JWSS - Journal of Water and Soil Science

Recently, virtual water trade has been introduced as a tool to solve the water scarcity of dry regions. The concept holds that water-rich countries and regions should produce and export water-intensive commodities to water-scarce countries and regions. In this study, the status of domestic and international virtual water trade was studied to assess water management in Iran in 2006 (which was considered as a normal year). The calculations showed that 18666 Mm3 of virtual water was traded through the exchange of agricultural products between the provinces. Fars and Tehran provinces were the largest exporter and importer of virtual water, respectively. Iran imported 9626 Mm3 and exported 2226 Mm3 of virtual water. Water footprint was 752 m3/cap/yr and water self-sufficiency was 82% in Iran. The virtual water content of the exported and imported products was 1159 L/kg and 677 L/kg, respectively. The results showed that water-scarce provinces such as Kerman, Hormozgan and Semnan were exporters of virtual water to other provinces and abroad, whereas water-rich provinces such as Guilan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Kordestan, West Azarbayjan, Kohgiloyeh and Boyr-Ahmad, and Kermanshah were the importers of virtual water. Therefore, water management can be improved by the improvement in international and inter-province virtual water trade. For this purpose, the cropping pattern and consumption pattern should be adapted to the virtual-water content of agricultural products for the long-term water conditions in Iran.

Estimating the ecological water footprint and the virtual water trade in different agricultural crops in arid and semi-arid regions can help better manage the limited water resources.This research calculated temporal and spatial ecological water footprint of rain-fed and irrigated almond production in national and provincial scale using during 2008 to 2014. The results show that annual average water footprint in rainfed almond is 9.2 m³/kg, which the share of green and grey water is 72% and 28%, respectively which Ilam and Kohgiloyeh & Boyerahmad have a largest share in green water footprint with 91% and 90%, respectively. In adition to, in irrigated almond, the annual average water footprint is 11.4 m³/kg, which the share of green, blue and grey water is 0.19%, 71% and 10%, respectively. Sistan & Balouchestan, Khuzestana and Hormozgan have the highest share in blue water footprint. The total volume of water footprint of rain-fed and irrigated almond production is 1923 and 8242 MCM, respectively. Also, results show that about 92 percent of the total volume virtual water (equivalent to 9343 MCM per year) in almond production, has been exported to other countries through the virtual water trade.