fa زیست شناسی شپشک استرالیایی <span dir=ltr><i>Icerya purchasi</i> Mask.(Hom.:Margarodidae)</span> در شرایطآزمایشگاهی و نوسانات فصلی آن در باغ‌های مرکبات شمال خوزستان عمومی Ggeneral پژوهشي Research شپشک استرالیایی .<em>Icerya purchasi</em> Mask حشره‌ای پلی فاژ، با انتشار جهانی و از مخرب ترین آفات مرکبات است که علاوه بر انواع مرکبات به بیش از دویست گونه گیاهی حمله می‌کند. زیست شناسی این حشره در شرایط آزمایشگاهی در داخل انکوباتور در سه دمای 1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±17، 1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±27</span></span> و 1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±40 </span>درجه سانتی گراد، رطوبت نسبی 5 <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">± 65</span> درصد و 14 به 10 ساعت (روشنایی به تاریکی) بررسی شد. در دمای 1 <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±17</span> درجه سانتی گراد میانگین طول دوره پورگی، دوره زنده مانی بالغ و طول مدت یک نسل حشره ماده به ترتیب 83/3 <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±8/85، 53/3<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±9/74</span></span> و 63/7<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±6/173</span> روز تعیین شد. در دمای 1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±27</span> درجه سانتی گراد این مقادیر به ترتیب  40/4<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±6/62</span> ، 59/4<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±6/72</span> و 26/9<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±1/144</span> بود. میانگین طول دوره شفیرگی و طول مدت یک نسل حشره نر در دمای 1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±27</span> درجه سانتی گراد به ترتیب 78/0<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±1/16و 30/1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±5/59</span></span> روز محاسبه شد. در شرایط طبیعی، از پانزدهم تیر ماه 1382 نمونه برداری از یک باغ 3 هکتاری به مدت 14 ماه در شرف آباد دزفول انجام گرفت. بدین منظور 5 اصله درخت پرتقال سیاورز به‌طور تصادفی در این باغ انتخاب و هر 10 روز یکبار از چهار جهت جغرافیایی و نیز داخل تاج درختان در سه ارتفاع مختلف در مجموع 75 سرشاخه 15 سانتی‌متری به‌طور تصادفی قطع و مراحل مختلف سنی آفت روی آنها شمارش و به تفکیک ثبت گردید. نتایج 14 ماه بررسی زیست شناسی شپشک استرالیایی نشان داد که این آفت در دزفول دارای 3 نسل بهاره، تابستانه و نسل سوم زمستان‌گذران می باشد. نسل سوم از پاییز شروع شده و تکمیل آن تا 6 ماه به طول می‌انجامد. زمستان‌گذرانی آفت به صورت مراحل مختلف سنی روی میزبان‌های مختلف می‌باشد و سن دوم پورگی بیشترین جمعیت زمستان گذران را تشکیل می‌دهد. این شپشک در خوزستان علاوه بر ارقام مختلف مرکبات به 41 گونه متعلق به 22 خانواده مختلف از گیاهان حمله می‌کند. The cottony Cushion Scale, <em>Icerya purchasi</em> Mask., is a polyphagous, cosmopolitan and destructive pest that infests more than 200 plant species apart from citrus. Laboratory studies were carried out on the orange at three temperatures, 17<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman" mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>1, 27<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman" mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>1 and 40<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman" mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman" mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">°</span>C 65<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>5% RH and 14:10 (L:D). The duration of nymphal stages, female longevity and the life cycle at 17<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">°</span>C were 85.8<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>3.83, 74.9<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>3.53 and 173.6<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>7.63 days and at 27<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">°</span>C were 62.6<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>4.40, 72.6<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>4.59 and 144.1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>9.26 days, respectively. The duration of pupal stage and the life cycle of male at 27<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">°</span>C were 16.1<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>0.78 and 59.4<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">±</span>1.30 days, respectively. Field studies on the pest were conducted from July 2003 to September 2004 at Sharafabad region of Dezful. At 10-days intervals, five randomly selected orange trees in a citrus orchards (3ha) were sampled by taking 75 twigs, 15cm in length, at random. Number of eggs, nymphal stages and adults were recorded. From these observations <em>I. purchasi</em> had three generations in a year that were recorded as spring, summer and autumn-winter generation for <em>I. purchasi</em>. The autumn-winter generation developed in 6 months. <em>I. purchasi</em> overwinters as different developmental stages on different host plants with the 2nd nymphal stage was more abundant. Apart from different citrus cultivars, altogether 41 species of 22 different families of plants were recorded as the host plants of this scale in Khuzestan province. شپشک استرالیایی، زیست شناسی، مرکبات، شمال خوزستان Icerya purchasi, Biology, Citrus, Northern Khuzestan. 393 403 http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2-630&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 M. Esfandiari مهدی اسفندیاری Yes M. S. Mossadegh محمد سعید مصدق No R. Eslamizadeh رحیم اسلامی زاده No