 groups were randomly allocated to one of experimental diets. During the experimental period (7-42 days of age) feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion of the experimental groups were measured. On day 42, 2 birds from each replicate (8 chicks per treatment) were weighed, slaughtered and their muscles of breast and thigh were minced and stored at 4ºC. Meat oxidative stability of the samples was determined on days 0, 6 and 9 of storage time using thiobarbituric acid test (TBA test). The results showed that addition of the VE and GTP to diets tended to significantly (P<0.05) reduce live body weight, weight gain, feed intake and abdominal fat accumulation and increase feed conversion ratio and pancreas size compared to control group. Increasing storage time from 0 to 6 and 9 d significantly (P< 0.05) increased TBA number. Lipid peroxidation and TBA values in thigh muscle were significantly (P<0.05) higher than breast muscle (1.46 vs. 0.359 mg Malonaldehyde/kg meat). Different dietary levels of GTP in diets did not have any significant effect on prevention of meat lipid peroxidation. In addition, the values of TBA in meat of the groups fed diets containing high levels of GTP significantly (P<0.05) increased in comparison to control group and those fed VE supplemented diets.
K. Majd Salimi, S. M Mir Latif,
Volume 12, Issue 44 (7-2008)
Abstract
In tea plantation regions of northern part of the country, application of supplemental irrigation during dry periods (lacking rainfalls) in conjuction with proper nitrogen fertilizer application can significantly improve tea yield per unit of plantation area. In order to quantify the effectiveness of proper irrigation and nitrogen management on tea, the response of tea to various levels of irrigation and nitrogen applications was studied in Fouman suburb of Guilan province. Tea crop production function and its crop coefficient (KC) were determined. A line source sprinkler irrigation was used for creatiating a variable irrigation application and a split-split-plot statistical design was used. Irrigation treatments consisted of full irrigation (I4), deficit irrigation (I3, I2 and I1) and no irrigation(I0). Nitrogen application treatments were N1, N2 and N3 (100, 180 and 360 kg/ha) in three replications randomly arranged as main plots, while irrigation treatments as sub plots were not randomized. During the growing period, soil moisture up to the depth of 90 cm was determined gravimetrically and actual crop water use was calculated from mass balance equation weekly. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by Penman-Montieth equation and was used to estimate tea crop coefficient. During growing period, the actual tea water use of I4 and I0 were computed to be 457 and 256 mm. Tea crop coefficient during dry period (June, July and Augest) ranged from 0.8 to 0.9. Crop resistance factor (Ky) for tea was found to be 1.37. Results indicated that optimum rate of nitrogen (180 kg/ha) along with supplemental irrigation, increased yield and water use efficiency (WUE). Futhermore, supplemental irrigation increased yield and WUE more than nitrogen application. In I0 and I1 treatments, application of 100 kg/ha nitrogen resulted the highest yield and WUE.
F Parsa, R Azadi Gonbad, A Moghadam Dorodkhani,
Volume 12, Issue 46 (1-2009)
Abstract
Every year lots of waste will produce in factories from black tea. These waste will remain unusable or through away but only little amount will be used in industry. In this survey, important components of tea dust and three kinds common tea wastes was studied from 1382 to 1383. Four compounds (caffeine, protein, fiber and fluor) were extracted and measured separately from four samples of wastes (dust, fluff, footstalk and stalk) as experimental component. In three periods of plucking (spring, summery and autumn) from two kinds of arrangement (from curve and flat bushes). The experiment were conducted in four experimental components with replications and were analyzed with Duncan method. The results indicated that effects all of wastes, plucking periods and two kinds of arrangement (except effect of that on amount of caffeine) were significant on caffeine, protein, fiber and fluor whereas maximum amounts of caffeine, fluor and protein in dust but maximum amounts of fiber was in stalk and Effect of plucking period indicated maximum amount of fluor and caffeine in summer plucking and maximum amount of fiber and protein in autumn plucking and effect of plots indicated maximum amount of fiber in flat plot and maximum amount of fluor and protein in curve plot.
Sh Rofigari Haghighat, S Sabori Helestani, K Cheraghi, S.a.t Shokrgozar,
Volume 13, Issue 47 (4-2009)
Abstract
Changes in black tea quality were studied for three subsequent years and in different times of plucking (spring, summer and autumn) in the form of two leaves and a bud. Percentage of waste, total sensory scores, total soluble solid, caffeine, theaflavin, thearobigin, total color and brightness were evaluated in black tea. The data were analyzed in split plot design based on randomized complete blocks. In hybrid tea, quality parameters in second time of plucking (summer) were high. In clone 100, total soluble solid and caffeine were in summer 1.85, 0.18 and 6.14, 0.79 more than spring and autumn tea, respectively. Total sensory scores, thearobigin and total color were more in spring and summer than autumn. The waste in autumn was more than spring and summer. Hybrid tea and clone 100 were significantly different in quality characters but not in waste amount (P<0.05).
