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Nitrogen and Phosphorous Loss as Affected by Plough Direction in Rainfed Wheat Land of a Semi- Arid Region
L. Piri Moghadam, A. Vaezi,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (2-2020)
Abstract
Sloping farmlands are the major sources of soil, water and nutrient losses in arid and semi-arid regions. Information about the impacts of different tillage practices on soil erosion, nutrient loss and crop nutrient uptake on the sloping farmland of semi- arid soil is, however, limited. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of tillage direction on soil, water, nitrogen and phosphorous losses and their uptake by plant in a rainfed wheat land. Field experiments were conducted in two tillage directions: downslope tillage and contour line tillage with four fertilization treatments: control, urea, triple superphosphate, and urea + triple superphosphate at the field plots with 1.75 m ´ 8 m in dimensions by using the randomized completely block design at three replications in Zanjan Township during 2014-2015. According to the results, Significant differences were found between the two tillage practices in soil loss (P < 0.001), water loss (P < 0.001), nitrogen loss soil loss (P < 0.001), and nitrogen uptake by wheat grain (P < 0.001), while phosphorous loss and its uptake did not show any statistically significant difference. Soil and water loss in the downslope tilled plots was 1.65 and 2.50 times higher than the contour line tillage, respectively. Nitrogen loss in the downslope tilled plots was 1.29 times more than that in the contour line tilled plots. Nitrogen loss in the plots was attributed to soil and water loss, so significant relationships were observed between nitrogen loss and soil loss (R2 = 0.59)
and water loss (R2 = 0.55). This study, therefore, revealed that the tillage direction is an important factor controlling runoff, soil loss, and nitrogen loss and its uptake by wheat in the rainfed lands of semi-arid regions. Application of the contour tillage is, therefore, the first step to conserve soil and water and to improve soil productivity in these regions.

The Possibility of Using Azolla anzali and Lemna Minor to Reduce Water Loss from Surface Water and as a Green Fertilizer in Farms
A. Motamedi, J. Abedi-Koupai, A.r. Gohari,
Volume 26, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Water scarcity and lack of soil fertility are two major problems in the agriculture sector. This study aimed to use Azolla anzali and Lemna minor as a cover for a free surface of the water since not only do they have the potential to reduce evaporation, but they can also produce green fertilizer. Therefore, a completely randomized design experiment with 4 treatments (Azolla anzali, Lemna minor, combination of Azolla anzali+ Lemna minor and control) was performed with three replications. The surface of the reservoirs was covered with the mentioned plants and the changes in water height were measured every other day and the amount of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) of the plant tissue was measured three times at the beginning, middle, and end of the period. Eventually, water loss in tanks containing Lemna, Azolla, and Lemna+ Azolla, was 39, 33.2, and 28.7% less than the control tank. The highest amount of nutrients in plant tissue was observed in Lemna, Azolla+ Lemna, and Azolla treatments, respectively. Although the amount of nutrients in the combined treatment was not higher than that of Lemna more biomass was produced, which means it can provide more fertilizer. Finally, the combined treatment of the two plants is a more suitable option to be used.

Short-Term Effects of Tillage Direction and Amount of Mulch Consumption on Soil Physical Properties in a Wheat Rainfed Land
A.r. Vaezi, S. Rezaeipour, M. Babaakbari, F. Azarifam,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
Improving soil physical properties and increasing water retention in the soil are management strategies in soil and water conservation and enhancing crop yield in rainfed lands. This study was conducted to investigate the role of tillage direction and wheat stubble mulch level in improving soil physical properties in rainfed land in Zanjan province. A field experiment was done at two tillage directions: up to the downslope and contour line, and five stubble mulch levels: zero, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of land cover equal to 6 tons per hectare. A total of 30 plots (2 m×5 m) were created. The results indicated that water infiltration and water content were considerably affected by tillage direction, whereas its effect on water holding capacity was not significant. This physical property of the soil was influenced by the inherent properties of the soil, including particle size distribution. The change of up to down tillage direction to the contour line increased soil infiltration to 11% and water content to 6%. The physical soil properties were wholly influenced by mulch consumption. Soil water content increased in mulch treatments along with water holding capacity and infiltration rate. The highest volumetric water content was at 100% mulch level (10.62%) which was 11% more than the control treatment. However, there was no significant difference between 100% and 75% mulch treatment. This revealed that the application of 75% stubble mulch in contouring tillage is a substantial strategy for improving soil physical properties and controlling water loss in rainfed lands of semi-arid regions.

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