Showing 43 results for Waste
A. Erfani, G.h. Haghnia, A. Alizadeh,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (4-2002)
Abstract
A field study was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, to investigate the effect of irrigation with treated municipal wastewater on the yield and quality of lettuce and some soil characteristics. Five irrigation treatments were applied to a clay loam soil, classified as fine loamy mixed mesic Calcixerollic Xerochrepts, in a randomized block design with 5 replications. The treatments consisted of T1 (Irrigation with treated wastewater over all growing season), T2 (Alternate irrigation with treated wastewater and well water), T3 (Irrigation with well water and application of cattle manure), T4 (Irrigation with well water plus fertilizer N and P), and T5 (Irrigation with well water only as control). Chemical analysis of well water proved to be a suitable source for agriculture.
The results showed that the yield was higher in T1, T2, T3 and T4 as compared to the control treatment. Maximum fresh and dry yields were obtained from T3 & T1 and T1 & T3, respectively. Plant tissue analysis showed an increase in macronutrients (N, P, K) and heavy metal concentrations in shoots and roots of lettuce in the first four treatments as compared to the control. In T1, iron concentration was maximum while that of cadmium was minimum. Furthermore, microbial contamination was considerably higher in T1 and T2. Soil analysis indicated that in plots treated with wastewater, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, soluble boron and heavy metal concentration increased. However, their values were all below international standards. More experiments seem to be necessary in this regard.
A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh, M. Kalbasi,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (10-2002)
Abstract
During 1998-99, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of residual Processed Municipal Waste Leachate (PMWL) on growth and yield of wheat (variety Roshan). The treatments consisted of residual amounts of 0, 150, 300 and 600 t/ha of PMWL and a residual N, P, K, and Zn fertilizer treatment in a randomized block design with 3 replications. In 1998, rice seedlings were transferred to 34 m plots. After harvesting the rice, wheat was seeded in the same plots without any new treatment. Processed municipal waste leachate and fertilizers were applied during the rice growth.
Residual effects of PMWL increased the amounts of available macro- (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) in soil which, in turn, promoted the grain and straw yield of wheat compared to the control. Straw and grain yield increased from 1.67 and 3.50 t/ha in control to 3.93 and 12.80 t/ha in 600 t/ha of PMWL, respectively. The residual effects of PMWL had no significant effect on heavy metals concentrations in plant. The effects of residual PMWL in the soil were proportional to the amount of leachate applied. However, more investigations are recommended to fully understand heavy metals effects on soil, plant, and environment.
A. Gheisari, R. Bahadoran, S. S. Tadayonfar,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (7-2003)
Abstract
In order to study the nutritive value of grades 1 and 2 wheat feed screening and macaroni wastes as energy resources, 360 21-day-old broiler chicks were divided into 36 groups of 10. In this experiment, each experimental levels of feedstuff was used at 0 (control group), 15, 30 and 45%. In addition, their apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) was determined by Sibbald’s method. Daily feed intake of chicks fed by diets containing macaroni wastes and grade 1 wheat feed screening for 21 to 56 days of age was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). In contrast, body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion had no significant differences during this period. However, in the total experimental period, the best feed conversion belonged to chicks fed with various levels of macaroni wastes and grade 1 wheat feed screening. Apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of macaroni wastes and wheat feed screening were 3700, 3270, and 2870 kcal/kg, respectively. According to the results of this experiment, it is possible to use macaroni wastes and grade 1 wheat feed screening at 45% and 30% levels in the diet of broiler chicks, respectively, without any undesirable effects on their performance.
K. Hashemi Majd, M. Kalbasi, A. Golchin, H. Shariatmadari,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (1-2004)
Abstract
The ability of earthworms in recycling a wide range of organic solid wastes is well established. Only a few earthworm species are suitable for commercial vermicomposting. Two species, Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus rubellus, are common in temperate regions. Samples of earthworms were collected from manure pills and forest litter in North and Northwest of Iran. The samples were maintained in pots under greenhouse conditions. External morphological characteristics of mature worms were used in identifying earthworm species. These characteristics included: total number of body segments, numbers of clitellum and tubercula pubertatis (TP) segments, dorsal and external body color, body size, prestomium and prostomium shape, number of first segment with dorsal pore and patterns of clitellum and TP. All collected samples belonged to the species Eisenia foetida. Under incubation conditions in manure substrate (a moisture of 70% saturation at 24±2oC), each worm produced 1-2 cocoons daily and each cocoon contained 2-7 worm embryos. The collected earthworm samples showed a good ability in vermicomposting of manure, plant residues, and some organic industrial refuses. The C:N ratio decreased during the vermicomposting process, which indicates the improved stage of decomposition and the vermicompost stability.
