JWSS - Journal of Water and Soil Science

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Baking is obviously one of the most important stages of bread production. Baking time and oven temperature have greatest effects on bread quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of baking time and temperature on bread quality and its shelf life. In this study, the effect of three rates of oven temperature (top and under bread surface) and baking time levels on bread quality and its shelf life was investigated. Baking temperature and time were 300 and 280 °C for 3 minutes and 20 seconds, 300 and 350 °C for 2 minutes and 30 seconds and 350 and 380 °C for 2 minutes respectively. Soluble starch and staling factors of the samples were measured. The data was statistically analyzed by complete randomized design and comparison was made between the means via Duncan,s multiple range test at 5% level. The results showed that the bread baked in various time–temperature conditions were different in moisture content. The bread baked at lower temperature and longer time had the lowest moisture. Also, the result showed that the amount of soluble starch increased by increasing the baking time and decreasing the baking temperature. The bread baked in various baking conditions showed significant differences in staling rates. Lower baking time and higher baking temperature caused the lowest bread staling rates.

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In addition to kinematic description of biological reaction, flow pattern plays an important role in designing constructed wetlands. This study investigates the effects of flow distribution on constructed sub-surface horizontal flow wetland with a length of 26 m, width of 4 m and 1% bed slope in order to understand internal hydraulic functioning patterns. Inlet configuration is selected as a variable parameter. Three different cases of inlet and outlet configurations were 1) midpoint, 2) corner, and 3) uniform. Outlet has been fixed in all configurations. Uranine tracer was used to determine the influences of flow distribution by drawing hydraulic retention time curve in different cases. Results showed that mean residence times for each configuration were equal to 4.53, 3.24 and 4.65 days, respectively.  Retention time distribution curve provided conditions, not only for showing dispersion patterns throughout system but also for interpreting hydraulic parameters like hydraulic efficiency and effective volume. According to the retention time curve, effective volume was 87.5% in configurations 1 and 3, and 62.1% in configuration 2 following numerous short-circuiting ratios. Finally, the best configuration of inlet-outlet layout to improve the performance of effluent treatment and use the geometry effectively was found to be the uniform-midpoint based on physical experiments followed by midpoint–midpoint as the second best.