Showing 14 results for Mechanical Properties.
Dr M. Safari, Dr H. Mostaan,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (1-2016)
Abstract
Weldability of high carbon steels due to the high percentage of carbon and consequently formation of martensitic structure is very poor. In this research, resistance spot welding of eutectoid high carbon steel 1075 is experimentally and numerically investigated from various points of view. The effect of welding current as one of the most effective parameters on failure mode, mechanical properties and nugget size diameter in resistance spot welding is analyzed with experimental tests and numerical simulations. The results show that with increase of welding current, the diameter of nugget size is increased and consequently the failure mode changes from interfacial mode to pull out mode.
M. Ahl Sarmadi, M. Shamanian, H. Edris, A. Behjat, M.a. Mohtadi Bonab, J. Szpunar,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (1-2016)
Abstract
In this study the microstructure and mechanical properties of super duplex stainless steel UNS S32750 welding was studied. For this purpose, the method of gas tungsten arc and filler metal AWS ER2594 with a diameter of 4.2 mm was used. In order to investigate the microstructure light microscopy and electron microscopy equipped with backscatter electron diffraction were used. Mechanical properties were studied by hardness and tensile tests. Weld metal had Cast structure with austenite in the dendrite form located in ferrite matrix. It was also observed in the melting zone after welding, the ferrite volume fraction decreased to 50 percent 60% base metal ferrite) ,Due to the low cooling rates and high heat input method in the gas tungsten arc welding. Vickers micro-hardness test method was carried out on the samples showed that average about 285 Vickers hardness of base metal; however, hardness in the fusion region due to increased austenite fraction fell to 250 Vickers. But hardness in the heat-affected zone due to lower volume fraction of austenite and ferrite phase formation of chromium carbide intermetalic compounds increased to 340 Vickers. The results of the tensile test showed that the tensile strength decreased with increasing heat input, because of increase the size of grains due to the increased heat input.
M. Sadeghi Gogheri, M. Shabani, E. Mirzapour, M. Kasiri, K. Amini,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (8-2016)
Abstract
In this study, commercially pure titanium and aluminum alloy 5083 in connection rotational speed of 1120 rpm and a feed rate of 50 mm per minute for butt welding by friction stir welding has been successfully completed. Micro-structure, hardness and tensile test was conducted on the connection. Welding area is a composite of aluminum and titanium particles that the particles plays an important role in increasing hardness and tensile strength. Welding area is also has three areas. Vickers hardness is 480 times the area of welding means that the hardness in the area of the base metal of titanium and aluminum increased by 16% and 60% for titanium aluminum intermetallic compounds is created in the area is weld.
A. Khorram, A. Davoodi Jamalooei, A. Jafari,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (1-2018)
Abstract
In this study, microstructural evaluation and mechanical properties of similar TLP bonded of Inconel 600 by using of BNi-2 interlayer were investigated. The bonding tests were carried out at 1050°C and 1100°C for 5-45 min which homogenization treatment was performed on the best of the bonded samples. Results showed that Ni-B eutectic compound was formed in the a-thermally solidification zone (ASZ) of the bonded sample at 1050°C. In addition to existence of the Ni-B compound, Cr-B was observed in the ASZ of the bonded sample at 1100°C. Ni-B and Ni-Cr-B were formed in the diffusion affected zone (DAZ). TLP bonded sample at 1050°C for 45min including discontinuous areas of ASZ in isothermal solidification zone (ISZ) was the best bonded sample. Homogenization process was carried out on this sample caused to elimination of the eutectic compounds, completely. Mechanical investigation revealed that due to existence of the intermetallic compounds in the ASZ and DAZ, value of hardness for this region were about 510 and 311 HV, respectively. Whit elimination of the intermetallic compounds by performing of homogenization treatment, mechanical properties of the boding region were improved.
Majid Tavoosi, Sajad Arjmand, Saied Solgi,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (8-2018)
Abstract
The influence of heat-input and pre-heat treatment on the structure, mechanical and corrosion behaviors of 2205 duplex stainless steel joint by means of GMAW process was the goal of this study. In this regards, the welding process was done using different heat input in the range of 0.6 to 1.4 kJ/mm and different pre-heating treatments in the range of 25 to 100 oC. The microstructural properties of prepared samples were evaluated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Based on archived results, the microstructure of as-welded samples were combinations of Widmaneshtaten austenite which nucleated from boundaries and growth toward central part of ferrite grains. By increasing the heat-input, the percentages of ferrite and austenite phases decreased and increased, respectively. In this condition, the highest value of strength and ductility was achieved in as-weld samples with medium (1.0 kJ/mm) heat-input. The corrosion studies showed that the heat-input has negligible effects on corrosion behaviors of 2205 duplex stainless steel joint. It was also found that the pre-heating treatment has adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the junction.