J. Abedi Koupai, A. Bakhtiarifar,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (10-2004)
Abstract
Water crisis is an important issue in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. The situation has been getting more worse over recent years drought. Hence, there is a growing need to utilize low quality water where freshwater is scarce. In this regard, urban wastewater is a promising source but there are concerns about the environmental and health aspects of using such water. The main problem regarding the performance of trickle irrigation system utilizing wastewater effluents is clogging of the emitters. In this study, field trials at pilot scale were carried out to investigate the hydraulic properties of emitters using two types of water including treated wastewater and groundwater. The trickle irrigation system consisted of three 16 mm lateral tubes placed at 300 mm spacing in the main tube and each lateral tube had 16 emitters at 300-mm spacing. The designed discharge of the emitters was 4 L/h. The hydraulic properties of the different commercial emitters (micro flapper, long path, turbo plus and Eurokey) were assessed at different time periods.
The results indicated that the Eurokey and long path emitters had the maximum and minimum emission uniformity, respectively, when applying wastewater. using groundwater, the Eurokey and turbo plus emitters had the maximum and minimum emission uniformity, respectively, during the initial phase of the study. However, the Eurokey and long path emitters had the maximum and minimum uniformity values, respectively, at the end of the study. The turbo plus emitters are regulated and, as a result, showed no evidence of sensitivity to pressure variations hence, they can be used on uneven lands and where the trickle irrigation system has long lateral tubes.
A. Hassanoghli, A. Liaghat, M. Mirabzadeh,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (1-2007)
Abstract
Increased chemical compounds in soil are the most important results of irrigation with domestic wastewater and treated effluents which contain some nutrients such as phosphorous (P). This process could increase the soil fertility, leading to the decrease of chemical nutrient consumption and consequently the cost of agricultural production. A research project was carried out in Tehran region for two years in order to investigate the capabilities of soil and plant in absorption and storage of wastewater contaminants, namely, phosphorous, and also the transmission of them to drain depth as a result of irrigation practice. To do the research, a series of lysimeters based on a statistical factorial experiment in the form of randomized complete design (3x3x3) were used. Raw and treated domestic wastewater, obtained from Ekbatan Housing Complex, and well water (control) were used to irrigate raw edible vegetables including parsley, carrot and tomato. The results showed that the amount of phosphorous leaching through soil to drain depth was between 0.90% and 3.56%, and between 1.03% and 4.15% of the phosphorous concentration in raw wastewater and treated one entered into the soil, respectively. Also, mass balance analyses showed the average phosphorous reduction ranged from 97.2% to 99.9% of the phosphorous entered with wastewater. During two years of study, the maximum concentration of PO4 measured in drained water was about 0.21 mg/L obtained from lysimeters irrigated with raw wastewater. This was much lower than the permissible PO4 amount for discharging the effluents to the surface water resources (6 mg/L PO4 is permitted by Iranian Environmental Protection Organization).
A. Ghanbari, J. Abedi Koupai, J. Taie Semiromi,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (1-2007)
Abstract
A field study was conducted at the Zabol Agricultural Research Center during the years (2003-2004) to investigate the effect of irrigation with treated municipal wastewater on the yield and quality of wheat and some soil properties. Irrigation treatments were: T1: Irrigation of wheat with well water during entire period of growing season T2: Irrigation of wheat with well water until the begging of flowering stage, and irrigation with wastewater in every other turns of irrigation T3: Irrigation of wheat with well water until the beginning of booting stage, and irrigation with wastewater in every other turns of irrigation T4: Irrigation of wheat with well water until the begging of tilling stage, and irrigation with wastewater in every other turns of irrigation and T5: Irrigation of wheat with wastewater during entire period of growing season. A complete randomized block design with four replications was adopted for this experiment. The soil was sandy loam with no limitation for internal drainage. Chemical and physical aspects of soil were measured during the experiment. Grain yield, yield components and chemical composition of wheat grain were also measured. The results showed that yield of wheat and total biomass production were statistically significant in T3, T4 and T5 compared with the control treatment. Plant height, width and length of flag leaf, numbers of fertile tillers, length of panicle, numbers of grains per panicle and weight of 1000 grains were also statistically significant with the control treatment. Percentages of protein were statistically different among various irrigation treatments. No significant changes in accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plant grains were observed. The increase of SAR, ECe, O.C% and total nitrogen in the T4 and T5 were statistical significant compared with the control treatment. In summary, for sustainable use of Zabol municipal wastewater, the growth stages of wheat should be irrigated with municipal wastewater and other growth stages should be irrigated with nonsalinty water, so that the maximum yield is obtained and soil salinitisation and sodication is prevented.