A. Safadoust , A. Mahboubi, M. R. Mosaddeghi, Gh. Khodakaramian, A. Heydari,
Volume 15, Issue 57 (10-2011)
Abstract
In this study, the transport of nalidixic acid-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli NAR) through two soils of sandy loam and clay loam was investigated. Saturated and unsaturated flow conditions were applied at two temperatures of 5 and 20ºC. Leaching was done using large repaired soil columns which had been subjected to physical weathering. A 20-cm diameter disk infiltrometer was set up to establish the steady-state flow conditions. Effluent was sampled at three depths of 15, 30 and 45 cm of soil columns. Saturated flow condition, temperature of 20 ºC and clay loam soil resulted in increasing the bacteria concentration in the leachate. Filtration coefficient and relative adsorption indices in sandy loam soil (average flow conditions, temperature and depth) were greater than those of clay loam soil with the respective values of 33% and 23%. These results may be related to the instability of soil structure and abundance of micropores in the sandy loam columns. In other words, the bacteria were physically blocked and entrapped in the fine pores of sandy loam soil. Effluent bacteria concentration decreased by depth of soil column, indicating the effect of soil on bacterial filtration as a natural filter. Leaching with cold water led to decrement of flow rate and consequently increment of bacterial filtration in the two soils of clay loam and sandy loam (average flow conditions, temperature and depth) with the respective values of 100% and 68%.
M. M. Matinzadeh, J. Abedi Koupai, A. Sadeghi-Lari, H. Nozari, M. Shayannejad,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Selection of drainage equation with acceptable accuracy has always been a challenge for designers to design subsurface drainage systems. In this research, seven steady state drainage equations were used for predicting daily and cumulative drainage rate on a farmland of sugarcane in Imam agro-industrial Company. These drainage equation included Hooghoudt, Ernst, Kirkham and Dagan that have been developed in the past and Mishra and Singh, Henine and Yousfi et al that recently developed. The statistical indices consist of P-value, RMSE, R2 and Percentage Error of estimating cumulative drainage rate were calculated for Hooghoudt equation 0.9501, 1.49 (mm/day), 0.80 and -0.19%, respectively. For Ernst equation 0.0001, 2.46 (mm/day), 0.34 and 16.98%, respectively. The result of performance of drainage equations revealed that Hooghoudt and Ernst equation were as the equations with the highest and lowest accuracy in predicting drainage rate, respectively. Also from the newly developed equations, the Yousfi et al equation was found with relatively well accuracy to predict the drainage rate. This equation was placed in second rank after Hooghoudt equation and other equations showed poor performance. Thus, with selection of the appropriate drainage rate, the Hooghoudt equation is suggested for designing of drain spacing in medium to heavy textured soils such as sugarcane agro-industrial.
E. Shaker, S. M. Kashefipour, M. Shafai Bajestan,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (2-2020)
Abstract
Erosion under the conveying pipeline affected by river flow at the cross to rivers is one the important reasons for breaking the pipelines that can lead to leakage. While the mechanism of erosion under the conveying pipeline in steady flow has been studied by many researchers, studies have shown the importance of scouring research in flood times under unsteady conditions. So, this study has been concerned with the investigation of bed river erosion under the conveying pipeline at the conflict of river in unsteady condition. To achieve this aim, some effective hydrograph’s parameters were changed in different scenarios and the results were compared to the steady condition. The result showed the erosion’s ratio of unsteady condition to steady one was 34 to 69 percent. Also, the rise of flood hydrograph’s peak led to increasing depth erosion from 7% to 22%.
A. Motamedi, M. Galoie,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
The annual soil erosion in different regions of the world has been estimated using various empirical and numerical methods whose accuracy is very dependent on their utilized parameters. One of the most common methods in the evaluation of the mean annual soil erosion especially in sheet and furrow regions is the USLE method. In this relationship, almost all factors that normally affect the soil loss process such as land cover, slope, precipitation, soil type, and support practice parameter of soil have been employed but, in this research, it was shown that the accuracy of this method in mountainous areas covered by rock and snow is somewhat low. To do this, a part of the Tibet plateau in China, where observation soil loss data were available, was selected for investigation. To implement the numerical and analytical analysis, many maps including DEM, NDVI, orientation, soil type, mean monthly and annual precipitation for 30 years were collected. For increasing the accuracy of the model, the cover management parameter was extracted from high accuracy NDVI maps and all USLE parameters were calculated in ArcGIS. The final results were shown that the amount of annual soil loss which was estimated by the USLE method is more than the observed data which were collected by Chinese researchers. This is because the large areas of the study area are covered by lichen and snow where soil loss due to the erosion process is very low but these regions cannot be recognized from NDVI maps. Also, the analysis of the NDVI maps was shown that the relationships of Fu, Patil, and Sharma were not suitable for soil loss estimation in elevated mountainous areas. If the other relationships such as Lin, Zhu, and Durigon are used for the regions with a height of more than 5500 m, a new correction coefficient needs to be used for the C factor which was calculated as 0.2 for the study area.
L. Hashemi, S. M. Kashefipour, M. Ghomeshi, M. Bahrami Yarahmadi,
Volume 28, Issue 2 (8-2024)
Abstract
Local scour around bridge piers is one of the most significant factors for the bridges’ destruction. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the scour depth around the bridge piers. The effect of the skew angle of the single-column pier group related to the flow direction in two different arrangements including 1×2 and 1×3 piers on the maximum scour depth around the pile group was investigated in this study. The experiments were carried out under steady flow conditions. The pier group was placed in the 1×2 arrangement at the skew angles of 0 to 90 degrees and in the 1×3 arrangement at the skew angles of 0 to 45 degrees. The results showed that increasing the skew angle of the pier group is almost ineffective on the maximum scour depth around the first pier. However, it has a great effect on the maximum scour depth, its temporal development, and the expansion of the scour hole around the second and third piers in different arrangements of the pier groups. The maximum scour depth of the pier group in both different arrangements occurred at a skew angle of 30 degrees, in the arrangement of 1×2 around the second pier and by 13.33% more than the first pier and in the arrangement of 1×3 around the third pier and by 21.57% more than the first pier.