H. Rezaei Ashtiani, M. Shafiee,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (8-2018)
Abstract
Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a type of solid state welding that is used in the connection of small pieces and light metals such as aluminum alloy especially. The technical problem during melting of aluminum alloys is one of the most important reasons for developing application of friction stir welding for aluminum alloys. In this research, the effects of important processing parameters such as tool rotation speed, dwell time, plunge depth of tool and sheets thickness on the mechanical properties such as failure force and energy of FSS welded AA-3105 alloy have been experimentally studied using micro hardness and tensile tests. Tensile-shear tests show four different fracture modes of weld failure which consist of shear fracture, circumferential fracture, nugget pull out fracture and fracture in base material modes. The results show that the weld strength drops with increasing the tool rotation speed. Strength and hardness of weld and weld zone increase and then decrease with increasing dwell time of rotational tool which it can be obtained an optimum value of dwell time. Strength and fracture energy and load of welds increases with increasing the sheet thickness
A. Hajitabar, H. Naffakh-Moosavy,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (1-2019)
Abstract
The effect of electron beam welding current changes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Nb-based alloy has been investigated. The electron beam welding was applied with 4 different currents of 20, 24, 30 and 35 mA on 3mm thick plates. The aspects including different welding regions, geometry and depth of welding penetration, as well as the effect of heat input on the weldability are investigated. The mechanical properties including tensile and microhardness values of the weld was also measured. The results show that in a sample with a 30 mA welding current, the optimum conditions for the depth of penetration, weldability and the geometry of the weld are obtained. The welds showed a cellular structure, and intercellular dendrites in the central region of the weld have been caused due to microsegregations created between the cells. In HAZ, severe recrystallization and grain growth has occurred. Because of the high thermal conductivity of niobium, the HAZ size is relatively large. Based on the 3D Rosenthal’s equation, the recrystallization temperature of alloy was calculated as 713 °C. It is observed that as G × R increases, the grain size in the central line of the weld decreases. The hardness profile shows that the hardness of the weld zone and the HAZ is significantly less than that of the base metal due to elimination of work hardening effect. The tensile strength of the weld for a sample with a current of 30 mA was 281MPa, which is 53% of the tensile strength of the base metal and the weld was broken from the HAZ.
M. Abasi Baharanchi , S. B. Askari,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (9-2019)
Abstract
In the present Study, a dissimilar joint of carbon steel sheet EN 10025 with 316 L has been welded by FSW and the welding parameters were optimized by RSM software method. For investigation of mechanical properties and microstructural analysis carried out by using optical, scanning electron microscopes with EDS analysis, tensile and hardness test of different area of joints, SZ, TMAZ, HAZ, their interfaces and Base metal. The optimized result were shown that best of joints within maximum strength (UTS) 312 MPa by rotational speed 950 rpm, transverse speed 90 mm/min and tool angle 3° was achieved. The failures were happened at base metal of EN 10025 to advancing side. Metallographic results were shown that grain size at SZ is 10 to 20 time more reduced caused improved of mechanical properties. Also chemical analysis and hardness result on welded samples by optimized parameters were shown that quite good mixing was happened at SZ.
A. Abdollahzadeh, A. Shokuhfar,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (9-2019)
Abstract
In this study, friction stir butt welding of Mg and Al alloys with applying Zn interlayer was performed. To obtain optimum condition, a combination of two travel and three rotation speeds were selected. Mg-Zn and Mg-Al-Zn IMCs, Al solid solution and residual Zn, were the most common phases in the stirred zone, which eliminated the formation of Al-Mg intermetallics. The maximum mechanical properties were achieved for the joint fabricated at 35 mm/min and 600 rpm, caused to 24% improvement in tensile strength and around 3 times enhancement of elongation compared with Zn free sample FSWed at the same conditions. The fracture micrographs were consistent with corresponding ductility results. Fracture surfaces of Zn-added samples presented a fine texture with a mixture of brittle and ductile fracture feature, which was different from the coarse cleavage plane and fully brittle fracture of the joint without Zn interlayer.
H. Ebrahimzadeh, H. Farhangi,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (12-2020)
Abstract
The non-continuous laser beam in pulsed lasers allows the mechanical peening between two consecutive beams on a still hot weld bead. At a very short time (20, 150 and 300 ms) after laser pulse application, mechanical peening was performed on the welding bead. To achieve these short times, the light sensor detects the nth laser pulse and the mechanical arm starts moving. Upon reaching the tip of the pin near the workpiece, the n + 1th pulse was irradiated to the workpiece surface, and so the pin impact to the weld bead after traveling a short distance. Desirable mechanical properties were obtained at the highest time (300 ms) and highest pressure (6 bars). In this time and pressure the weld beads were not broken due to bending forces of peening.