A. Aberomand,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (4-2007)
Abstract
Gelatin as a proteineous component is important in the food, pharmaceutical, medical abd technical industeries. Gelatin is used in food industerials to prepare marmallads, jellies, confectioneries and ice cream. The main purpose of this research was to optimize the usage of cheap primary material, i.e. a lot of fishery wastes for extraction of gelatin and to decrease the importation gelatin from abroad that is usually prepared from pig skin and wastes of animal. This research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the effect of pH conditions( in alkaline and acidic conditions) and type of raw material (three raw material: fillet plant wastes, fish shark fish hoof) were evaluated on some best qualitative and quantitative Characteristics of gelatin( yield, purification value, color and odor and flavor). In second stage, the temperature effect( in 3 levels,70,75,80 degree of centigrade) and pH in 2 levels (6.5 and 6) were evaluated on the gelatin yield content. It should be mentioned that all of raw material were prepared from fishery factory of Booshehr. The results from first stage showed that using from alkaline condition and fishery wastes, the amount of gelatin will be maximum with pH=6.5, temperature=70 degree of centigrade. Also under the same conditions the best quality gelatin can be obtained.
E. Abdi Gezeljeh,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (4-2008)
Abstract
Based on the official statistics of industries and mines organization about 1000 tons of waste of spaghetti in spaghetti- producing plants, and around 7500 tons of waste in chickpea pre-cleaning plants are produced annually in the East Azarbayjan province. In order to determine chemical composition and metabolizable energy of the above mentioned waste, at first classified random sampling from 10% of plants was performed. Then amount of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, NDF, ADF, and gross energy were measured according to AOAC (1990) procedures. The amounts of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, NDF and ADF, for spagettti waste were, 12/7, 0/2 , 2/4 , 1/7 and 0/1 percent, respectively, and for chickpea pre-cleaning were 30/2 , 17/8 , 8/7 , 32/3 and 22/4 percent, respectively. The waste of spaghetti was mixed with basal diet with the ratios of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 100%. The waste of pre-cleaning chickpea was mixed with basal diet with the ratios of 15% and 45%. Then, in order to determine different kinds of metabolizable energy (AME, AMEn, TME, TMEn) of waste, 30 grams of mixed feed were force-fed to 4 adult Leghorn-type roosters, according to the method described by Sibbald. The amount of AMEn of spaghetti waste in different levels was 2915, 3535, 3937, 3643, 3728, 3671, 3687 and 3717 Kcal/kg, respectively and the amount of AMEn of metabolizable energy of checkpea pre-cleaning in two levels was 2677 and 2279 Kcal/kg, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between AMEn of wastes. There were significant differences between amount and kinds of metabolizable energy in different levels. The highest amount of AME was observed to be in 30% ratio of spaghetti waste relation to basal diet. There were significant differences between amount of metabolizable energy of checkpea pre-cleaning in two levels. The highest amount of AME was observed to be in 15% ratio of checkpea pre-cleaning waste related to basal diet.
E. Askari Asli Ardeh, S. Sabori, M. R. Alizadeh,
Volume 12, Issue 44 (7-2008)
Abstract
A considerable portion of threshing losses and waste of rice takes place in threshing stage. One of the effective factors in threshing losses and waste of threshing units, threshers and harvesting machines, is the drum speed. In this research, effects of three factors including drum speed (five levels), crop moisture content (two levels) and rice common varieties (four varieties) on threshing losses and waste were studied. The thresher T25 was used for the investigation. It has wire loop type tooth. Dependent factors included unthreshed grains percentage (threshing losses) and damaged grains percentage. The obtained data was analyzed by split–split plot test based on Complete Randomized Blocks Design. The mean values were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The tests results revealed that significant effect of variety type and drum linear speed on threshing losses (P<0.01). Furthermore, the effects of variety type, moisture content and drum speed on damaged grains were also significant. The optimum drum speed was 14 m/s. The most and the least of threshing losses belong to Hashemy and Binam varieties, respectively. Among the tested varieties, Binam variety showed the highest percentage of the damaged grains. In general, decreasing the crop moisture resulted in increasing the mean damaged grain.
F Parsa, R Azadi Gonbad, A Moghadam Dorodkhani,
Volume 12, Issue 46 (1-2009)
Abstract
Every year lots of waste will produce in factories from black tea. These waste will remain unusable or through away but only little amount will be used in industry. In this survey, important components of tea dust and three kinds common tea wastes was studied from 1382 to 1383. Four compounds (caffeine, protein, fiber and fluor) were extracted and measured separately from four samples of wastes (dust, fluff, footstalk and stalk) as experimental component. In three periods of plucking (spring, summery and autumn) from two kinds of arrangement (from curve and flat bushes). The experiment were conducted in four experimental components with replications and were analyzed with Duncan method. The results indicated that effects all of wastes, plucking periods and two kinds of arrangement (except effect of that on amount of caffeine) were significant on caffeine, protein, fiber and fluor whereas maximum amounts of caffeine, fluor and protein in dust but maximum amounts of fiber was in stalk and Effect of plucking period indicated maximum amount of fluor and caffeine in summer plucking and maximum amount of fiber and protein in autumn plucking and effect of plots indicated maximum amount of fiber in flat plot and maximum amount of fluor and protein in curve plot.
A Jalali, M Galavi, A Ghanbari, M Ramroudi, M Yousef Elahi,
Volume 14, Issue 52 (7-2010)
Abstract
Using treated wastewater led to increasing crop yield, but it may causes heavy metals accumulations and also their toxicity in soil and plant. In order to investigate the effects of wastewater on yield, forage yield components, and heavy metals concentrations in stem and leaf of sorghum, an experiment was conducted in the agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University in 2006-2007, using a randomized complete block design with four replication. The irrigation treatments were: 1) well water for whole growing season as control (T1), 2) well water for all growing season along with NPK application (T2), 3) wastewater during the first half of growing season (T3), 4) wastewater during the second half of growing season (T4), 5) wastewater and tapwater alternately (T5) and 6) wastewater for whole growing season (T6). The results showed that irrigations with wastewater and well water alternately and wastewater for whole growing season produced the maximum forage yield and the maximum heavy metal accumulation in plant organs observed by irrigation with wastewater for hole growing season, and wastewater and well water alternately. There was significant increase between T5 and T6 relative to control and other treatments. The elements concentration such as Cu, Pb and Fe in leaf was more than stem, but Zn and Ni concentration in stem were more than leaves. There were no significant differences for Mo and Cr concentration between stem and leaf. Forage yield in T6 and T5 relative to T2 were increased 38.96 and 51.95 percent respectively. In all irrigation treatments the amount of elements and heavy metals in sorghum were lower than standard limits. Based on the results, alternative irrigation method (T5) is recommended for forage sorghum production.
J. Zamani Babgohari , M. Afyuni , A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh , H. R. Eshghizadeh2 ,
Volume 14, Issue 54 (1-2011)
Abstract
The management and application of organic wastes in agricultural lands decreases environmental risks and increases utilization of these matters. The objective of this research was to investigate and compare the effect of polyacryl factory sewage sludge (PSS), municipal compost (MC) and cow manure (CM) on soil properties and on yield and growth of maize (single cross 704, Zea mays L.). The treatments were control (without any organic waste) and application of PSS, MC, and CM at two rates (15 and 45 t ha-1). This research was done in the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology (Lavark-Najafabad). The experimental design was a randomized, complete block with three replications. Treatments were incorporated into the soil before the maize planting (on 23 June 2008) and soil sampling was performed after 132 days (Simultaneously with maize harvesting). Application of the organic wastes resulted in significant increase soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and significantly decreased bulk density. However, saturated hydraulic conductivity was decreased by application of PSS. Application of 15 and 45 t ha-1 of PSS reduced Ks more than 14% and 42%, respectively, compared with control however, the reduction was significant only in the plots which received 45 t ha-1 of PSS compared with control. The results of plant yield and growth showed that leaf area index (LAI), plant length, biological yield, 1000 seed weight and seed yield increase due to the application of organic wastes.