M. Alimadadi, M. Goodarzi, S.m.a. Boutorabi,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (8-2021)
Abstract
This present study aimed to create an Al6061-St52 dissimilar joint and investigate the effect of the transverse speed by the friction stir welding process. Welding aluminum to steel is rugged by fusion methods because of the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Therefore, to designate optimal parameters, acceptable IMC thickness, and mechanical properties determined. This research carried out different three transverse speeds of 16, 40 and 85 mm/min (with a constant pin offset of 0.2 mm). Geometry of tool's pin radius and height is 4mm and 1.8mm, respectively. In the transverse speed parameter, the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 200 MPa was obtained at 85 mm/min. According to the Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy results, an IMC layer formed in the joint interface. The heat input rate was calculated to designate the optimal parameters. In tensile specimens, fracture mainly occurred in the joints and within the aluminum stir zone due to the combination of thick IMC layer and steel fragments, respectively. The micro-hardness measurement results showed that at (85 mm/min) the hardness values were HV 75 in the aluminum stir zone and HV 315 in the AS vicinity of the interface region. This hardness value is much higher than the base metals (Aluminum base metal is an average of HV 53 and an average steel base metal of HV 245).
A. Mahdavi Shaker, H. Momeni, A. Khorram, A. Yazdipour,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (5-2023)
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of electron beam welding parameters on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of the dissimilar joint between 17-4PH stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy. For this purpose, the welding of these two alloys was performed with an copper interlayer with a thickness of 1 mm. Two different welding speeds of 0.7 and 0.9 m/min with four levels of beam offset (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mm) from the center of the interlayer towards the steel were used to accomplish the experiments. The results show that by using the copper interlayer with thickness of 1 mm, the cracks caused by the formation of intermetallic compounds are removed from the weld pool. At the interface between the titanium and the weld pool, at the beam offset of 0 and 0.2 mm, a solid solution of copper and TiCu2 intermetallic compounds is formed, while at the beam offset of 0.4 and 0.6 mm, a solid solution of copper and TiCu intermetallic compounds is formed. The weld pool, at the beam offset of 0 and 0.2 mm, consists of TiCr2+TiFe2 intermetallic compounds while at the beam offset of 0.4 and 0.6 mm, solid solution of iron (α-Fe), solid solution of copper and TiCu intermetallic compounds are formed. The highest value of hardness is observed at the interface between the weld pool and the titanium alloy, as well as at the interface between the weld pool and the steel, which is due to the presence of intermetallic compounds with high hardness in these regions. By increasing the welding speed and the beam offset, the hardness value decreases, which is due to the reduction of brittle intermetallic compounds in the joint structure. By increasing the beam offset from 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm at the speed of 0.7 m/min, the shear strength increases from 180 MPa to 210 MPa and at the speed of 0.9 m/min, the shear strength raises from 230 MPa to 250 MPa. The welded sample with the welding speed of 0.9 m/min and the beam offset of 0.6 mm has the highest shear strength equal to 250 MPa. The failure in all samples happened at the interface between the weld pool and the titanium alloy, which shows that the weakest region in the joint is this interface.
M. Ahmadi, H.r. Ahmadi, M.r. Khanzadeh, H. Bakhtiari,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (5-2023)
Abstract
In this research, friction stir welding of aluminum 1050 to copper with variable speed was investigated. For friction stir welding, rotational speeds of 900 and 1200 rpm and traverse speeds of 36, 63, and 125 mm/min were used. In order to check the phases and microstructure, scanning electron microscope analysis, X-ray spectrometry, and hardness testing were used. The disturbance zone included Al2Cu3, Al4Cu9, AlCu4, Al2Cu, and AlCu phases. The results showed that the formation of intermetallic phases and severe plastic deformation in the welding area caused an increase in hardness. The highest hardness value in the stirred area was 97.8 Vickers at a rotation speed of 900 rpm and an advance speed of 36 mm/min.
M.r Borhani, S.r. Shoja-Razavi, F. Kermani,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
In this study, the effects of friction stir welding (FSW) parameters on the properties of dissimilar joints formed between 5083 aluminum alloys and 316L austenitic stainless steel, with a thickness of 4 mm, are investigated. The tool speed is varied in the range of 16 to 25 mm/min, while the tool rotation speed is maintained at a constant value of 250 rpm. To examine the microstructure of different weld regions, both optical and scanning electron microscopes are employed. To assess the mechanical properties, hardness and tensile tests are conducted. The results shows the formation of a composite region characterized by steel reinforcement particles dispersed within an aluminum matrix. At the steel-aluminum interface, a single layer of discontinuous intermetallic composition with a thickness of approximately 2 micrometers is observed. Notably, when the rotation speed is set to 250 rpm and the tool speed is 16 mm/min, a tensile strength of 298 MPa and ductility of 26% (93% of the tensile strength and 50% of the ductility of the 5083 aluminum alloy) are achieved.