H. Shirani , E. Rizahbandi, H. Dashti, M.r. Mosaddeghi, M. Afyuni,
Volume 15, Issue 55 (4-2011)
Abstract
Organic matters are the most important factors that affect soil compactability and physical characteristics. In order to study the effect of pistachio waste on physical characteristics of two soils, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in a greenhouse. The treatments included pistachio waste at 4 levels (0, 3, 6 and 9 w/w %) and two types of soil texture (silty clay loam and sand).The results showed that the bulk density of sandy soil was decreased at high levels of waste application before compaction but had no significant effect on the bulk density of clay soil. The penetration resistance of both soil types was decreased by pistachio waste application. Soil water holding capacity increased and moisture curves shifted up for higher levels of organic matter application, while compaction curve reciprocally shifted into the lower levels by incorporation of wastes into the soils. At higher levels of organic matters, maximum bulk density was decreased and critical moisture was increased specially in fine texture soil. After compaction, the application of pistachio waste significantly reduced penetration resistance in silty clay loam soil relative to control but in sandy soil its effect on penetration resistance was only significant at maximum level (9 %).
M. Sharifi, M. Afyuni, A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh,
Volume 15, Issue 56 (7-2011)
Abstract
Micronutrients such as Fe and Zn in adequate level are essential for plant growth cycle and impose a vital role in increasing yields of most agricultural crops. Using organic wastes such as sewage sludge, compost and manure is a proper practice for returning organic matter and some nutrients into the soil, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sewage sludge, compost and cow manure on availability of Fe and Zn in soil and their uptakes by corn, alfalfa and targetes flower. A completely randomized design with three treatments (sewage sludge, compost and cow manure at 25 Mg/ha) was used. Application of sewage sludge, compost and cow manure significantly increased availabile Fe and Zn of the soil. The application of organic wastes increased the dry matter yield of the plants. Fe and Zn concentration of plants shoots in organic amendments treatments were significantly greater than blank. The highest mean concentration of Fe in plant tissues was obtained in the cow manure and the highest mean concentration of Zn in plant tissues was obtained in the compost treatment.
S. M. Y. Bidaki, M. A. Hajabbasi, A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh, H. R. Eshghizadeh,
Volume 16, Issue 59 (4-2012)
Abstract
Waste tire rubbers are considered one of the environment pollutants. Increased production of these pollutants has led to more serious consideration of ways to reduce the harms caused by their accumulation in the environment. Therefore, the effects of incorporation of waste rubber crushed particles in two sizes of 1-2 and 3-5 mm and the amounts of 0, 5, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1 in a calcareous soil (0-30 cm depth) on some chemical properties of soil was investigated in Isfahan University of Technology research field (Lavark). This experiment was performed using seven treatments along with a non amended control treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 1387. Eight months after incorporation, soil samples were collected for laboratory analyses. Results of ANOVA tables show that soil pH, electrical conductivity, percentage of total nitrogen and DTPA-extractable concentrations of cadmium, lead, copper and iron were not significantly affected by application of rubber particles. Incorporation of rubber particles into the soil significantly increased soil organic carbon and carbon to nitrogen. Increases in the DTPA-extractable Zn in soils treated with 10 and 20 Mg ha rubber particles in fine and coarse sizes were significant in comparison with the control soil. DTPA-extractable Zn content in the soil treated with 10 and 20 Mg ha 3-5 mm waste tire rubbers particles was about two and three times higher than that in the control treatment, respectively. The results of this study showed that in short-time, incorporation of crushed tire rubbers particles had no significant effect on most chemical properties of the soil but increased the available Zn content. In this regard, further studies to monitor the effects of adding waste rubber crushed particles on organic matter mineralization, plant toxicity and physical properties of soil in long-term are recommended.
H. Alinezhad Jahromi, A. Mohammadkhani, M. H. Salehi,
Volume 16, Issue 60 (7-2012)
Abstract
Nowadays, due to drought and water shortage, use of unconventional waters, particularly sewage, has become usual in agriculture whereas they often contain heavy metals. The present study was employed to evaluate the effect of urban wastewater of Shahrekord on growth, yield and accumulation of heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in balm (Melissa officinalis) as a medicinal plant with five treatments (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent wastewater) and three replications in a completely randomized experimental design. The results showed that the highest shoot length, stem diameter and stem number, number of leaves and tillers are achieved in the treatment of 100 percent. The wet and dry weight of shoots and roots was highest in 100 % of wastewater. Oil percentage of the leaves was also the highest amount (1.23 %) in 100 % of wastewater. Accumulation of lead in roots and aerial parts and its transmission factor was not significant for the treatments. However, the highest concentration of lead in root (0.057 mg/kg) and shoots (0.013 mg/kg) was observed in 100 % of wastewater and the lowest one was related to zero percent of wastewater treatment. The lead concentration was less than the critical limit for all the treatments. The amount of cadmium was undetectable in all the plant samples. The results of this study demonstrated that urban wastewater of Shahrekord, in addition to providing water, increases plant growth and essential oil.
S. Marofi, N. Parsafar, Gh. Rahimi, F. Dashti,
Volume 16, Issue 61 (10-2012)
Abstract
In this study, a completely randomized experiment was designed with four irrigation treatments and three replicates. The irrigation programs were raw wastewater, treated wastewater, a combination of 50% raw wastewater and 50% potable water and a combination of 50% treated wastewater and 50% potable water. The experiments were run within a greenhouse. The lysimeters were built up on September 2009 and they were filled with two layers of soil. The upper (0-30 cm in depth) and lower (30-70 cm in depth) layers were sandy loam and sandy clay loam, respectively. A total of eight watering programs with an interval of elevens-day were applied. After each irrigation program, intake wastewater and drainage water of each Lysimeter was sampled in order to analyse the transport of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn, Ni, Cd and Pb). Results showed that the effect of water quality was significant on percentage of transport of heavy metals. The lowest transport percentage of heavy metals belonged to raw wastewater treatment. Also, the highest percentage of transport of Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni and Pb belonged to the combination of 50% raw wastewater and 50% potable water. In most cases, we observed that the transport percentage of these elements increased by continuing the irrigation
S. A. Ghasemi , Sh. Danesh,
Volume 16, Issue 61 (10-2012)
Abstract
In this research, the quality of the effluent from the City of Mashhad wastewater treatment plants was evaluated based on Ayers and Westcot irrigation water quality guideline, and the potential impacts of these effluents on soil and plants were assessed. For this purpose, the effluent from each of the three existing wastewater treatment plants was sampled on a regular basis, for a period of one year, and their parameters of importance in regard to the agricultural use such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), concentrations of Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Boron, Nitrate (NO3-N), bicarbonate and heavy metals were measured. Based on the obtained results, the agricultural use of the effluents from the wastewater treatment plants has severe restriction in regard to the bicarbonate concentrations (8-12.1 meq/L). Also, in view points of parameters such as EC (1250-1874 µS/cm), Sodium (5.8-8.7 as SAR), Chloride (3.2-6.5 meq/L) and adj RNa (7.8-11.7), the effluents were categorized in the class of waters with low to moderate restrictions. However, the measured values of pH (7.3-8), Boron (0.2-0.8 mg/L), Nitrate Nitrogen (0.5-4.2 mg/L) and heavy metals did not indicate any restrictions for agricultural use. From the results of this research, it can be concluded that the use of effluent as irrigation water requires careful planning, monitoring and management strategies.
J. Abedi Koupai, S. S. Eslamian, M. Khaleghi,
Volume 16, Issue 62 (3-2013)
Abstract
Crisis of quality and quantity of water resources is one of the most important problems in arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran. Wastewater treatment and reuse as a potential source of water can not only compensate for the water scarcity but also can prevent the hazardous pollutants from entering the groundwater and surface water resources. There are various methods to improve water quality, among which method of filtration is an effective and efficient method to remove elements. The most important issue for filter system is the selection of adsorbent materials. In this work, the tire chips were used as adsorbent. Column adsorption tests in a pilot system were conducted in two distinct steps using two types of water, including salt water and industrial effluents. Each test was conducted as a factorial experiment with three factors based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Three factors were studied including particle size (2-5 mm and 3-5 cm), filter thickness (10, 30 and 50 cm) and sorbent contact time with solution. The results showed that adsorption rate increased by increasing the thickness of the filter and sorbent contact time with solution. The best performance of reducing the salinity was observed in the treatment with 50 centimeter thickness and 24 contact hours. The salinity of this treatment was reduced by 20.3 percent (in the test with salt water) and 11.2 percent (in the test with industrial effluents). This filter reduced the heavy metals of lead, zinc and manganese up to 99, 72.1 and 41.4 percent, respectively. Also, the performance of millimeter and centimeter particles did not show a significant difference. Generally, the tire chips showed a proper performance to improve the water quality especially for industrial wastewater.
